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Huosoma latiloba (Yu, Yang & Bu, 2008) (Figs 1, 2a; 3a–n; 5; 7a) Material examined. 1♀, 2♂♂ larvae, 6.X.2020, Huadianba (25.54°N, 100.00°E, 2,920 m a.s.l.), XiZhou Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg. Huadianba is on Mt Cangshan in Dali, Yunnan. There are many streams and pools in the surrounding mountains. 1♀ and 1♂ larvae were collected and successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: Body small (body length including caudal lamellae 15–18mm long), smooth and moderately stout, lacking distinct bands or marks, with broad paddle-shaped caudal lamellae (Figs 1, 7a). Males and females are very similar except for presence of an ovipositor in the latter. Head: Wider than long, maximum width 1.9–2.1 times length. Compound eyes black and prominent. Occiput light brown, with occipital lobes rounded but rather bulbous (Fig. 2a); antenna filiform, 7–segmented, length of successive antennal segments (mm): 0.10, 0.10, 0.25, 0.35, 0.25, 0.25, 0.3 (Fig. 3a). Labium ochreous, prementum basally narrow, anteriorly expanded strongly and nearly evenly; anterior margin strongly projected as obtuse isosceles triangle, apex forming 115° angle (dorsal view), with fine marginal denticles; prementum length about 4.1 times wider than base, maximum breadth 0.7 length; row of 3–4 long, strong setae sub-medially on upper side of prementum (N=3) (Figs 3b, c). Labial palp long and narrow, distinctly expanded apically, upper margin with eight very long, strong setae set in raised sockets (Fig. 3d); movable hook incurved, but only ca 3/5 length of longest palpal seta (Figs 3d, 5); palp terminating in broad securiform ‘comb’ separated by shallow notch from short ventral hook slightly exceeding margin of comb in length. Mandibles brown, teeth black blown, formula: L 1+234+50y ab R 12345 ab, molar crest absent both right and left mandibles, incisor teeth rounded, 2> 3> 5> 4> 1, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Figs 3e–h). Maxillae long, with dense long setae present on the distal one-thirds of its length (Figs 3i–j). Thorax. Brown, smooth without distinct bands or marks. Prothorax rectangular. Synthorax trapezoidal and elongate. Legs moderately long and slender, the femur of hind leg reaching to middle of S4. Wing cases parallel, outer wing cases reach to the hind margin of S4, inner cases a little shorter. Abdomen. Brown, smooth with black brown markings. Lateral spines absent. Ovipositor of female extending beyond the end of S10 (Figs 3k–l). Caudal lamellae half as long as abdomen, broadly paddle-shaped ending in a short white filament, especially on outer lamellae, margins with well separated low serrations; surface marked with irregular black blotches, especially visible near base. Maximum length:width ratio 2.6 in lateral lamellae and 2.4 in median lamella (Figs 3m –n). Measurements (mm). Larvae (N=3), body length (excluding caudal lamellae) 12–13.5; length of abdomen (excluding caudal lamellae) 8–9; maximum head width 2.5–2.8; length of hind femur 3.5–4; lateral caudal lamella 4.5–5. Biological notes. The larva of H. latiloba was found in a pool in a small mountain stream, with numerous hydrophytes (Fig. 7a). Breeding adults often appear at the edge of nearby streams (Fig. 6c). The flight season ranges from June to September., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Orr, Albert G. & Zhang, Hao-Miao, 2022, Descriptions of the larvae of Huosoma Guan, Dumont, Yu, Han & Vierstraete 2013 from China (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 5134 (3) on pages 427-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6538329

Yang, Guo-Hui, Orr, Albert G., Zhang, Hao-Miao (2022): Descriptions of the larvae of Huosoma Guan, Dumont, Yu, Han & Vierstraete 2013 from China (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Zootaxa 5134 (3): 426-434, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.6

Huosoma tinctipenne (McLachlan, 1894) (Figs 2b; 4a–m; 6; 7d–e) Material examined: 1♀, larva, 1.V.2019, Haicang Village, Jiuzhou Town, Yunlong County (25.30°N, 99.02°E, 2,550 m a.s.l.), Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg., 1♀, 1♂ larvae, 6.VI.2021, same locality, Guo-Hui Yang leg. 1♀ larva was successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: Generally similar to H. latiloba. Legs and wing sheaths relatively slightly longer (Figs 7d, e) and, caudal lamellae leaf shaped, longer and narrower than in H. latiloba. Head. Comparatively large, occipital lobes gently rounded, not bulbous in dorsal view; mouthparts (Figs 4a–i), fairly similar to H. latiloba but with relatively broader prementum, maximum breadth ca 0.78 length; length about four times wider than base; anterior margin more strongly projected as obtuse isosceles triangle, apex forming 105° angle (dorsal view), with fine marginal denticles; row of four long, strong setae sub-medially on upper side of prementum. Labial palp long and narrow, distinctly expanded apically, upper margin with six very long, strong setae set in raised tooth-like sockets (Figs 4b, c); movable hook short, incurved, only ca 1/2 length of longest palpal seta; palp terminating in broad securiform ‘comb’ separated by shallow notch from short ventral hook slightly exceeding margin of comb in length (Fig. 6). Thorax. Very similar to H. latiloba but legs longer; femur of hind leg reaching to hind margin of S4; outer wing sheaths reaching just beyond hind margin of S4, inner sheaths slightly shorter (Figs 7d–e). Abdomen. Very similar to H. latiloba but ovipositor of female extending only to end of S10 (Figs 4j–k). Caudal lamellae foliate, long and narrow, more than half length of abdomen (maximum length 3.5 times width of lateral lamella and 3.2 times width of median lamella (Figs 4l–m). Lateral lamellae white-tipped with short terminal filament, also present in median lamella but less developed. Measurements (mm). Larvae (N=3), body length (excluding caudal lamellae) 11.5–14; length of abdomen (excluding caudal lamellae) 7.5–8; maximum head width 2.8–2.9; length of hind femur 3.6–4; lateral caudal lamella 4.5–5. Biological notes. The larvae of H. tinctipenne were found in a small, heavily vegetated shallow pond in a brook at an elevation of approximately 2,550 m (Fig. 8b). Adults were often present breeding in the same pond (Fig. 7f). The flight season ranges from June to September., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Orr, Albert G. & Zhang, Hao-Miao, 2022, Descriptions of the larvae of Huosoma Guan, Dumont, Yu, Han & Vierstraete 2013 from China (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 5134 (3) on pages 429-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6538329, {"references":["Brochard, C. & van der Ploeg, E. (2013) Description of the exuvia and larva of Pyrrhosoma elisabethae. Libellula, 32 (3), 159 - 174."]}

