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Summary: We aim to identify genetic markers associated with idiopathic hypersomnia, a disabling orphan central nervous system disorder of hypersomnolence that is still poorly understood. In our study, DNA was extracted from 79 unrelated patients diagnosed with idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep time at the National Reference Center for Narcolepsy‐France according to very stringent diagnostic criteria. Whole exome sequencing on the first 30 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (25 females and 5 males) allowed the single nucleotide variants to be compared with a control population of 574 healthy subjects from the French Exome project database. We focused on the identification of genetic variants among 182 genes related to the regulation of sleep and circadian rhythm. Candidate variants obtained by exome sequencing analysis were then validated in a second sample of 49 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (37 females and 12 males). Our study characterised seven variants from six genes significantly associated with idiopathic hypersomnia compared with controls. A targeted sequencing analysis of these seven variants on 49 other patients with idiopathic hypersomnia confirmed the relative over‐representation of the A➔C variant of rs2859390, located in a potential splicing‐site of PER3 gene. Our findings support a genetic predisposition and identify pathways involved in the pathogeny of idiopathic hypersomnia. A variant of the PER3 gene may predispose to idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on institutional child care consistently has documented detrimental developmental outcomes. However, recent work in Ghana revealed a range in patterns of adjustment among children living in institutional care. The developmental patterns of children living in institutional care often were not significantly different from patterns seen among children living in families. A grounded-theory approach was used to understand Ghanaian adults' perceptions of adjustment of children living in both institutional care and with families, and their beliefs about contributions to positive functioning. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 caregivers, social workers, and teachers recruited from the Accra region in Ghana. Thematic analysis of responses was used to identify common themes described in the interviews. Interviews with participants revealed beliefs that children may struggle in one or more areas while still having strengths. Having basic needs met, a stable home, and a high level of adult support were the most common factors believed to contribute to positive functioning in both groups of children. Future studies or interventions targeting these areas will likely gain buy-in from stakeholders. Highlights: Ghanaian teachers and caregivers share the belief that children may struggle in certain areas, while thriving in others. The biggest contributors to healthy child development are having their basic needs met, a stable home, and a high level of adult support. Children raised in institutions have more experience problem-solving for themselves than children raised in family care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse childhood events (ACE) may have lasting consequences throughout the life course. We focus on one particular type of ACE, parental loss in Cambodia—a country that lost nearly 25% of its population during the 1975-79 Khmer-Rouge regime—and on mental health disorders, one of the potential mechanisms through which ACE may have long-term consequences. Self-reports of symptoms that map on to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM) criteria for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were collected from 4,405 adults aged 20 and over. We first assess exposure to traumatic events and the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and PTSD using the DSM and alternative criteria. Based on the DSM criteria and previously validated Likert-scale thresholds, we find a high prevalence of anxiety (56.0%), depression (42.8%), and PTSD (2.3%), and even higher levels even among KRR survivors. We then use logit models to analyze the effect of parental loss before age 20 on the likelihood of having experienced traumatic events and experiencing mental health disorders. We find the loss of one parent increases the likelihood of full-PTSD symptoms, but the loss of both parents does not. These findings may result from positive selection into better-off households for orphans whose parents have both died but may also reflect the grief-related difficulties faced by the surviving parent of paternal or maternal orphans. While alternative thresholds for PTSD produced higher prevalence estimates, these measures did not perform better for assessing the effect of parental loss on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nutritional problems can be seen in children living separated from their families. This cross-sectional pilot study aimed to evaluate intuitive eating, diet quality, and nutritional status of children living separated from their families. A total of 55 adolescent girls aged 12–18 years participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical data, and 24-h dietary recall data were collected. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) and the Turkish version of the Healthy Lifestyle-Diet (HLD-TR) index were used. Participants were divided into two groups according to their scores on the diet quality index using the 50th percentile. Group 1 consisted of participants with a score of 25 points or less, and Group 2 consisted of participants with a score above 25 points. Waist circumference (72.0 (66–83), 65.0 (60–77)) was significantly higher in Group 1 (P < 0.05). IES–2 score (3.05 (2.85–3.40), 3.30 (3.12–3.90)) and two sub–factors; reliance in hunger and satiety cues (2.80 (1.80–3.40), 4.00 (2.60–4.60)) and body–food choice congruence (2.50 (2.00–3.50), 3.50 (3.00–4.50)) were higher in Group 2 (P < 0.05). After adjustment for body mass index, age, and energy intake, there was a significant positive correlation between IES-2 and HLD-TR scores (P = 0.029). In conclusion, it may be advantageous to resort to strategies that promote intuitive eating to reduce obesity and associated problems in this vulnerable group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To determine the long‐term outcomes, including mortality and recurrent seizures, among children living with HIV (CLWH) who present with new onset seizure. Methods Zambian CLWH and new onset seizure were enrolled prospectively to determine the risk of and risk factors for recurrent seizures. Demographic data, clinical profiles, index seizure etiology, and 30‐day mortality outcomes were previously reported. After discharge, children were followed quarterly to identify recurrent seizures and death. Given the high risk of early death, risk factors for recurrent seizure were evaluated using a model that adjusted for mortality. Results Among 73 children enrolled, 28 died (38%), 22 within 30‐days of the index seizure. Median follow‐up was 533 days (IQR 18–957) with 5% (4/73) lost to follow‐up. Seizure recurrence was 19% among the entire cohort. Among children surviving at least 30‐days after the index seizure, 27% had a recurrent seizure. Median time from index seizure to recurrent seizure was 161 days (IQR 86–269). Central nervous system opportunistic infection (CNS OI), as the cause for the index seizure was protective against recurrent seizures and higher functional status was a risk factor for seizure recurrence. Significance Among CLWH presenting with new onset seizure, mortality risks remain elevated beyond the acute illness period. Recurrent seizures are common and are more likely in children with higher level of functioning even after adjusting for the outcome of death. Newer antiseizure medications appropriate for co‐usage with antiretroviral therapies are needed for the care of these children. CNS OI may represent a potentially reversible provocation for the index seizure, while seizures in high functioning CLWH without a CNS OI may be the result of a prior brain injury or susceptibility to seizures unrelated to HIV and thus represent an ongoing predisposition to seizures. Plain Language Summary This study followed CLWH who experienced a new onset seizure to find out how many go on to have more seizures and identify any patient characteristics associated with having more seizures. The study found that mortality rates continue to be high beyond the acute clinical presentation with new onset seizure. Children with a CNS OI causing the new onset seizure had a lower risk of later seizures, possibly because the trigger for the seizure can be treated. In contrast, high functioning children without a CNS OI were at higher risk of future seizures.

