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Historical lime mortars provide valuable information on the construction phases of buildings and allow reconstruction of the chronology of the historical structures. The City Wall of Burgos and the Mudejar Arch of San Martin were declared an Asset of Cultural Interest and have been protected since 1949. Several restorations at the end of the 20th century altered the original appearance of the wall and the current gate, making it difficult to establish stratigraphic relationships between the two structures. Given the scarcity of information on the construction phases of the wall and the uncertainty of the historical dates, a mineralogical and chemical characterization of the mortars was carried out, and the suitability of the binder for radiocarbon dating was assessed. The petrographic, mineralogical and chemical analyses of the lime mortars from the Arc of San Matin show distinctive characteristics, suggesting different construction periods and production processes, where the selection of raw materials and production methods was conducted according to the construction requirements. Moreover, the presence of contaminant phases and microparticles of charcoal in the binder fraction led to discard all the samples for mortar radiocarbon dating.

Common non-wheel-thrown Roman pottery from the southern Aquitania and north-eastern of Tarraconensis provinces (CNT-AQTA) of the Early and Later Roman Empire (1st to 5th centuries AD) has been studied. Petrological, mineralogical, and chemical analyses were conducted to contrast with the archaeological study of the pottery. The chemical composition of many pottery samples displays different patterns of burial chemical modification, limiting their use for provenance and diffusion studies. Particular emphasis has been paid to the petrographic features of the fabrics, as they do not change during burial, reflecting the nature of the raw material and making it possible to identify the provenance areas of the raw materials. Around the Bay of Biscay, the same pottery tradition continued in the neighbouring provinces during Roman times. Petrographic studies make it possible to determine the distribution of pottery and the changes in trade networks during the Roman period across the area of the Bay of Biscay being studied.

[EN]Strontium and oxygen isotopes of individuals from El Hundido and Valdescusa (north of Spain) sites, corresponding to the Bell Beaker culture, were analysed in order to determine mobility patterns and provenance areas. Strontium and oxygen isotope ratios in three teeth from two individuals at El Hundido and two teeth from the five individuals at Valdescusa were studied. The analyses were performed in both dentine and enamel fractions. Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of El Hundido individuals indicate one was of foreign origin and the other was local whereas at Valdescusa were all of foreign provenance. Calculated delta O-18(w) values of El Hundido suggest a provenance from the geographical area close to the site while the Valdescusa would come from a warmer region. The comparison of oxygen and strontium isotope signatures indicate the west of the Iberian Peninsula (Zamora or the east of Leon regions) as the provenance area for the foreign individual at El Hundido and southwest France (Garonne basin) as the region of provenance for the Valdescusa.

Sixteen glazes on medieval (14th–16th century AD) pottery fragments from Vega pottery workshop (Burgos, Spain) were characterized to investigate the production technology. To this end, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were used. The studied glaze samples correspond to fragments of high-quality glazed ware used by the wealthiest society in the city of Burgos. The most representative types of glazes, corresponding to honey-marble, honey-yellow, bright light green, and dark green types, were analysed. Raman spectroscopy shows lead was used as a fluxing agent in glaze production. SEMEDX analysis confirms the use of lead oxide and evidences that most of the samples underwent at least two firing processes. No Raman signals of crystalline phases were detected on either glaze surfaces or glaze thin-sections. The exception is the single firing of dark green glazes, which show pseudobrookite and rutile at the clay body/glaze interface measured in thin section. No colouring crystalline phases were identified by Raman spectroscopy either. However, SEM-EDX shows iron was the most-used colouring agent whereas copper was used for bright light green glazes. The polymerization index (Ip) values were used to estimate the firing temperatures. The polymerization index values are typically low for lead glazes and indicate firing temperatures below 700 C.

376 p. (V.I); 581 p. (V. anexos), This PhD thesis aims to contribute towards a better understanding and conservation of Architectural Heritage through applied mineralogy in the study of historical lime mortars. To achieve this aim there search approaches the study of the lime mortars from different historical buildings in northern Spain,by combining a series of mineralogical, chemical and physical analytical techniques. Aggregates naturein the studied mortars differed in each historical building and depending on the building structures pointing to a specific selection of the raw materials, which are mainly conditioned by the surrounding geological materials. Sample preparation and the accurate mineralogical characterization of mortar binder have been essential to achieve more reliable radiocarbon ages. It has been demonstrated that thelayered double hydroxides phases (LDHs) constituted a potential contaminant mineral phase for mortarradiocarbon dating. The obtained results also provided valuable information about technologicalknowledge in mortar manufacture and application techniques, such as the use of both the traditional hot-mixing method in the manufacture of mortars and the multi-layering application technique. The high porosity and water absorption capacity, poor pore interconnection or difficulty in drying have beenthe main causes for studied lime mortar deterioration susceptibility, although environmental conditions to which are exposed also makes them susceptible to potential water and salts damage. The present study lays the foundations for the design of repair mortars that ensure the conservation of studied castles in future restoration works.