Matsumoto, Kazuma, Orr, Albert G. (2021): The occurrence of a sphragis and genital modification in Hypermnestra, Archon and Sericinus (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Papilionidae). Journal of Natural History 55 (15-16): 1033-1057, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1930227, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1930227

Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Figs 3; 4 a���m; 5d���f; 6b) Material examined. 2 ���� larvae, 25. V.2019, Mt. Jizushan (25.51��N, 100.20��E, 2,340 m a.s.l.), Binchuan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg.; 4 ���� larvae, 6 ♀♀ larvae, 4.VII.2019, Yunlong County (25.30��N, 99.02��E, 2,460 m a.s.l.), Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, En-Jiang Zhou leg. Several of these larvae were successfully reared to adults. Habitus: A fairly lightly built caloperygid lava with relatively short legs; lateral gills long and lanceolate. Body coloration overall dark brown with only obscure darker brown markings in places, without robust spines (Fig. 3). Head. Roughly pentangular, about 2.2 times as wide as long. Occiput concave. Vertex brown, with small yellow setae (Fig. 3). Antenna, 7-segmented, 1 st segment robust, with slight sub-basal sinuous bend, and extremely long, accounting for 3/5 of the whole entire antenna length; terminal segments filiform; length of each antennal segment (mm): 1.75, 0.25, 0.25, 0.15, 0.10, 0.07, 0.05 (Fig. 4a). Labium pale yellowish, broadly expanded in distal 1/ 2 in dorsal view, distal margin of prementum fringed with very small teeth; extending to form large triangle medially cleft; median cleft nearly touching distally and expanding at base to form a rounded droplet shape, 4.1 mm in length; maximum width to total length ratio of median cleft about 1: 4; labial palp with large movable hook and three long, curved, sharp terminal hooks of unequal length at apex, the inner one curved strongly inward, and shortest, about 1/3 as long as the middle; one strong dorsal setae near base of movable hook (Fig. 4 b���d). Mandibles brown, left mandible with five incisors, L 123450 a(m 1,2, 3)b, 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, molar crest produced straight; R 12345 y a, right mandible with similar incisors, molar crest absent, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Fig. 4 e���h). Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with seven strong curved spines and sparse long setae; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. (Fig. 4 i���j). Thorax. Prothorax brown and roughly rectangular. Synthorax brown and smooth, with a thick dark brown stripe laterally. Legs only moderately long, with two dark brown bandings on femora and two similar bandings on tibiae when alive. Wing cases parallel, forewing cases reaching the hind margin of S3 and hindwing cases reaching the anterior margin of S4. Abdomen. Brown and smooth with black markings. No lateral spines present. Female ovipositor sheath reaching beyond middle of S10, but never extending beyond its posterior margin (Fig. 4k). Lateral appendages long lanceolate with a prominent main trachea, with smooth lateral margins and a short apical projection; middle appendage about 4/5th length of laterals, with slight point apically. Lateral appendages dark with irregular pale marking around margins; middle appendage dark with two well defined whitish bands (Fig. 4 l���m). Measurements (mm). Body length 35���37; length of the abdomen 17���18; maximum head width 4, length of the hind femur 8���9; lateral caudal gill 9���10. Differential diagnosis. Besides M. gregoryi, larvae of three other species the genus have been described, M. andersoni described and illustrated by Matsuki & Lien (1978) from Taiwan in detail, M. pruinosa and M. costalis described by Ishida (1996) and Hayashi et al. (2004) from Japan. The main differences between the species are in the ovipositor sheet of the female, the shape of the lateral gill (narrow or wide) and the shape of the prementum., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao & Orr, Albert G., 2021, Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka H��m��l��inen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae), pp. 276-284 in Zootaxa 4926 (2) on pages 279-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4506176, {"references":["Matsuki, K. & Lien, J. C. (1978) Description of the larvae of three families of Zygoptera breeding in the streams of Taiwan (Synlestidae, Euphaeidae & Calopterygidae). Tombo, XXI, (1 - 4), 15 - 26.","Ishida, K. (1996) Monograph of Odonata larvae in Japan. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp. 157 - 161.","Hayashi, F., Dobata, S. & Futahashi, R. (2004) Larval morphology of Japanese Mnais damselflies (Odonata: Calopterygidae) distinguished by nuclear DNA (ITS 1) sequences. Tombo, 47 (1), 13 - 24."]}

Caliphaea angka H��m��l��inen, 2003 (Figs 1, 2 a���p; 5a���c; 6a) Material examined. 2����, 1♀ larvae, 29.V.2020, Sanjiacun Stream (25.51��N, 100.38��E, 2,129 m a.s.l.), Fenyi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg. Sanjiacun Stream is small montane streams, it is 0.5 m wide, water clear and gravel covered on substrate. 