Adolescents in Thailand's Deep South are growing up amid protracted instability, yet limited research has left a critical gap in understanding their strengths, stressors, and unmet support needs. This study aimed to gain understanding of daily lives and well-being of orphaned adolescents in the Deep South to inform future intervention efforts. In total, 10 orphaned adolescents and their primary caregivers were recruited for study participation. Adolescents participated in a visual ethnography study over the course of 2 days to " show us a day in your life with photos," with follow-up interviews to discuss their photos. Caregivers participated in a focus group discussion about the challenges of caring for orphaned adolescents and supports that would be helpful in alleviating these challenges. Qualitative transcripts were coded by five researchers from multiple disciplines to identify emergent themes using a grounded theory approach. Themes included tension related to technology use, limited caregiver-adolescent communication, social isolation, financial hardship, and future aspirations. Lacking in peer social interaction, exploration, and opportunities to take risks, the atmosphere of restricted mobility has important implications for adolescents' social development. Caregivers and their children have little family time for recreation and leisure that would provide opportunities to connect and navigate these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illnesses that afflict a tiny number of individuals are referred to as rare diseases (RDs), sometimes called orphan diseases. The local healthcare systems are constantly under financial, psychological, and medical strain due to low incidence rates, unusual presentations, flawed diagnostic standards, and a lack of treatment alternatives for these RDs. The effective management of the once widely spread viral hepatitis B and C has altered the spectrum of liver diseases in Egypt during the last several years. The detection of uncommon disorders such as autoimmune, cholestatic, and hereditary liver diseases has also been made easier by the increasing knowledge and greater accessibility of specific laboratory testing. Finally, despite Egypt's large population, there are more uncommon liver disorders than previously thought. This review article discusses the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a few uncommon liver disorders and the information currently accessible concerning these illnesses in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of cost pressure, substituting generic drugs represents one of the main cost-containment strategies of healthcare systems. Despite the obvious financial benefits, in a minority of cases, substitution may require caution or even be contraindicated. In most jurisdictions, to obtain approval, the bioequivalence of generic products with the brand-name equivalent needs to be shown via bioavailability studies in healthy subjects. Rare diseases, defined as medical conditions with a low prevalence, are a group of heterogenous diseases that are typically severe, disabling, progressive, degenerative, and life-threatening or chronically debilitating, and disproportionally affect the very young and elderly. Despite these unique features of rare diseases, generic bioequivalence studies are typically carried out with single doses and exclude children or the elderly. Furthermore, the excipients and manufacturing processes for generic/biosimilar products can differ from the brand products which may affect the shelf-life of the product, its appearance, smell, taste, bioavailability, safety and potency. This may result in approval of generics/biosimilars which are not bioequivalent/comparable in their target population or that meet bioequivalence but not therapeutic equivalence criteria. Another concern relates to the interchangeability of generics and biosimilars which cannot be guaranteed due to the phenomenon of biocreep. This review summarizes potential concerns with generic substitution of orphan drugs and discusses potentially problematic cases including narrow therapeutic index drugs or critical conditions where therapeutic failure could lead to serious complications or even death. Finally, we put forward the need for refining regulatory frameworks, with emphasis on Saudi Arabia, for generic substitution and recent efforts toward this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional childcare is associated with developmental delays and setbacks. Since alternative options are not always available, it is important to investigate youth in institutional settings to evaluate how to provide optimal care. Cluster analyses determined adjustment patterns for children in institutional care (CIC) (n = 100) and children in family care (CIF) (n = 100) (M age = 13.34 years, SD = 3.10; 40% female) in Ghana, across internalizing symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and academic achievement. Three patterns were identified for CIF while four were identified for CIC, with youth in three of the four patterns considered resilient. Protective factors differentiated CIC and CIF patterns. Resilience may be more common than realized among CIC. Additional areas warranting intervention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) through the internalized symptoms and stress coping strategies in badly-cared and orphan adolescent girls living in Tehran in 2022. Method: This was a correlational study of a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all adolescent girls aged between 12 and 18 under the direct or indirect supervision of Tehran's welfare center, of whom 200 were selected by the convenience sampling method. The participants answered the questionnaires of Collins and Reed's attachment styles, Billings and Moss's coping strategies, Achenbach and Rascorella's adolescent self-report, and Morris et al.'s SAD. Results: The findings of SEM demonstrated that the hypothesized model of this study has a good fit in the studied sample. The findings reveal that the secure attachment style is related to separation anxiety both directly (T=-4.18 and b=-.22) and indirectly through problem-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=-10.83) and emotion-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=-7.23). Avoidant attachment style is directly (T=4.98 and b=.25) and indirectly related to separation anxiety through problem-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=4.33) and emotion-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=8.79) and internalized symptoms (P<.01 and Z=2.61). Finally, ambivalent attachment style had no significant correlation (P>.05) with separation anxiety. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of attachment patterns formed under the influence of adverse conditions of the vulnerable group, and the lifelong effects of these patterns in the mental health of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the long‐term outcomes, including mortality and recurrent seizures, among children living with HIV (CLWH) who present with new onset seizure. Methods: Zambian CLWH and new onset seizure were enrolled prospectively to determine the risk of and risk factors for recurrent seizures. Demographic data, clinical profiles, index seizure etiology, and 30‐day mortality outcomes were previously reported. After discharge, children were followed quarterly to identify recurrent seizures and death. Given the high risk of early death, risk factors for recurrent seizure were evaluated using a model that adjusted for mortality. Results: Among 73 children enrolled, 28 died (38%), 22 within 30‐days of the index seizure. Median follow‐up was 533 days (IQR 18–957) with 5% (4/73) lost to follow‐up. Seizure recurrence was 19% among the entire cohort. Among children surviving at least 30‐days after the index seizure, 27% had a recurrent seizure. Median time from index seizure to recurrent seizure was 161 days (IQR 86–269). Central nervous system opportunistic infection (CNS OI), as the cause for the index seizure was protective against recurrent seizures and higher functional status was a risk factor for seizure recurrence. Significance: Among CLWH presenting with new onset seizure, mortality risks remain elevated beyond the acute illness period. Recurrent seizures are common and are more likely in children with higher level of functioning even after adjusting for the outcome of death. Newer antiseizure medications appropriate for co‐usage with antiretroviral