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5. The effects of annual cycle, source population, and body condition on leukocyte profile and immune challenge in a basal reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus).

Author

Lamar, Sarah K., Frank, Hannah K., La Flamme, Anne, Gartrell, Brett, Ormsby, Diane, and Nelson, Nicola

Subjects
LEUCOCYTES, CONCANAVALIN A, REPTILES, IMMUNE response
Abstract

Leukocyte profiles are broadly used to assess the health status of many species. Reference intervals, and an understanding of the factors that may influence these intervals, are necessary for adequate interpretation of leukograms. Using a data set that spans over three decades, we investigated variation in leukocyte profile in several populations of the evolutionarily unique reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). To do this, we first established reference intervals for each leukocyte type according to best practices. Next, we determined that source population and sampling date were the two most important predictors of leukocyte makeup. We found significant differences in the ratio of heterophils: lymphocytes (H:L) between populations, with tuatara on the more resource‐stressed sampling island having a significantly higher ratio of H:L. Finally, we found that sampling location, sex, and life stage did not explain variation in the responses of tuatara to stimulation with Concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide in both 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐di‐phenyltetrazolium bromide and Griess assay experiments. Our results offer important insight into the function of leukocytes in reptiles. Research Highlight: We established leukocyte reference intervals for tuatara and found that island and sampling date were the most important predictors of leukocyte makeup. Tuatara in more resource‐stressed populations had higher H:L ratios, but were able to mount immune response despite poor body condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Building a Model for Training SED Adolescents To Use and Generalize Verbal Social Skills: Final Report.

Author

Educational Research and Services Center, Inc., DeKalb, IL., Deitz, Diane E. D., and Ormsby, Diane E.

Abstract

This final report discusses the outcomes of a research project that examined which training procedures lead to effective acquisition and generalization of social skills of students with serious emotional disturbances and behavior problems. Specifically, goals of the project were: (1) to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of five training procedures; (2) to develop a comprehensive training model for teaching social skills to adolescents with serious emotional disturbances; and (3) to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the comprehensive training model. To achieve these purposes, six studies were conducted over a 4-year period. Studies one through five investigated the effects of five training variables (practice structures, fading of negative examples, instruction in self-contained vs. integrated groups of students, programmed maintenance and isolated skill training, and fading responses) on the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of selected verbal social skills. In Study 6, a comprehensive training model that incorporates the results of the first five studies was designed and evaluated. The report lists each task activity during the four grant periods, followed by a brief description of what was accomplished. A list of manuscripts and presentations of the project is also included. (Author/CR)

Published
1994

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