1♀ larva was successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: A stoutly built caloperygid larva with long legs; coloration overall pale brown heavily mottled with dark brown markings. Lateral gills short and ovate, with robust spines on mid-rib but dorsal and ventral margins smooth (Figs 1, 2l). Head: Wider than long, about 2.2 times as wide as long and roughly pentangular, Occiput concave, eyes of moderate size, elongate-rounded, situated at sides of head directed mainly forward (Fig. 1). Antenna, 7���segmented, 1 st segment thick, with distinct sub-terminal inward bend, and extremely long, accounting for 2/5 of the whole entire antenna length; terminal segments filiform; length of each antennal segment (mm): 1.65, 0.75, 0.5, 0.45, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 (Fig. 2a). Labium dirty yellow, strongly and abruptly expanded in distal 1/ 2 in dorsal view, distal margin of prementum with small teeth, its apical border strongly produced beyond level of base of palps and very deeply incised, the length of median cleft 2.8 mm, only slightly expanded towards base and rounded at the bottom; width to length ratio of median cleft about 1:5; each lobe bearing a long robust inward directed seta near its inner margin just before the mid-point of the lobe; labial palp with large robust movable hook and three long, curved, sharp end hooks of unequal length at the apex; the inner one being shortest, about 1/4 as long as the long central hook; basal to movable hook palp bears one long and three shorter but robust dorsal setae; outer margin of palp with sparse ���pelt��� of numerous but much finer setae (Fig. 2 b���c). Mandibles brown, left mandible with five incisors, L 123450 a(m 1,2, 3,4) b, 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, molar crest produced straight; R 12345 y a, right mandible with similar incisors, molar crest absent, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Fig. 2 e���h). Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with six strong curved spines and sparse long setae; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. (Fig. 2 i���j). Thorax. Prothorax roughly rectangular, extending slightly laterally, with broad quadrate light marking dorsally. Synthorax brown and smooth, with light brown dorsal triangular mark. Legs long, hind femur reaching the end of S4; all legs with three broad dark brown bands on femora and tibiae. Wing cases parallel and long, forewing cases reaching the anterior margin of S5 and hindwing cases reaching the hind margin of S5 (Fig. 1). Abdomen. Short, cylindrical, brown and with pale longitudinal irregular-margined dorsal stripes. No lateral spines present. Ovipositor of female extending to basal 4/5 of S10 (Fig. 2k). Lateral caudal appendages ovoid, dark brown, with irregular markings on the edges, with 4 big and 5 small robust spines on the mid-rib; middle appendage distinctly smaller, thin and sub-ovate, pale with very broad darker band from near base to post-medially and dark mark at rounded apex (Fig. 2 m���p). Measurements (mm). Body length 22; length of the abdomen 12; maximum head width 3, length of the hind femur 6; lateral caudal gill 4. Differential diagnosis. It is now known that Fraser���s (1943) description of C. confusa is erroneous. Among other, minor differences, it is likely that the forked prementum is less produced in that species than in C. angka but more material needs to be examined before this can be confirmed. Biological notes. The larva of C. angka was found in small sluggish montane streams, with numerous hydrophytes in the Erhai lake Basin (alt. ca 2,300 ���2,800 m) (Fig. 6a). Breeding adults (Fig. 5 a���b) frequent the stream margins. The flight season range from April to August. During the rearing, we have noticed a rather peculiar behavior. When a larva crawled onto the surface of a stone or on a small branch, its whole body was lifted by stretching of the tibiae, similar to a human doing ���push-ups��� (Fig. 5c). This exercise was performed 15���20 times a day, and may be a territorial display by the larva., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao & Orr, Albert G., 2021, Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka H��m��l��inen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae), pp. 276-284 in Zootaxa 4926 (2) on page 277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4506176, {"references":["Fraser, F. C. (1943) New oriental Odonata larvae. Proceedings of the Royal entomological society, London, (b), 12 (5 / 6), 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1943. tb 00749. x"]}

Matsumoto, Kazuma, Orr, Albert G., Yago, Masaya (2018): The occurrence and function of the sphragis in the zerynthiine genera Zerynthia, Allancastria and Bhutanitis (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Papilionidae). Journal of Natural History 52 (21-22): 1351-1376, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1464228, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1464228

Oligoaeschna sirindhornae sp. nov. (Figs 1���3) Holotype. ♂, Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Sakaerat Silvicultural Research Station, ��� Khao Sunt��� forest, 14.49467N 101.87100E, alt. 606m a.s.l., 27 vi 2014, R. W. J. Ngiam leg. To be deposited at Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (LKCNHM), Singapore. Etymology. We humbly dedicate this species to Her Royal Highness, The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand, in recognition of her continuing support of nature conservation and as a mark of personal admiration by the authors. The specific epithet sirindhornae is a noun in the genitive case. Description of holotype. Head. Labium almost entirely brown and broad basally; labial palps generally brown and slightly darkened apically. Labrum dark brown, its lower part black laterally. Mandibles black. Anteclypeus dark brown. Postclypeus dark brown with the upper half much darker. Frons entirely black except for a slight yellowish horizontal stripe on both sides. In dorsal view frons moderately produced with corners and anterior margin rounded (Fig. 1); margin with dense fringe of moderately long setae. Antennae black. Vertex shiny yellow, rectangular with rounded corners. Ocelli pale yellowish. Occiput entirely black except for two pale yellowish horizontal stripes, one on each sides of lower half occiput the occiput lower half. Eyes typical of the genus; dark green in life. Thorax. Prothorax almost entirely black. Synthorax black with greenish dorsal stripes angled inwards on the mesepisternum, and transverse greenish stripes below the pre-alar ridge. Greenish spots present on the mesoscutum, mesopostnotum, metascutum, metascutellum, and humeral and axillary sclerites of all wings. Laterally (Fig. 2a), greenish stripe on the mesepimeron; metepimeron almost entirely green. Legs black. Wings (Fig. 3). Fw with 17 antenodal cross-veins (Anx) and nine postnodal cross-veins (Pnx). Pterostigma (Pt) dark, overlaying three cells. Two