therapies are needed for the care of these children. CNS OI may represent a potentially reversible provocation for the index seizure, while seizures in high functioning CLWH without a CNS OI may be the result of a prior brain injury or susceptibility to seizures unrelated to HIV and thus represent an ongoing predisposition to seizures. Plain Language Summary: This study followed CLWH who experienced a new onset seizure to find out how many go on to have more seizures and identify any patient characteristics associated with having more seizures. The study found that mortality rates continue to be high beyond the acute clinical presentation with new onset seizure. Children with a CNS OI causing the new onset seizure had a lower risk of later seizures, possibly because the trigger for the seizure can be treated. In contrast, high functioning children without a CNS OI were at higher risk of future seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to (a) compute the prevalence of violence exposure types, polyvictimization, and self-reported depression, anxiety, and using substances to cope among youth ages 12–18 years living on the streets or in the slums of Kampala, Uganda, (b) examine the independent associations among orphan status, violence exposure types, and self-reported mental health concerns, and (c) explore the association between polyvictimization and mental health concerns. Data are from a 2014 cross-sectional survey of service-seeking youth ages 12–18 years (N = 1134) in Kampala, Uganda. Violence exposure types explored in this study were: witnessing family physical violence, direct physical abuse by a parent, any rape history, and physical dating violence. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression to test study objectives. Over half of the sample (60.5%) reported experiencing at least one type of violence exposure; many youth endorsed self-reported depression (57.8%), anxiety (76.8%), and substance use to cope (37.0%). Exposure to violence was associated with higher odds for self-reported depression, anxiety, and using substances to cope. These findings underscore the urgent need to implement evidence-based interventions among this young, underserved population and their families to prevent violence, improve mental health outcomes, and promote resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptides and G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) have long been, and continue to be, one of the most popular target classes for drug discovery in CNS disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Yet, orphaned neuropeptide systems and receptors (oGPCR), which have no known cognate receptor or ligand, remain understudied in drug discovery and development. Orphan neuropeptides and oGPCRs are abundantly expressed within the brain and represent an unprecedented opportunity to address brain function and may hold potential as novel treatments for disease. Here, we describe the current literature regarding orphaned neuropeptides and oGPCRs implicated in AUD. Specifically, in this review, we focus on the orphaned neuropeptide cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART), and several oGPCRs that have been directly implicated in AUD (GPR6, GPR26, GPR88, GPR139, GPR158) and discuss their potential and pitfalls as novel treatments, and progress in identifying their cognate receptors or ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amman Arab University Journal is the property of Amman Arab University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kesejahteraan anak sangat berperan penting terhadap kehidupan dan perkembangan anak, individu yang memiliki kesejahteraan yang tinggi akan menunjukkan kehidupan yang baik. Tidak semua anak tinggal bersama keluarga harmonis dan bisa menjadi tempat dalam memenuhi perkembangannya. Terdapat banyak anak yang terlantar dan harus tinggal di panti asuhan, seorang anak akan beranggapan bahwa ia mengalami bentuk penolakan dari lingkungan sekitar karena ditempatkan di panti asuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan hubungan antara social support dengan subjective well-being pada anak panti asuhan. Metode yang digunakan peneliti adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu simple random sampling. Seratus anak panti dengan karakteristik usia 8-16 tahun dan telah lama tinggal di panti asuhan lebih dari dua tahun menjadi partisipan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis data hasil penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji regresi sederhana yang menunjukkan diterimanya hipotesis yang diajukan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, terdapat hubungan antara social support dengan subjective well-being pada anak panti asuhan. Hal tersebut terlihat dari nilai korelasi antara variabel Subjective Wellbeing dengan Social Support yaitu r = 0,376 dengan nilai R Square = 0,142 dan p = 0,000 dimana p < 0,01. Besarnya sumbangan efektif yang diberikan oleh variabel Social Support dengan Subjective Wellbeing adalah sebesar 14,2% (R² = 0,142). Penelitian ini membahas pentingnya Social Support untuk meningkatkan Subjective Wellbeing seseorang.

Abstract This article contributes to the stock of scientific knowledge by showing the effect of orphan status on child labour and school attendance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). While the abolition of child labour is undeniably one of the major tasks assigned to the International Labour Organization (ILO) when it was founded, child labour remains a severe problem worldwide. In many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, children do not have access to school. Instead of ending up in school, millions of children are forced to engage in child labour in income-generating and non-income-generating activities. Little researchers have yet made it possible to obtain simultaneous information on child labour, school attendance and orphaned children. This paper describes the research that tries to make such a connection. Data used is from the out-of-school children and adolescents (OOSC-DRC-2012) survey organised by the Ministry of Primary, secondary and Vocational Education. Using a bivariate probit econometric model and testing the endogeneity with an instrumental variables approach, funding of the analysis supports the assumption of a significant negative relationship between child labour and school attendance. The result shows also that being orphaned reduces a child's likelihood of school attendance and increases the probability of entering the labour market. It is underlined that most children are present in non-income-generating than income-generating activities.

Jack Maggs by Peter Carey, being the Australian version of Dickens’s Great Expectations, challenges the Victorian propaganda about the primacy of a white race, openly opposing the Empire’s misdeeds and hypocritical behaviour of its citizens. Carey undermines the colonial discourse in the shape of Dickensian imperialistic England as a motherland concerned with its colonial children, implicitly presented in Great Expectations when the British gentleman attends to the Australian convict, Abel Magwitch. The moral corruption of the Victorian society seems particularly reflected in the character of Mary Britten—a ruthless abortionist being an allusion to Victorian Mother Britain in its unstoppable colonial expansionism. In this paper I will show that Jack seems to epitomise the colonised and marginalised Australia that avenges itself. Maggs ceases to be spoken for as a study of the Eurocentric world, becoming a voice of those silenced and devoid of their land, whose culture was meant to be uprooted by the colonial power dynamics. Carey’s downgrading of the dominant status of the Western culture can be read with respect to Homi Bhabha’s concepts of mimicry and hybridity when the non-European culture seems to pose a threat to the Western hegemony, diminishing its authority and enabling the emergence and articulation of other histories consciously suppressed by the colonial discourse. Jack Maggs metaphorically emerges as the drowned out voice of the culture vanquished by the Western hegemony, detracting and destabilising the centre which loses its paramount stance due to being characterised by the subaltern ‘other’ from the peripheries. Orphaned by the country representing the ‘superior’ culture, Jack Maggs returns to imperial London to subvert the order of the colonial discourse and narrate his story from the subaltern standpoint.