The Oiola archeological site, located in the mining complex of La Arboleda (Biscay, North Spain) was an important iron smelting center from the Roman Period to the Middle Ages and even in more current times (19th–20th centuries). Tap-slags and some plano-convex slags were identified as smelting slags. Samples were analyzed by optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron-dispersive spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy to perform a mineralogical and textural characterization. Additionally, thermogravimetric and thermodiffraction analyses were carried out to determine furnace operating temperatures. The mineral assemblage reflects furnace temperatures and cooling rates and the addition of quartz as the main flux to decrease the melting temperature of the iron ore. The comparison of slags from the Roman Period and the Middle Age reveals changes in the pyrometallurgical process through time.

This study characterises the mortar materials used in the construction of walls and floors at the Arroyo de la Dehesa de Velasco site, located near the Roman city of Uxama Argaela (the modern Burgo de Osma—Ciudad de Osma, Soria, Spain). Multilayer mortars have been characterised by petrographic, mineralogical (X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analyses and geochemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence). Additionally, radiocarbon dating of the mortar binder fraction was performed in order to establish the chronology of the building in the absence of other archaeological chronological records. The results showed that similar siliceous aggregates and lime binders were used in the fabrication of multilayer system mortars. Some multilayer wall mortars show ceramic fragments or brick powder to produce hydraulic mortars and improve the resistance to moisture. The raw materials used for the construction of the site were of local origin and the construction was built during the first century BC, according to radiocarbon dating.

Mortars from the cistern in Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to assess the mortar manufacturing process and application techniques. To this end, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman microspectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed. The study of both structural and plaster mortars from Amaiur Castle cistern show patterns/rules in the mortar manufacture according to the specific construction requirements. A multilayer application technique was used for the construction of the cistern tank. Deliberate selection of the aggregate nature and grading contributed to mortar impermeability. Ceramic and silico-aluminous rock fragments were used as aggregates in the cistern tank to confer hydraulicity to the mortars, instead of carbonated aggregates as used in the vault. Aluminosilicated phases present in the aggregates led to the formation of amesite, which is a magnesium aluminosilicate hydrate (M-A-S-H) phase conferring hydraulicity to the mortar. Two types of additives were identified in the outer pigmented layer of plaster. Beeswax was the identified organic additive used to improve the impermeability of mortar, while hematite was the identified inorganic additive giving rise to the reddish colour of the layer.

Archaeological lime mortars from the Tower Keep and West perimeter wall of Irulegi Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to determine susceptibility to deterioration. Chemical, mineralogical, textural and physical characterisation was performed by different tests and multianalysis techniques in order to determine the intrinsic features of the original historical mortars at the castle. Samples from the Tower Keep are more prone to deteriorate compared with the West perimeter wall due to high water absorption capacity and high porosity. A high degree of pore interconnection, high desorption index and the presence of high pore volume in the 0.01 to 1 mu m size range affect the mortar durability since pores retain water longer inside the mortar. Local environment conditions with persistent annual rainfall, high humidity and temperature variations contribute to the decay process of the original mortar. Characterisation of historical mortars not only allows better understanding of susceptibility to deterioration but also helps the design of compatible and durable repair mortar for future interventions on historical heritage. Compatibility of new materials with the historical mortar will be ensured by studying mortar characteristics and properties.

291 p. (eng.) 287 p. (eusk.), Stable isotopes (13C, 15N, 18O) and a radiogenic isotope (87Sr/86Sr) in tooth and human bone remains have been used to reconstruct residential mobility and dietary patterns. To this end several medieval archaeological sites of the North Iberian Peninsula ranging from 6th to 12th centuries time periods have been studied. Additionally, complementary to the isotope studies trace elements have been analyzed in tooth samples by means of the LA-ICP-MS technique to investigate health and palaeodietary patterns.The multi-isotope study enhances the understanding of medieval Iberian lifeways. The strontium and oxygen isotope compositions suggest limited residential mobility because only a few individuals were of non-local origin. Determining the outsiders¿ provenance area is difficult but isotope data suggest nearby areas and only few individuals¿ origin has been impossible to determine. Palaeodietary patterns indicate similar foodstuff in medieval rural populations into the studied communities. Only dietary differences among Muslim individuals according to sex and age have been observed illustrating different dynamics of social life between Christian and Muslim populations.