cubital cross veins (Cux). In Hw, 13 antenodal and 11 postnodal cross-veins. Pt dark, overlaying three and a half cells. Two Cux. Three cells in anal triangle and three cells in anal loop. Three cells in the triangle in both wings, membranule in both wings small, dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 1). Overall broad at base, moderately constricted at S3 and thereafter moderately spindle shaped. Black with bright green or yellowish markings. S1 black with thick tuft of setae dorsally; dorsum S2 with rounded green spot anteriorly, paired transverse green dashes behind transverse carina and pair of smaller spots at base. Dorsal setae sparse. Laterally, large irregular green to yellowish antero-ventral spot extending to ventral side of auricle and smaller green medio-apical spot. Auricles pale greenish-yellow, more strongly yellow above. S3 maximally constricted at one third of its length from base; small paired green spots medially and paired transverse green spots posteriorly. Dorsal pattern on S4 similar to S3. S5 to S9 with only paired transverse green spots apically, these decreasing in size from S5 to S9. S10 entirely black. Anal appendages (Fig. 2b���c). Black. Cerci in dorsal view (Fig. 2b) long and robust; nearly twice length of S10; with slightly sinuous outline, medially kinked in outer margin, distal half approximately an elongate oval shape with strong longitudinal ridge. In lateral view (Fig. 2c) cerci rather angulate, broad anteriorly narrowing maximally at two-fifths length from base; small pointed sub-basal process present ventrally; apical three-fifths forming a narrow approximately triangular shape with vertices on the midpoint of dorsum at the corner of a ventral flange and apically; apex slightly truncated obliquely. Epiproct about half length of cerci, narrow basally and narrowing slightly further towards apex which expands narrowly to form a moderately excavated fork; in lateral view, curving smoothly upward with terminal re-curved spine. Accessory genitalia. With spine of anterior lamina small; anterior hamule slightly serrated with small spines. Penis (Fig. 2d) strongly curved, basal joint of (seminal vesicle) thick and with fleshy lobe. Second joint of penis as thick as posterior of basal joint, heavily folded, fleshy lobes large, heavily folded, terminating in a sharp pointed tip, no flagellum. Measurements [mm]. Hw 40, abdomen without anal appendages 42, cerci ca 4.1, epiproct ca 2.1 Diagnosis. This new species distinctly differs from all other congeners by the unique shape of its cerci in both dorsal and lateral view. The nearest relatives geographically are known from Peninsular Malaysia. These are Oligoaeschna amata (Foerster, 1903) and Oligoaeschna foliacea Lieftinck, 1968, in which the cerci are very dissimilar from this species (see the illustrations in Orr 2005). Habitat. Oligoaeschna sirindhornae sp. nov. was found in mixed dipterocarp forest, at a shallow stream with small boulders at the bottom of a ravine by the edge of a silviculture plantation (Fig. 4). It was collected in late June when the stream was dry during a period of low rainfall. The specimen was caught when it was flushed from the undergrowth and rested among a thicket of palms., Published as part of Ngiam, Robin W. J. & Orr, Albert G., 2017, Oligoaeschna sirindhornae sp. nov., a new dragonfly species from Thailand (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae), pp. 195-200 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on pages 195-199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/1064484, {"references":["Lieftinck, M. A. (1968) A review of the genus Oligoaeschna Selys in Southeast Asia. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 111, 137 - 186.","Orr, A. G. (2005) A pocket guide: Dragonflies of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Sdn. Bhd, 125 pp."]}

Orr, Albert G., Dow, Rory A. (2015): Description of two final stadium platystictid larvae from Borneo, including that of Drepanosticta? attala Lieftinck, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae). Zootaxa 3985 (4): 565-574, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3985.4.5

Orr, Albert G., Kalkman, Vincent J. (2015): Nannophlebia leoboppi sp nov., a new dragonfly species from New Guinea (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Zootaxa 3964 (3): 391-395, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3964.3.9

Orr, Albert G., Dow, Rory A. (2015): Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae), with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae. Zootaxa 4040 (3): 384-392, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4040.3.9

Onychargia atrocyana Selys Figs 2; 3 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h; 4 a, b, c Material. Two F larvae, ♀, both Gunung Mulu National Park, 4.04318 �� N 114.8104 �� E 14-15.i.2008, 45��� 55 m a.s.l., leg S.G. Butler. Both deposited in RHNH, Leiden, The Netherlands. Description. In general appearance a small, moderately long-legged zygopteran of medium build and typical coenagrionoid appearance. Postocular lobes of head angulated and bearing a cluster of small, robust processes posterolaterally. Caudal lamellae foliate, with distinct petiole, the central lamella considerably longer and broader than the laterals (Fig. 2). Coloration overall neutral brown, with darker brown mottling at the extremities, especially the antennae, legs and caudal lamellae. Body surface relatively smooth, bearing only sparse, very fine setae. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 3 a) rather squat and angular in outline, especially at posterolateral margins, which bear patches of short robust processes, best seen in ventral view (Fig. 3 b, c). Labrum produced and slightly angulated medially. Labial palps clearly visible projecting beyond labrum in dorsal view. Upper surface of head with low profile and no distinctive features. Occipital triangle (which bears the ocelli) only a slight bump. Antennae long, seven segmented, final segment very short, segments 4 and 6 dark brown (Fig 3 d). Compound eyes moderately large. Mandibles not evident in dorsal view. In ventral view (Fig. 3 e) mandibles rather squat, with four strong well-developed short teeth (central pair partly fused) on each incisor lobe and a vestigial lower tooth; molar lobe unarmed except for small thorn-like processes near inner margin; outer angle of each mandible rounded, bearing sparse tuft of long setae. Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with five thin outer (ventral) spines and three strong inner spines; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae (Fig. 3 f). Articulation of labial mask reaching midpoint of mesocoxae when retracted (Fig. 3 b). Prementum (Fig. 3 g) flat ventrally, only slightly concave dorsally, with a single pair of long, strong setae seated post medially. In outline broad distally and tapered to a narrow base a little less than one third its maximum distal breadth; median lobe (ligula) produced to form an obtuse triangle, the two slightly convex sides forming an angle of about 100 ��; median cleft absent; lateral margins of prementum bearing short spines in distal half, smooth in basal half. Labial palp long, terminating in a strong ventral hook and a dorsal straight, slightly serrate edge (Figure 3 h), the two separated by a short notch. Palp bearing five long, strong, inwardly directed setae and a rather short movable hook, seated well back from its apex. Prothorax with two small supracoxal spines best seen in ventral view (Fig 3 c). Legs moderately long; femora stout and somewhat angular, with distinct dark markings and short spines; tibiae thin with only very fine sparse setae. Wing pads just reaching hind margin of S 4, with intricate pattern of dark markings. Abdomen unmarked, smooth, gradually tapered posteriorly. Caudal lamellae clearly dorsoventrally flattened, foliate with elongate petiole; median lamella (Fig 4 a) about two-thirds length of abdomen, broadly foliate and acuminate, well tracheated and with mottled dark markings; petiole with distinct dorsal and ventral spines. Lateral lamellae (Fig 4 b) narrower, about five-sevenths length of median lamella; petiole with outer lateral, as well as dorsal and ventral spines. Cerci small and budlike. Female gonapophyses extending well beyond posterior margin of S 10 (Fig 4 c). Inner and outer gonapophyses subequal in length; outer gonapophyses with well-developed subbasal shoulder. Measurements (mm): Total length (without caudal lamellae) 10.2���11.3; maximum width of head 3.14���3.25; hind femur 2.5���2.6; cercus 0.1; right lamella 3.45; median lamella 4.8. Remarks. Male larva unknown. Apart from a slight difference in size and the maturity of the wing pads, the two specimens show no significant variation. The larva of O. atrocyana presents a combination of characters typically found in both Platycnemididae and Coenagrionidae. Notably the anterior border to the prementum is entire, and long papal setae are present (Dijkstra et al. 2014). It may best be distinguished by having just a single pair of setae on the prementum together with the angulate form of the postocular lobes and the distinctive group of blunt processes on the posterolateral margin of the head. The two small supracoxal spurs may also be unique but are not an obvious diagnostic feature. All these characters were also present on a small F- 2 or F- 3 larva collected in a stagnant drain bordering secondary forest on the campus of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia by AGO in 2007, hence it is now confidently assigned to O. atrocyana. In particular, the posterolateral processes on the head were very well developed and, moreover, the form of the caudal lamellae was identical to those of the mature larvae. Similar arrangements of setae on the prementum and labial palps do occur in the larvae of some coenagrionids occurring within the range of Onychargia, but in these the legs are distinctly shorter (see e.g. Ishida 1996). The other platycnemidid (sensu lato) group in which the prementum bears just one pair of setae and that occurs within the range of Onychargia is the Disparoneurinae, including Prodasineura Cowley, 1934 (figured by Matsuki 1991). However, as far as we know larvae of this genus have short legs, short rounded caudal lamellae, a moderately broad base to the prementum and a smooth posterolateral margin to the head. It is unlikely within its range the larva could be mistaken for any other species. Within the Platycnemididae as defined by Dijkstra et al. (2014) there is considerable variation in larval characters, as summarized in Table 3. Many of these characters also occur in the Coenagrionidae, and their significance in higher classification is debatable, but others are not found elsewhere within the Coenagrionoidea. For example, all known larvae of Idiocnemidinae possess unique caudal lamellae, in which the vertical membrane is strongly pleated to form a frilly ruff around its margins (Lieftinck 1957; Corbet 1999, p 83). There are no obvious setae either on the prementum or labial palps, as probably occur, sometimes much reduced, in all other Coenagrionoidea (Dijkstra et al. 2014). In the African subfamily Allocnemidinae considerable variation occurs in the form of the caudal lamellae. Those of Allocnemis leucosticta S��lys, 1863, are triquetral and inflated (Samways and Wilmot 2003, Samways 2008) as are those of Stenocnemis pachystigma (S��lys, 1863), (figured by Vick 1998), whereas those of Mesocnemis singularis Karsch, 1891, are lamellate. All allocnemidine larvae known have a robust build with head both long and broad, resulting in a much less tapered prementum. Premental and palpal setae are also reduced in this subfamily, as also occurs to an even greater extent in the Neotropical coenagrionid genus Argia (Novelo-Guti��rrez 1992). Disparoneurinae and Calicnemiinae, while clearly recognizable, do not exhibit a definitive set of characters. Platycnemidinae seem universally to have a terminal filament at the end of long lamellate caudal lamellae (elaborated to many marginal filaments in Copera Kirby, 1890) and angular postocular lobes on the head, together with fairly long legs and well-developed setae on the prementum and palps. We are not aware of this combination of characters occurring elsewhere, but individually all may be found in the Coenagrionidae. In summary, character combinations within subfamilies of the Platycnemididae appear mostly to be highly consistent (Table 3), but in some cases they do not necessarily support the arrangement of these subfamilies relative to one another presented by Dijkstra et al. (2014). As already implied, based on larval morphology