This article contributes to the stock of scientific knowledge by showing the effect of orphan status on child labour and school attendance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). While the abolition of child labour is undeniably one of the major tasks assigned to the International Labour Organization (ILO) when it was founded, child labour remains a severe problem worldwide. In many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, children do not have access to school. Instead of ending up in school, millions of children are forced to engage in child labour in income-generating and non-income-generating activities. Little researchers have yet made it possible to obtain simultaneous information on child labour, school attendance and orphaned children. This paper describes the research that tries to make such a connection. Data used is from the out-of-school children and adolescents (OOSC-DRC-2012) survey organised by the Ministry of Primary, secondary and Vocational Education. Using a bivariate probit econometric model and testing the endogeneity with an instrumental variables approach, funding of the analysis supports the assumption of a significant negative relationship between child labour and school attendance. The result shows also that being orphaned reduces a child's likelihood of school attendance and increases the probability of entering the labour market. It is underlined that most children are present in non-income-generating than income-generating activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of cost pressure, substituting generic drugs represents one of the main cost-containment strategies of healthcare systems. Despite the obvious financial benefits, in a minority of cases, substitution may require caution or even be contraindicated. In most jurisdictions, to obtain approval, the bioequivalence of generic products with the brand-name equivalent needs to be shown via bioavailability studies in healthy subjects. Rare diseases, defined as medical conditions with a low prevalence, are a group of heterogenous diseases that are typically severe, disabling, progressive, degenerative, and life-threatening or chronically debilitating, and disproportionally affect the very young and elderly. Despite these unique features of rare diseases, generic bioequivalence studies are typically carried out with single doses and exclude children or the elderly. Furthermore, the excipients and manufacturing processes for generic/biosimilar products can differ from the brand products which may affect the shelf-life of the product, its appearance, smell, taste, bioavailability, safety and potency. This may result in approval of generics/biosimilars which are not bioequivalent/comparable in their target population or that meet bioequivalence but not therapeutic equivalence criteria. Another concern relates to the interchangeability of generics and biosimilars which cannot be guaranteed due to the phenomenon of biocreep. This review summarizes potential concerns with generic substitution of orphan drugs and discusses potentially problematic cases including narrow therapeutic index drugs or critical conditions where therapeutic failure could lead to serious complications or even death. Finally, we put forward the need for refining regulatory frameworks, with emphasis on Saudi Arabia, for generic substitution and recent efforts toward this direction.

Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki finansal sistem, İslam hukuku çerçevesinde şekillenirken, özellikle klasik dönemde yerel düzeyde kalmış, Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanından sonra ise merkezî bir hal kazanarak kurumsallaşma sürecine girmiştir. Klasik dönemde finansal araçlara vereceğimiz örneklerin başında orta sandıkları, avarız vakıfları, para vakıfları gelmektedir. 15. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde kurulan, kişinin menkûl malını vakfederek hayır amaçlı kullanılmasını sağlayan para vakıfları, bölgesel finans araçlarından biridir. Para vakıfları ile bölge halkının nakit ihtiyacı karşılanırken, ekonomik olarak hareketlenme de hedeflenmiştir. Söz konusu finans kaynaklarının devamı ise eytam sandıklarıdır. Toplumdaki yetim çocukların malları ile oluşturulan eytam sandıkları, para vakıfları geleneğinin devamı şeklinde, nakit para ihtiyacı olan kişilere bir banka işlevi görerek borç para vermişlerdir. Eytam sandıklarının yapılanma tarihi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti’nde ailesini kaybetmiş çocukların sosyo-ekonomik haklarını korumak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Eytam sandıkları, yetim çocukların ebeveynlerinden kendilerine intikal eden malları fon olarak alıp işleten yapılar idi. Hem yetim paralarını işletme hem de bölgesel finans kaynağı ile kredi imkânı amacı taşıyan sandıklar, zaman içerisinde kötü niyetli çalışanlar ve vasilerin hilelerine maruz kalınca, 1850 yılından sonra merkezden kontrol edilmek istenmiştir. Bu maksatla 1851 yılında sandıkları denetlemek amacıyla Eytam Nezareti kurulmuştur. Eytam sandıklarının sermayesi, vefat eden anne babanın çocuklarına bıraktıkları her türlü para, mücevherat, vakıf gelirleri, ev, bağ, bahçe, tarla, çiftlik gibi vb. akarlardan oluşmuştur. Nakit para ve mücevherat, sandıklara devredilmiştir ve belli nemalar ile nakit para talebinde bulunan kişilere, gösterecekleri teminat karşılığında borç para verilmiştir. Bedestenlerde muhafaza edilen sandıkların Eytam Nezareti binasına nakledilmesi istense de eski gelenek devam ettirilmiş ve bedestenlerde muhafaza edilmiştir. Öncelikle esnaf, tüccar, kuyumcu olmak üzere pek çok kişi ihtiyaçları çerçevesinde eytam sandıklarından nakit para talebinde bulunmuşlardır. 1851 yılından önce dağınık halde bulunan ve kuralsız çalışan sandıklar, bu tarihten itibaren belli kurallar ve sınırlamalar ile faaliyet göstermiştir. 1851 Eytam Nizamnamesi’nin kuralına göre herkese borç veren sandıklar, bundan böyle çalışanlarına ve yetimlerin vasilerine borç vermemiştir. Bu sınırlama 1906 yılına kadar devam etmiş olmakla beraber, bu tarihten sonra da yine belli kural ve sınırlamalar ile borç para vermişlerdir. Yetim çocuk reşit yaşa geldiğini ispat ettikten sonra sandıkta biriken paralar, çocuğa kadı huzurunda teslim edilip hesabı kapatılmıştır. Bizler bugün, borçların kaleme alındığı hesap defterlerinden hangi bölgede ne kadar sandık olduğu ve ne şekilde çalıştıklarına dair bilgiler elde edebilmekteyiz. Üsküdar şer’iyye sicillerinde yer alan eytam sandıkları muhasebe kayıtlarının incelenmesiyle oluşan yetim mallarının finansal kullanımına dair bu çalışma, eytam sandıklarının oluşumu ve işleyişi hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. 1850-1856 yılına ait Üsküdar eytam sandıklarının borç kayıtları incelendiğinde, sandıkların nizamname kurallarına değil, para vakıflarındaki vakfiyelerin kuralları ve usullerine göre hareket ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Kanaatimizce bir finansal araç olarak değerlendirilebilecek Üsküdar eytam sandıkları, nizamname kurallarına uyum sağlamakta gecikmiş, para vakıfları kurallarını terk edememiştir. Sandıklardan para talep eden ve borç alan kişiler, vade süreleri ayrıca nema oranları gibi hususlarda 1851 Eytam Nizamnamesi ve Eytam Sandıkları Nizamnamesi kurallarından bağımsız hareket etmişlerdir. Söz konusu hususların somut örnekler ve istatistiksel verilerle aktarıldığı bu çalışma, Üsküdar yetimlerinin sandıklarında yapılan muameleleri göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Kanaatimizce özellikle Eytam Nezareti’nin kurulduğu ilk yıllarda, farklı bölgelerde de para vakıflarını devam ettiren eytam sandıkları mevcuttur. Bu husus müstakil çalışma konusudur. Zamanla taşrada faaliyet gösteren eytam sandıkları, nizamname kurallarının dışına çıkabilmiştir.