Mortars from different stratigraphic units at Portilla Castle (Alava, North Spain) have been analyzed for mineralogical characterization before radiocarbon dating. The mortar binder at Portilla Castle is composed not only of neoformation calcite but also of double-layered hydroxide (LDH) minerals such as hydrotalcite and hydrocalumite. The mineralogy of several fractions of the binder has been analyzed to determine the granulometric distribution of minerals in the binder. The continuous monitoring of mineralogy during the extraction of different grain size fractions has been performed by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Hydrotalcite and hydrocalumite-bearing mortar binders give older ages than expected since they introduce dead carbon into the system.

The Islamic necropolis discovered in Tauste (Zaragoza, Spain) is the only evidence that a large Muslim community lived in the area between the 8th and 10th centuries. A multi-isotope approach has been used to investigate the mobility and diet of this medieval Muslim population living in a shifting frontier region. Thirty-one individuals were analyzed to determine delta N-15, delta C-13, delta O-18 and Sr-87/Sr-86 composition. A combination of strontium and oxygen isotope analysis indicated that most individuals were of local origin although three females and two males were non-local. The non-local males would be from a warmer zone whereas two of the females would be from a more mountainous geographical region and the third from a geologically-different area. The extremely high delta(15) N baseline at Tauste was due to bedrock composition (gypsum and salt). High individual delta(15) N values were related to the manuring effect and consumption of fish. Adult males were the most privileged members of society in the medieval Muslim world and, as isotope data reflected, consumed more animal proteins than females and young males.

[EUS] Foruako aztarnategi arkeologikotik datozen erromatar garaiko forja zepa metalikoen karakterizazioa, garai hartan indarrean zegoen siderurgiari buruzko ezagutza handitzeko asmoz.

Aurkitutako epidotadun zeramikak Gorliz muinoko iparraldea okupatu duten indibiduoek aztarnategi inguruko sedimentuetatik abiatuz sortutakoak diren ala kanpotik ekarriak diren jakin nahi da. Hala, zeramika hauen jatorria aztertzekorako orduan, inguruko sedimentuen konposizioa ikertuko da epidota dagoen ala ez jakiteko. X izpien difrakzioaren bidez ikusi da epidotaren ebidentzia dagoela mineral astunetan, eta buztin mineralen frakzioan eta lagin osoan epidota aurkitu da. Kokapen geologikora jo ez gero, epidotak Trias Keuper-arekin mozten duten ibaietan aurkitzen direla ikus daiteke. Epidotaren agerpenak adierazten du Gorlizko aztarnategian aurkitutako zeramika arkeologikoak bertakoak direla, ez direla inportatutakoak.

Fossil remains of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) occurring outside their present range are an important indicator of formerly cold climatic conditions, but are easily confused with those of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). The locality of Kiputz IX has yielded one of the best-preserved Late Pleistocene reindeer populations of the southern Pyrenees, occurring in association with Bison priscus and the much more abundant Cervus elaphus. Fossil remains from this site are mostly complete and not affected by human intervention, thus creating the perfect conditions for reliable osteometric analyses. Here, we quantify diagnostic morphological features of the scapula and the humerus of Cervus elaphus and Rangifer tarandus to establish the potential of these bones to aid in interspecific discrimination. In the case of the scapula, the best species discriminator is the ratio of the minimum anteroposterior diameter of the scapular neck and the development of the articular process, while the breadth of the trochlea is the best discriminator in the case of the humerus.

286 p. : il. col., Se presentan los resultados de los estudios realizados con el objetivo de contribuir a un mayor conocimiento de la contaminación atmosférica por material particualdo (PM, particulate matter), concretamente en la granulometría PM10, en el País Vasco. Para ello se han analizado las series de datos diarios de concentración de PM10 y otras especies gaseosas contaminantes, como CO, NOX, SO2 y O3, obtenidas durante un periodo de 4 años (2004-2007) en distintas estaciones de medida de control de la calidad del aire. A partir del desarrollo de una fase experiental llevada a cabo en varios emplazamientos del País Vasco con diferentes equipos de medida, se han obtenido nuevas series de datos diarios de concentración de PM10 así como de la composición química de este PM. El análisis estadístico de estos datos ha permitido caracterizar sus principales fuentes de emisión, así como cuantificar los aportes de las fuentes a los niveles de inmisión del conaminante. Paralelamente se ha realizado una estimación del grado de cumplimiento de la Directiva 2008/50/CE relativa a la calidad del aire ambiente y a una atmósfera más limpia en Europa.