Onychargia might equally be placed in Platycnemididae or Coenagrionidae, but as there is no simple combination of characters which can separate the larvae of the two families, this may simply reflect the limitations of using potentially plastic and widespread characters to elucidate higher-order relationships. We would not on this basis advocate any changes in present higher classification but do suggest that the Platycnemididae as presently constituted perhaps should be regarded as a work in progress., Published as part of Orr, Albert G. & Dow, Rory A., 2015, Description of the final stadium larvae of Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 from Sarawak, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae), with an overview of larval characters in the Platycnemididae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4040 (3) on pages 387-391, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/243515, {"references":["Dijkstra, K-D. B., Kalkman, V. J., Dow, R. A., Stokvis, F. R. & van Tol, J. (2014) Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Systematic Entomology, 39 (1), 68 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12035","Ishida, K. (1996) Monograph of Odonata larvae in Japan. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, x + 447 pp.","Matsuki, K. (1991) Description of the larval stage of Prodasineura croconota (Ris) from Taiwan (Protoneuridae, Odonata). Tombo, 34, 27 - 28.","Lieftinck, M. A. (1957) Notes on some argiine dragonflies (Odonata) with special reference to the genus Palaiargia Foster with descriptions of new species and larval forms. Nova Guinea, New Series, 8, 41 - 80.","Corbet, P. S. (1999) Dragonflies: Behaviour and ecology of Odonata. Harley Books, Colchester, xxxii + 829 pp.","Samways, M. J. & Wilmot, B. (2003) Odonata. In: De Moor, I. J., Day, J. A. & de Moor F. C. (Eds.), Freshwater invertebrates of Southern Africa. Vol. 7. Insecta 1. Water Research Commission, Gezina, pp 160 - 212.","Samways, M. J. (2008) Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft, Sofia, Moscow, 297 pp.","Vick, G. S. (1998) Notes on some damselfly larvae from Cameroon (Zygoptera: Perilestidae, Amphipterigidae, Platycnemididae). Odonatologica, 27, 87 - 98.","Novelo-Gutierrez, R. (1992) Biosystematics of larvae of the genus Argia in Mexico (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 21, 39 - 71."]}

Nannophlebia leoboppi sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2, 3, 5) Material examined. Holotype ♂, Indonesia, Papua Province, Star Mountains, Borme (Borme: 4 �� 23.77 ���S, 140 �� 26.020 ���E). Shaded streams a few km from village. 1000���1100m asl. 27.vii. 2006, Leg. V.J. Kalkman. Exuvia = NG 107; DNA sample RMNH.INS. 500534. Etymology. The name leoboppi is a noun in the genitive case named after Leopold Bopp (born 1 st July, 2014), the first grandchild of Hanns-J��rgen und Ursula Babette Roland, in gratitude for their generous support of research on New Guinea Anisoptera. Description of holotype male. Head: labium uniformly pale greenish yellow. Mandibles same pale colour exteriorly with brownish tinge towards apical dentition. Labrum dark brown with very narrow basal yellowish band for about two-thirds its width, this expanding into a small triangular indentation medially. Face mostly pale, postfrons with a dark brown broad lateral band, more or less heart-shaped as it follows the contours of the dorsal median furrow. Vertex, occipital triangle and post genae dark brown-black. Eyes in life brilliant bottle green with bluish lights, dark russet to sepia dorsally and at margins. Thorax: Prothorax strongly saddle shaped, with posterior margin raised to form a flattened, rounded pad bearing numerous long, strong pale brown setae; laterally with long posteriorly angled rounded flanges. Dorsum largely pale yellow grading to light brown at sides. Synthorax black to pale brown with pale greenish markings laterally and dorsally as shown in Figure 2. Dorsally mesepisterna separated by fine pale yellow line along middorsal carina, this expanded to a small rounded-squarish spot apicad. Venter entirely pale. Legs long and thin bearing numerous short fine black spines; coxae pale with dark streaks on external anterior one third to half; trochanters and femora dark; tibiae pale, darker at extremities, overall with fine brownish outer streaks; tarsi dark. Wings broad and rounded, typical of genus. Hyaline with extensive basal yellow-amber tint extending beyond triangle in both wings; triangle in forewing irregular trapezoid; that in hindwing rather broad rhomboid. Forewing Ax 7; Px 6. Hindwing Ax 6, Px 6. Pterostigma light brown, about three and a half times as long as broad in both wings. Abdomen: black with pale yellowish marking as shown in Figure 1. S 1 mainly pale with narrow dark saddle; S 2 with broad posterior pale band; S 3 with complete, wide, median band. S 4���7 with median dorsolateral spots narrowly separated on dorsum by dark middorsal carina, thus appearing as paired spots when viewed from above, especially on S 4 and S 5. S 8 and S 9 with small, pale, lateral markings. Secondary genitalia as shown in profile (Figure 3). Appendages (Figure 5) pale; cerci arched gently downward with strong dorsal, pointed, terminal branch. Lower branch with fine terminal dentition, darkened and slightly more strongly developed on inner side. Epiproct narrow scoop-shaped, slightly bifid terminally. Measurements (mm): hindwing 23.5; abdomen+appendages 24.5. Variation: Another mature male and a female were taken at the same location and on the same day as the holotype. In addition, another male was taken on 27 October 2008 at Walmak (1650 m asl), some 50 km west of Borme, at an altitude of 1650 m. Unfortunately all these specimens were badly damaged by beetles (probably Reesa vespulae, Dermestidae) and are unsuitable for designation as paratypes. However a photograph taken in life of the mature male from Borme shows the extent of yellow on the abdomen much reduced. In this specimen S 7���9 are lacking greenish-yellow pale markings (Figure 7). The extremities of the appendages are clearly darkened, as is also typical in N. antiacantha. Presumably some of this variation is age related, but it is of an order that suggests significant variation in pale marking irrespective of maturity. The pterostigmata of this specimen appear very dark brown in the photograph. Diagnosis. A medium-small dainty libellulid with a slender, strongly arched abdomen, the arch especially evident in life. Pale markings pale green to pale yellow, fairly extensive on the thorax and well developed on the abdomen. Wings broad and rounded, strongly and broadly tinted amber-yellow basally; seven Ax in forewing. Appendages distinctive (Figure 5); pale with cerci strongly arched downward and bearing a strong, vertical, dorsal process just before apex. Secondary genitalia, especially the form of the posterior hamule, also diagnostic., Published as part of Orr, Albert G. & Kalkman, Vincent J., 2015, Nannophlebia leoboppi sp nov., a new dragonfly species from New Guinea (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae), pp. 391-395 in Zootaxa 3964 (3) on pages 391-393, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/237732