Abstract Background Tens of millions of children lack adequate care, many having been separated from or lost one or both parents. Despite the problem’s severity and its impact on a child’s lifelong health and wellbeing, the care of vulnerable children—which includes strengthening the care of children within families, preventing unnecessary family separation, and ensuring quality care alternatives when reunification with the biological parents is not possible or appropriate—is a low global priority. This analysis investigates factors shaping the inadequate global prioritization of the care of vulnerable children. Specifically, the analysis focuses on factors internal to the global policy community addressing children’s care, including how they understand, govern, and communicate the problem. Methods Drawing on agenda setting scholarship, we triangulated among several sources of data, including 32 interviews with experts, as well as documents including peer-reviewed literature and organizational reports. We undertook a thematic analysis of the data, using these to create a historical narrative on efforts to address children’s care, and specifically childcare reform. Results Divisive disagreements on the definition and legitimacy of deinstitutionalization—a care reform strategy that replaces institution-based care with family-based care—may be hindering priority for children’s care. Multiple factors have shaped these disagreements: a contradictory evidence base on the scope of the problem and solutions, divergent experiences between former Soviet bloc and other countries, socio-cultural and legal challenges in introducing formal alternative care arrangements, commercial interests that perpetuate support for residential facilities, as well as the sometimes conflicting views of impacted children, families, and the disability community. These disagreements have led to considerable governance and positioning difficulties, which have complicated efforts to coordinate initiatives, precluded the emergence of leadership that proponents universally trust, hampered the engagement of potential allies, and challenged efforts to secure funding and convince policymakers to act. Conclusion In order to potentially become a more potent force for advancing global priority, children’s care proponents within international organizations, donor agencies, and non-governmental agencies working across countries will need to better manage their disagreements around deinstitutionalization as a care reform strategy.

Kâinatı yaratan ve idare eden Yüce Allah, yeryüzünün düzen ve dirliğini korumak, kollamak ve muhafaza etmek için “sünnetullah” doktrinin gereği insanoğlunu; Âdem ve Havvâ’dan yaratmıştır. Bu yaratılışın başlangıcı olduğu gibi sonu da vardır, bu da namütenahi olmayan ecel, yani ölümdür. Ebedi ve ezeli olmayan ölümün ise ne zaman, nerede ve nasıl olacağını başta Peygamberler olmak üzere Allah’tan başka kimse bilemez ve bilemeyecektir. Ölümlerden geriye, hayata tutunmak için baba ve ana desteğini kaybeden yetim ve öksüzler kalmaktadır. İslâm dinînin yüce öğütleri, bu husus üzerinde durmakta, hayatın her alanında sosyal dayanışma ve yardımlaşma üzerine sıklıkla vurgu yapmakta ve buna özen göstermektedir. Kur’ān ve Sünnet ile yetimin yaşam alanı içerisinde sahip olduğu veya olmadığı haklarının korunması ve kollanmasını titizlikle konu edinmiş, faziletli ve erdemli bir yaşam sürmesi için birtakım şartlar ve esaslar çıkarılmıştır. Böylelikle yetimin korunması, barınması, kefâleti ve malının ihsan üzere değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Kur’an'da on iki sûrede, toplam yirmi üç yerde yetimin hakkının gasp edilmemesi ve ona zulmedilmemesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Dünyaya kimsesiz olarak gelen İslâm Peygamberi, yetim hak ve hukukunun muhafaza edilmesi hususunda insanlığın fıtratında var olan insani duygulara seslenerek önleyici, rağbet edici emir ve yasaklar getirmiştir. Bu yasak ve teşvikler Osmanlı’da devam etmiş ve yetimler, reşit olana kadar vasî gözetimi ve hayırseverlerin ve devlet kurumlarının desteği ile maddî-manevî korunmuştur. Nitekim Osmanlı toplumunda birçok vakıf, yetimhâne ve bilumûm kurumlar yetimlere dönük çok çeşitli hizmetler sunmuş; hatta zaman içerisinde yetim çocukların sayılarının artması ile onlara yönelik müstakil müesseseler tesis edilmiştir. İşbu müesseseler yetim çocukların sağlıklı bir şekilde yetiştirilmesi, topluma faydalı birer fert haline getirilmesi ve ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması adına önemli bir görev üstlenmiştir. Osmanlı tarihinde genel olarak “Eytâm Sandıkları” olarak adlandırılan bu kurumlar yetimlerin haklarını da korumuş ve modern manada bir “fon” gibi hareket ederek onların atalarından kalan menkul ve gayrimenkul emtialarını muhafaza etmiştir. Buna kanıt olarak da bu ayet gösterilmiştir: “Evlilik çağına gelinceye kadar yetimleri (gözetip) deneyin, eğer onlarda akılca bir olgunlaşma görürseniz hemen mallarını kendilerine verin”. Ayette söz konusu "evlilik çağı" lafzından ergenlik çağının gerekliği açıkça görülmüş ve yetimin mental ve fiziksel olarak rüştünü ispat etmesi istenmiştir. Her ne kadar İslâmî bir bağlamla ilişkilendirilmiş ve şeriatla doğrudan bir bağları haizmiş gibi gözükse de işbu kurumlar yalnızca Müslüman yetimler ile ilgilenmemiş; aynı zamanda, “Allah’ın Müslüman Devletlere Emaneti” olarak kabul edilen, semavi dinlere mensup yetimler de bu kurumlardan fazlasıyla istifade etmiştir. Bu bağlamda, işbu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan Nevşehir Kazâsı da sahip olduğu bu özellik hasebiyle seçilmiş; bölgede bulunan Hristiyan yetim sayısının fazlalığı mezkûr müessesenin kapsamını daha iyi anlamak adına farklı bir perspektif sunmuştur. Ezcümle, Osmanlı yetimlerini esas alan bu çalışmada, Nevşehir Kazâsına ait, 1874-1926 yıllarını kapsayan mahkeme kayıtları ve vilâyet salnâmeleri incelenerek Eytâm Sandığı kurumunun yetimler üzerindeki etkisi ve onların haklarının korunmasındaki rolü hem bölgesel olarak hem de Çanakkale ve Eskişehir-Sivrihisar gibi taşra bölgeleriyle karşılaştırılarak umûmî manada irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

This study aimed to explain the child’s rights related to civil rights recognized by the Islamic law in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and to recognize the rights mentioned in the international agreements and conventions in our time that preceded Islam’s approval. Descriptive methods were followed in studying and explaining children’s rights in Islam. This study reviewed the concept of childhood, its stages, and the rights of the child since his birth. At the end of this research, it reached results, the most important of which are: The Islamic law guarantees the child full rights, whether he has a father, an orphan, or a foundling. The study examines the diverse living circumstances whether normal or armed conflict circumstances, and whether the child male or female. This study showed that the rights of the child in Islam are not obligatory for the father only, but rather for the state and society in the event that the father is unable to provide these rights for his child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Tens of millions of children lack adequate care, many having been separated from