Drepanosticta attala Lieftinck Figs 1, 2, 3 a, c, d, e, g, i. Material. One F larva, ♂, Brunei, Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, 4 �� 32 ��� 49.1 ���N 115 ��09��� 22.9 ���E. 19.xi. 2004, 105 m a.s.l., leg. V.J. Kalkman, K.-D.B. Dijkstra, N.J. Dingermanse & K. Goudsmits. Description. In general appearance a small, slender zygopteran, with a relatively massive head, very large eyes, moderately long legs and tapered abdomen terminating in inflated, but distinctly laterally compressed, caudal lamellae bearing terminal filaments (Fig. 2). Coloration overall neutral brown, with distinct darker markings on dorsum of head, thorax and legs, and a distinctive delicate tracery on wing pads. Most parts of body bearing moderately dense, fine, long setae. Head in dorsal view broad, elongate and strongly prognathous, posterior margin concave, producing a roughly cardioid outline overall. Compound eyes relatively huge, with a sinuous line of setae running across the eye surface for about two-thirds its length, starting near the posterior boarder. Anteclypeus rather broad and labrum about same width, sub-quadrate, bearing a dense fringe of strong, moderately long setae along its anterior margin. Mandibles and outer edge of labial palps very apparent in dorsal view. In ventral view (Fig. 3 g) mandibles with four welldefined teeth on incisor lobe; molar lobe of right mandible with minute thorn-like process medially and another near inner margin; molar lobe of left mandible with single strong broad tooth with a substantial sub-basal shoulder. Seen in ventral view (Fig. 3 e) galeolacinea of maxilla with three short outer (ventral) spines, one longer terminal spine and three inner spines; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. Articulation of mask reaching posterior margin of procoxae when retracted. Prementum (Fig. 3 a) flat ventrally, only slightly concave dorsally with slight rugosity in posterior half; broad (length: maximum breadth ratio 1.31); laterally strongly convex with margins bearing sparse fringe of long fine setae; anterior margin (ligula) moderately produced to form a convex flap, with margins fairly straight, thus forming a shallow inverted ���V���; terminal cleft sealed; margins bearing 24���26 short, thick peg-like setae terminating in a crown of spines (Fig. 3 c); tuft of long fine setae on either side of ligula. Labial palp short and stout (length palp: length prementum 0.26), terminating in a smooth, simple broad shallow hook, with very slight serrations on its inner margin; outer margin basally bearing sparse tuft of long setae; movable hook stout, short and only slightly curved. Antennae (Fig. 3 i) seven segmented, S 2���7 bearing long fine setae, those on S 2���5 arranged in sub-terminal tufts. Thorax with well defined pronotal shield. Legs moderately long; femora stout and somewhat angular, with distinct dark marking and bearing sparse moderately long fine setae; tibiae thin, bearing dense, very long, fine setae. Wing pads separate and divergent, surpassing hind margin of S 4; with intricate pattern of dark markings. Abdomen unpatterned, gradually tapered posteriorly, generally bearing short fine setae. Caudal lamellae partially inflated but clearly dorso-ventrally flattened with distinct dorsal and ventral crease; median lamella almost half as long as abdomen including a well developed terminal filament bearing long, fine setae; right lamella about half length of median lamella, with terminal filament short, bearing sparse fine setae; left lamella missing; cerci short, slightly incurved, clavate; in ventral view (Fig 3 d) margin of S 10 strongly produced medially. Male gonapophyses absent. Measurements (mm): Total length (without caudal lamellae) 13.4; maximum width of head 2.9; hind femur 3.4; cercus 0.2; right lamella 2.1; median lamella with filament 4.1. Remarks. The exact collecting locality and microhabitat are not known for certain, but it is likely the specimen came from the seepage area within the forest characterized in Orr (2001, 2006). This is a marshy site in deep forest with deep leaf litter, barely a trickle of water and constant high humidity (RH normally> 90 %). It was at this site that a male specimen of adult D. attala was taken during a routine canopy fog by R.L. Kitching on 26.vi. 1997. The collector, V.J. Kalkman writes: ���During our visit to KBFSC we took samples in the main river, the small brook (Mata Ikan) and the seepage area. I think (but cannot be sure) that it is from the seepage area. I did collect some bags with leaves and went through these in the evening in order to pick out small larvae���. The coordinates given above are for this site., Published as part of Orr, Albert G. & Dow, Rory A., 2015, Description of two final stadium platystictid larvae from Borneo, including that of Drepanosticta? attala Lieftinck, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae), pp. 565-574 in Zootaxa 3985 (4) on pages 567-571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/242621, {"references":["Orr, A. G. (2001) An annotated checklist of the Odonata of Brunei with ecological notes and descriptions of hitherto unknown males and larvae. International Journal of Odonatology, 4, 167 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 13887890.2001.9748168","Orr, A. G. (2006) Odonata in Bornean tropical rain forest formations: diversity, endemicity and implications for conservation management. In: Cordero Riviera, A. (Ed.), Forests and Dragonflies. Pensoft Series Faunistica 61. Pensoft, Sofia- Moscow, pp 51 - 78."]}