or lost one or both parents. Despite the problem's severity and its impact on a child's lifelong health and wellbeing, the care of vulnerable children—which includes strengthening the care of children within families, preventing unnecessary family separation, and ensuring quality care alternatives when reunification with the biological parents is not possible or appropriate—is a low global priority. This analysis investigates factors shaping the inadequate global prioritization of the care of vulnerable children. Specifically, the analysis focuses on factors internal to the global policy community addressing children's care, including how they understand, govern, and communicate the problem. Methods: Drawing on agenda setting scholarship, we triangulated among several sources of data, including 32 interviews with experts, as well as documents including peer-reviewed literature and organizational reports. We undertook a thematic analysis of the data, using these to create a historical narrative on efforts to address children's care, and specifically childcare reform. Results: Divisive disagreements on the definition and legitimacy of deinstitutionalization—a care reform strategy that replaces institution-based care with family-based care—may be hindering priority for children's care. Multiple factors have shaped these disagreements: a contradictory evidence base on the scope of the problem and solutions, divergent experiences between former Soviet bloc and other countries, socio-cultural and legal challenges in introducing formal alternative care arrangements, commercial interests that perpetuate support for residential facilities, as well as the sometimes conflicting views of impacted children, families, and the disability community. These disagreements have led to considerable governance and positioning difficulties, which have complicated efforts to coordinate initiatives, precluded the emergence of leadership that proponents universally trust, hampered the engagement of potential allies, and challenged efforts to secure funding and convince policymakers to act. Conclusion: In order to potentially become a more potent force for advancing global priority, children's care proponents within international organizations, donor agencies, and non-governmental agencies working across countries will need to better manage their disagreements around deinstitutionalization as a care reform strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orphan and children living in orphanages are a high-risk group vulnerable to psychosocial problems. Individual who lived in this community are not only orphans but also children and people from low-income families. This group could be perpetrators, witnesses and victims of bullying and other mis behaviour lead to psychosocial problems. This activity aims to improve mental health status of children and people at the Al Husna orphanage through training of early detection, prevention and early treatment for psychosocial problems through implementation of psychosocial intervention and counselling. The results are that they have experienced risk for suicide, hallucination, delusion, anxiety, and social isolation. Through the empowerment program that has been carried out by dealing with the orphan and vulnerable children, socialization and training regarding psychological well-being, early detection, prevention, and treatment could be well-implemented during their activity of daily living.

Studies of real opportunities for physical skills of athletes sufficiently depend on their adaptive potential for increasing physical loads. Extreme physical and psychoemotional loads may lead to overwork and decreased physical ability in professional sportsmen. These adaptation processes are regulated by the main biochemical systems of the body. A special role belongs to the factors of humoral immunity, i.e., natural antibodies, which are a component of innate immunity. They circulate in blood of healthy persons in absence of obvious antigenic stimulation. Analytical techniques for measuring the level of natural antibodies that reflect the state of the system of endogenous bioregulators involved into the molecular mechanisms of adaptation process have been developed. An important role among them is played by the regulators of the opioid system β-endorphin and orphanin. The biochemical and immunological parameters were determined in 10 athletes active in figure skating (Master of Sports), whose average age was 16±0.4 years, and sport experience of 9±1 years. The duration of the study was divided into 5 stages and was 62 days. During the dynamic observations in the course of intensive training, no clear shifts in biochemical parameters were revealed towards adaptation stress and delayed recovery. The level of natural antibodies to orphanin and beta-endorphin was measured in the athletes blood serum by ELISA techique. It is found that each athlete is characterized by individual immune profile. At the initial stage of the examination, the level of antibodies to beta-endorphin was within normal ranges, except for its decrease in one athlete. The level of antibodies to orphanin in majority of cases was higher than normal, probably, due to inhibitory control of the pain signal. Further study in time dynamics revealed that the immunological parameters, natural antibodies to opioid peptides, change in accordance with the state of adaptation resources in the athletes. These indexes reflect psycho-emotional potential and pain tolerance threshold for athletes from the start of training and throughout the entire period. Therefore, from a prognostic point of view, it is important to monitor the content of natural antibodies to beta-endorphin and orphanin in athletes in the course of training. Such individual monitoring of the athlete’s immunological indices allows us to select a more effective, personal training program.

Orphans, especially those who experience maternal loss at a young age, face significant long-term negative impacts on their lives and psychological well-being, extending beyond the age of 18. As of July 2023, the global death toll of COVID-19 has reached 6.9 million, leaving behind an unknown number of orphans who require immediate attention and support from policymakers. In Thailand, from April 2020 to July 2022, the total number of COVID-19-related deaths reached 42,194, resulting in 4,139 parental orphans. Among them, 452 (10.9%) were children under the age of five, who are particularly vulnerable and necessitate special policy attention and ongoing support. While the provision of 12 years of free education for all and Universal Health Coverage helps alleviate the education and health expenses borne by households supporting these orphans, the monthly government support of 2,000 Baht until the age of 18 is insufficient to cover their living costs and other education-related expenditures. We advocate for adequate financial and social support for COVID-19 orphans, emphasizing the importance of placing them with relatives rather than institutional homes. In the context of post-pandemic recovery, this perspective calls upon governments and global communities to estimate the number of orphans and implement policies to safeguard and support them in the aftermath of COVID-19.

Death of a parent during childhood has become rare in developed countries but remains an important life course event that may have consequences for family formation. This paper describes the link between parental death before age 18 and fertility outcomes in adulthood. Using the large national 2011 French Family Survey (INSEE–INED), we focus on the 1946–66 birth cohorts, for whom we observe entire fertility histories. The sample includes 11,854 respondents who have lost at least one parent before age 18. We find a strong polarization of fertility behaviours among orphaned males, more pronounced for those coming from a disadvantaged background. More often childless, particularly when parental death occurred in adolescence, some seem to retreat from parenthood. But orphaned men and women who do become parents seem to embrace family life, by beginning childbearing earlier and having more children, especially when the deceased parent is of the same sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on a study conducted on the contribution of the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) in enhancing access to education in Gutu District, Zimbabwe. The aim of the study was to explore the perspectives of stakeholders on how the Zimbabwean BEAM enables Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVCs) to access education. A qualitative research approach and a case study design was employed in this study. Purposive sampling was used to sample eight stakeholders who were involved with the implementation of BEAM on a local level. The method of data collection was audio-recorded face to face interviews. A semi-structured interview guide was used in the process of data collection. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. The study findings revealed that BEAM facilitates access to education in the Gutu District. The focus is on the education of girl children as there is high prevalence of school dropouts among girl children in Gutu District. Active participation of community members and involved stakeholders are characteristics of the BEAM implementation process. However, the inconsistent and low budgetary allocations that characterise BEAM compromise its effective implementation. To enhance the effectiveness of BEAM an improved and consistent budgetary allocation is required. To raise awareness on BEAM community workshops on BEAM must be implemented and the establishment of feeding programmes for beneficiaries of BEAM is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ialam is the property of Arab Federation for Libraries & Information and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The system of widows' pension, orphans' benefit, and old-age pension was established at the end of the 19th century; however, self-funding also had its antecedents in the early modern period. In Protestant churches, there is evidence that pastors tried to care for their widows and orphans from the 16th century onward. The first fund for the widows and orphans of ministers was established in the Reformed Diocese of Békés in the southeastern part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1790. The institution, however, could not survive due to lack of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study sought to explore the school experiences of primary school learners from the Mwenezi district of Zimbabwe whose parents were in the diaspora at the time the research was conducted. An interpretive paradigm that incorporated a qualitative research approach and case study design was adopted to gather data through face-to-face semi-structured interviews and through focus group discussions. The study had a total of 27 participants, comprising 2 heads, 13 teachers, 6 learners, and 6 guardians who were drawn from the two schools studied. Data were analysed using the thematic content technique and the generated narrative data were presented using verbatim transcriptions. It emerged that learners left behind got orphaned both materially and socially although their parents were alive because they got inadequate financial and moral guidance respectively due to the disruption of family systematic structures emigration caused. They were thus labelled by teachers as undisciplined and violent. Biological parents' emigration was reported to negatively influence motivation for school hence the learners left behind had negative attitudes towards education and their performance was largely poor. The left behind learners had difficulties coping with both home chores and school requirements and hence felt like dropping out of school to follow their parents. To minimize the negative educational effects on children orphaned by the diaspora, it is recommended that there should be a reorientation of communities and schools on a new type of orphaned child due to parental emigration into the diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Supreme God, who created and governs the universe, has created human beings, starting from Adam and Eve, in accordance with the doctrine of "sunnatullah" to protect, safeguard, and preserve the order and balance of the earth. The beginning of this creation is also its end, which is the endless death, that no one, except for the Prophets and Allah, knows when, where, and how it will happen. When someone dies, they leave behind orphans who have lost the support of their parents and need help to survive. The noble teachings of Islam emphasize the importance of social solidarity and cooperation in every aspect of life, particularly in the case of orphans. The Quran and the Sunnah carefully protect and uphold the rights of orphans, establish certain conditions and principles for them to lead a virtuous life, and aim to protect them, provide shelter and care for them, and make the best use of their property. The Prophet of Islam, who was himself an orphan, called upon humanity's innate humane emotions to protect and safeguard the rights of orphans. In the Ottoman Empire, these principles continued, and orphans were protected and supported financially and morally until they reached adulthood through the care of their guardians and the support of philanthropists and state institutions. Many waqfs, orphanages, and various other institutions in Ottoman society have provided a variety of services for orphans and even established independent institutions for them as their numbers increased over time. These institutions have played an important role in ensuring that orphaned children are raised in a healthy environment and become productive members of society while meeting their needs. Generally referred to as "Eytâm Sandıkları" in Ottoman history, these institutions have also protected the rights of orphans and acted as a "fund" by safeguarding their ancestral assets and real estate. The verse "Test the orphans until they reach the age of marriage, and if you find them to be mature enough, give them their property" is cited as evidence for this. Although these institutions have been associated with Islamic contexts and appear to have a direct connection with Islamic law, they have not only cared for Muslim orphans but have also helped orphans of other religions, who are considered the "Trust of God to Muslim States." This is why the subject of this study, Nevşehir District, was chosen, as it had a large number of Christian orphans who also benefited from these institutions. Briefly, in this study, which focuses on the orphans who lived in the Ottoman Empire, the impact of orphan funds on the orphans and their role in protecting their rights have been attempted to discuss by analyzing the court records between the years 1874-1926 and province yearbooks in both local and communal contexts by comparing Nevşehir to some rural districts such as Çanakkale and Eskişehir-Sivrihisar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore Indian orphaned young people's perspectives on leaving care. To accomplish this, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 13 Indian youth with significant care experience in institutional and residential arrangements. The understanding of care leaving presented here is based on retrospective insights that young people with care experience shared regarding their experiences of leaving care. The results included four themes: 'miscommunication about care leaving', 'an undesirable ending', 'limited knowledge about new life' and 'key factors for a better transition'. The findings imply that care leaving should be an extended process, not an event. Thus, a dedicated program focusing on care leaving is required. Also, allowing young people to participate in transition planning is essential and can be best ensured with effective communication and carefully formulated care plans. Further, access to extended support in the form of comprehensive and compulsory 'aftercare' services is suggested for achieving better outcomes for young people with care experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial virulence, persistence and defence are affected by epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation. Solitary DNA methyltransferases modulate a variety of cellular processes and influence bacterial virulence; as part of a restriction-modification (RM) system, they act as a primitive immune system in methylating the own DNA, while unmethylated foreign DNA is restricted. We identified a large family of type II DNA methyltransferases in Metamycoplasma hominis, comprising six solitary methyltransferases and four RM systems. Motif-specific 5mC and 6mA methylations were identified with a tailored Tombo analysis on Nanopore reads. Selected motifs with methylation scores >0.5 fit with the gene presence of DAM1 and DAM2, DCM2, DCM3, and DCM6, but not for DCM1, whose activity was strain-dependent. The activity of DCM1 for CmCWGG and of both DAM1 and DAM2 for GmATC was proven in methylation-sensitive restriction and finally for recombinant rDCM1 and rDAM2 against a dam-, dcm-negative background. A hitherto unknown dcm8/dam3 gene fusion containing a (TA) repeat region of varying length was characterized within a single strain, suggesting the expression of DCM8/DAM3 phase variants. The combination of genetic, bioinformatics, and enzymatic approaches enabled the detection of a huge family of type II DNA MTases in M. hominis, whose involvement in virulence and defence can now be characterized in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) of the DLK1-DIO3 locus are associated with vascular remodeling and cardiovascular disease. None of these snoRNAs has any known targets yet except for one, AF357425/SNORD113-6. We previously showed that this snoRNA targets mRNAs of the integrin signaling pathway and affects arterial fibroblast function. Here, we aimed to identify whether AF357425/SNORD113-6 can also target small RNAs. We overexpressed or inhibited AF357425 in murine fibroblasts and performed small RNA sequencing. Expression of transfer (t)RNA fragments (tRFs) was predominantly regulated. Compared with overexpression, AF357425 knockdown led to an overall decrease in tRFs but with an enrichment in smaller tRFs (