Platystictidae sp. A Figs 4, 3 b, f, h. Material. One F larva, ♂, Brunei, Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, 4 �� 32 ' 46 ��� 9 "N ��� 15 ��09' 30 ��� 1 "E,��� 60 m a.s.l., leaf pack in main stream, 1.ix. 1995, leg. A.G. Orr. Description. In general appearance rather similar to D. attala but head relatively shorter and narrower anteriorly and eyes only moderately large and without setae. Legs and abdomen proportionally a little shorter. Caudal lamellae similar but median and lateral lamellae more nearly equal (Fig. 4). Coloration overall brown ochre. Most parts of body bearing fine setae, but these generally a little shorter and sparser than in D. attala. Head in dorsal view broad and strongly prognathous, shorter and more contracted anteriorly than in D. attala, posterior margin concave, thus producing a strong cardioid outline to the head overall, Compound eyes large. Anteclypeus fairly narrow and labrum basally narrow, strongly expanded at its anterior margin and bearing a dense fringe of strong, moderately long setae. Mandibles clearly apparent in dorsal view but labial palps concealed or almost so. In ventral view (Fig. 3 h) mandibles with four well-defined teeth on incisor lobe; molar lobe of right mandible with minute thorn-like process only near inner margin; molar lobe of left mandible with single long, strong, fairly narrow tooth with a moderate sub-basal shoulder; left mandible with only three fully developed teeth on the incisor, the dorsal fourth being vestigial. Seen in ventral view (Fig. 3 f) galeolacinea of maxilla with three long outer (ventral) spines, one longer terminal spine and three inner spines; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long dense, fine setae. Articulation of mask reaching posterior margin of procoxae when retracted. Prementum (Fig. 3 b) flat ventrally, only slightly concave dorsally and overall smooth; moderately broad (length: maximum breadth ratio 1.47); laterally moderately convex with margins bearing sparse fringe of fine setae; anterior margin (ligula) moderately produced to form a convex flap, with margins rounded, thus describing a quarter circle; terminal cleft sealed; margins bearing 26���28 short, thick peg-like setae terminating in a crown of spines as in D. attala; tuft of long fine setae on either side of ligula. Labial palp short and stout (length palp: length prementum 0.31), terminating in a smooth, simple broad shallow hook, with slight serrations on its inner margin; outer margin basally bearing sparse long setae; movable hook stout, short and only slightly curved. Antennae as in D. attala. Legs slightly shorter than in D. attala; femora stout and somewhat angular, bearing sparse fine setae; tibiae thin, bearing long, fine setae. Wing pads separate and divergent, surpassing hind margin of S 5. Abdomen rather shorter than in D. attala, gradually tapered posteriorly, generally bearing short fine setae. Caudal lamellae partially inflated but clearly dorso-ventrally flattened with distinct dorsal and ventral crease; median lamella clearly less than half as long as abdomen including a well-developed terminal filament bearing long fine setae; lateral lamellae about four-fifths length of median, with well developed terminal filaments; cerci short, slightly incurved, clavate; in ventral view margin of S 10 not strongly produced medially. Male gonapophyses absent. Measurements (mm): Total length (without caudal lamellae) 12.4; maximum width of head 2.8; hind femur 3.0; cercus 0.17; right lamella 2.5; median lamella with filament 3.1. Remarks. This species differs clearly from D. attala in the shape of its head and body, by having smaller eyes, a more elongate mask with less convex sides to the prementum, more rounded ligula, narrower mandibles lacking any central molar process on the right side, reduction in teeth on incisor of right mandible, longer ventral spines on the galeolacinea, and by having generally less dense and shorter setae. The body pattern is well developed in D. attala and absent in this species, a difference that may be significant. The collection site was the main stream characterized in Orr (2001, 2006), in a leaf pack collected in a shallow riffle about midstream. Chemical properties of the water are given in Cranbrook and Edwards (1994: p 312). In this situation the RH drops below 80 % at times during the day. This species might potentially belong to the genera Drepanosticta, Protosticta or Telosticta, all of which occur within an area of ca 5 ha. Nevertheless its presence in the open stream points to it possibly being the larva of D. rufostigma (Selys, 1886). This is not only by far the commonest species in the area (often a poor indicator of larval identity!) but it also appears, apart from D. attala, to be the species most tolerant of sunlight and lower humidity experienced in more open situations. Drepanosticta attala has also been recorded from larger, open canopy, forest streams, see Dow & Orr (2012: 290) and Dow & Ngiam (2014: 25)., Published as part of Orr, Albert G. & Dow, Rory A., 2015, Description of two final stadium platystictid larvae from Borneo, including that of Drepanosticta? attala Lieftinck, identified using DNA barcoding (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae), pp. 565-574 in Zootaxa 3985 (4) on pages 571-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/242621, {"references":["Orr, A. G. (2001) An annotated checklist of the Odonata of Brunei with ecological notes and descriptions of hitherto unknown males and larvae. International Journal of Odonatology, 4, 167 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 13887890.2001.9748168","Orr, A. G. (2006) Odonata in Bornean tropical rain forest formations: diversity, endemicity and implications for conservation management. In: Cordero Riviera, A. (Ed.), Forests and Dragonflies. Pensoft Series Faunistica 61. Pensoft, Sofia- Moscow, pp 51 - 78.","Dow, R. A. & Orr, A. G. (2012) Drepanosticta simuni spec. nov. from Borneo with notes on related species (Zygoptera: Platystictidae). Odonatologica, 41 (3), 283 - 291.","Dow, R. A. & Ngiam, R. W. J. (2014) Odonata from logged and unlogged forest in the Ulu Balui and Ulu Baleh, Kapit Division, Sarawak, in June and September 2013. International Dragonfly Fund Report, 73, 1 - 48."]}