ACKGROUND: Nigeria has the second-highest burden of stunted children globally. Yet, only two out of ten malnourished Nigerian children benefit from intervention programs to address malnutrition. This study describes some socio-demographic factors associated with malnutrition among children living in a rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This study was a community-based cross-sectional study involving 364 children randomly selected from their homes aged 1–15 years. Factors such as socioeconomic status, birth order, and whether the mother was alive were obtained. Weights, heights, and body mass index (BMI) were measured and interpreted using the WHO z-scores. Chi-squared test of associations was used for categorical variables and an independent t-test was used to compare the mean BMI between both genders. The level of significance was set at a p-value

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Background: Children who have lost their parents are especially susceptible because they lack the mental and physical maturity to handle the emotional distress that comes with parental loss. This study aimed to assess the psychological effects of orphanhood in southwest Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in southwest Ethiopia from January 1, 2019, to March 30, 2019. Orphan students who attended primary school at regular programs and those who live at orphanage centers were included. The study ecluded those orphans, who were adopted, not attending education, live in the street, and attending education, but absent at the time of data collection. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select participants. The SPSS version 21 used to entered and analyzed the collected data. Statistical tests such as independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the mean of depression, anxiety, and stress level of orphan students regarding age, sex, and grade levels. Results: Of the 322 participants, 176 (54.7%) of the respondents were males. One hundred ninety-two (59.6%) of the participants were aged 14–17 years. Male and female orphans differed significantly in terms of depression, and stress levels (P 0.05). Across age groups and grade levels, there was a significant difference in the aspects of stress, anxiety, and depression (P 0.05). Conclusion: Generally, we can conclude that psychological problems (depression, anxiety, and stress) are common problems among orphans in the study area. Orphans who were grade 5thstudents are less psychologically challenged compared to others. Orphans aged 10–13 years were relatively less psychologically challenged than other age groups. As a result, strengthening connections between the care of orphans and other support groups, including charitable organizations or direct healthcare providers should be taken into consideration.

Active scent marking with urine has been described in a number of mammal species, including felids. In Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), scent marking plays a role in intra-sexual competition and territory defence as well as in attracting sexual partners during the mating season. Marking is most frequent during the mating season and least frequent during the period when females give birth and lactate. Males generally mark more frequently than females and resident animals mark more frequently than dispersers. Juveniles have never been recorded actively marking. Here, however, we present a well-documented case of an actively marking juvenile lynx. Lynx females Koka and Baronka were born in 2019 to mother Nela, who disappeared in December 2019. Nela's territory stayed vacant, with her juvenile daughters being the only females recorded there. On the 30th March 2020, during the mating season, Koka was recorded on a camera trap video actively marking with urine, rubbing her face and again marking with urine on a rock. On the following day, she again marked with urine on the same marking site. After that, Koka left the area and the former territory of Nela was taken over by Baronka. In the BBA lynx population, juvenile lynx females were documented to successfully reproduce. This poses the question of whether their adult-like marking behaviour should be explained in the context of early reproduction, or if it has other reasons. Neither Koka nor Baronka successfully reproduced with the local male during their first year of life, but that does not mean they did not try to attract him by marking. Also, juveniles' competition over the territory left vacant by their mother is a feasible explanation. We suggest that high population turnover may result in unusual social situations, with juveniles consequently performing unusual behaviour. This does not have to be related to early reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Refugees are a population group at imminent risk of death, being forced to migrate to countries with different cultures. Many of the refugees are at great risk of malnutrition, especially adolescent orphans. The aim of the study was to establish a nutritional and food education program to improve the integration process of young orphan refugees newly arrived in Portugal. (2) Methods: A nutrition and food education program with nine sessions of food and nutrition education over 12 weeks was carried out by a nutritionist from March to June 2016, in 15 young residents of the Reception Center for Refugee Children. The program included the application of a nutritional knowledge questionnaire, an anthropometric assessment, and the collection of data on food habits and lifestyle. The evaluation of the program was carried out by comparing the initial and final scores of the nutritional knowledge questionnaire. (3) Results: There was an improvement in nutritional knowledge among the adolescents, and a direct relationship between attendance at the sessions and improvement of this knowledge was found. Non-significant changes were observed in some anthropometric measurements between the beginning and the ending of the program. (4) Conclusions: This food education program contributed to a better understanding by young orphan refugees newly arrived in Portugal of the foods available in Portugal and of the Portuguese gastronomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In orphans, poor mental health is a key factor that leads to many psychological issues (Paul & Paul, 2017). It has been assumed that emotional and intellectual deprivation resulting from the absence of a parental figure produces a series of psychological maladjustments in adolescents. Emotional intelligence is also considered a broad personality trait in a multi-level personality hierarchy. The present study aims to explore the mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between psychological maladjustment and attachment styles among orphan adolescents. The study comprised of 288 orphans (141 boys and 147 girls) with an age range from 12-22 years (M=15.83, SD=3.09) Sample was selected from different orphanages in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) (Rohner & Khaleque, 2005), Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10) (Davies, Devonport, Kevin, Lane, & Scott, 2010) and Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Revised (IPPA-R) (Gullone & Robinson, 2005) were used in the study. It was found that emotional intelligence significantly mediates the relationship between psychological maladjustment and attachment styles among orphan adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Enfances, Familles, Generations is the property of Enfances, Familles, Generations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In this study, the mediating role of a sense of security in the relationship between self-perfection and perceived stress with life satisfaction was investigated among orphan girls. Method: In this correlational research design, structural equation modeling was employed and a sample of 150 orphan girls in Sabzevar and Neyshabur was selected by complete enumeration. For data collection, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Psychological Security-Insecurity Questionnaire (PS-IQ) and Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) were applied. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling in SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. Findings: The results demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between a sense of security and perceived stress with life satisfaction. Further, a significant negative relationship was found between self-oriented perfectionism and community-oriented perfectionism with life satisfaction, but there was no significant relationship between other-oriented perfectionism and life satisfaction. Moreover, the findings revealed that a sense of security mediates the relationship between self-perfection and perceived stress with life satisfaction (p<0.05). If the sense of security increases among people, life satisfaction also increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]