14 p., Background: We describe the first occurrence in the fossil record of an aquatic avian twig-nest with five eggs in situ (Early Miocene Tudela Formation, Ebro Basin, Spain). Extensive outcrops of this formation reveal autochthonous avian osteological and oological fossils that represent a single taxon identified as a basal phoenicopterid. Although the eggshell structure is definitively phoenicopterid, the characteristics of both the nest and the eggs are similar to those of modern grebes. These observations allow us to address the origin of the disparities between the sister taxa Podicipedidae and Phoenicopteridae crown clades, and traces the evolution of the nesting and reproductive environments for phoenicopteriforms.-- Methodology/Principal Findings: Multi-disciplinary analyses performed on fossilized vegetation and eggshells from the eggs in the nest and its embedding sediments indicate that this new phoenicopterid thrived under a semi-arid climate in an oligohaline (seasonally mesohaline) shallow endorheic lacustine environment. High-end microcharacterizations including SEM, TEM, and EBSD techniques were pivotal to identifying these phoenicopterid eggshells. Anatomical comparisons of the fossil bones with those of Phoenicopteriformes and Podicipediformes crown clades and extinct palaelodids confirm that this avian fossil assemblage belongs to a new and basal phoenicopterid. -- Conclusions/Significance: Although the Podicipediformes-Phoenicopteriformes sister group relationship is now well supported, flamingos and grebes exhibit feeding, reproductive, and nesting strategies that diverge significantly. Our multi-disciplinary study is the first to reveal that the phoenicopteriform reproductive behaviour, nesting ecology and nest characteristics derived from grebe-like type strategies to reach the extremely specialized conditions observed in modern flamingo crown groups. Furthermore, our study enables us to map ecological and reproductive characters on the Phoenicopt

Geologia Lurra aztertzen duen zientzia da: lurraren osaera, egitura eta jatorria, eta bai arroketan aztarnak utzi dituzten iraganeko edo gaur egungo gertaerak ere. Baina, zergatik du gizarteak geologoen beharra? Hona hemen zenbait arrazoi: - Geologoek lurrazalari eta lurpeari buruzko informazioa bildu, eta interpretatu egiten dute. Informazio horrek guztiak ahalbidetzen du planetaren iraganeko historia, Lurrean aurreikus daitezkeen aldaketak eta gure planetak Eguzki-sistemarekin duen harremana finkatzea. - Gizarteak beharrezkoak ditu baliabide naturalak (metalikoak, ez-metalikoak, ura eta erregai fosilak). Geologoen parte-hartzea erabakigarria da hobi berriak aurkitzeko eta ingurumena zaintzen duten baliabide naturalen ustiapen eta kudeaketarako irizpideak ezartzeko. - Kartografia geologikoen bidez arrisku-eremuak identifikatu eta lurzoruaren erabilerak mugatzen dira. Geologoak beharrezkoak dira, beraz, lurraldearen planifikaziorako eta garapen iraunkorrerako estrategiak garatzeko. - Geologiaren ezagutzak eta informazio geologikoaren erabilera egokiak laguntzen dute bizitzak salbatzen eta lurrikarak, tsunamiak, erupzio bolkanikoak, uholdeak eta lurjausiak bezalako katastrofe naturalek eragindako diru-galerak murrizten. Halaber laguntzen dute eraikuntza-proiektuak, herri-lanak eta abar garatzen ere. Proposatutako jardueren bitartez, Zientzia Geologikoen adar desberdinen oinarrizko zenbait alderdi ezagutzera eman nahi ditugu. Horretarako, lau saio antolatu ditugu Paleontologia, Mineralogia, Petrologia eta Tektonika arloetan murgiltzeko.

La Geología es la ciencia que estudia la Tierra en su conjunto, su composición, estructura y origen, así como los fenómenos que han tenido lugar en el pasado o que se producen en la actualidad y que han dejado sus huellas en las rocas. Pero, ¿por qué necesita la sociedad a los geólogos? A continuación se citan algunas de las principales razones: - Los geólogos recopilan e interpretan información de la superficie terrestre y del subsuelo, lo que permite establecer la historia pasada del planeta, sus cambios previsibles y su relación con el resto del sistema solar. - La sociedad requiere para su subsistencia recursos naturales (metálicos, no metálicos, hídricos y combustibles fósiles). La labor de los geólogos es determinante para la localización de nuevos yacimientos y para establecer las guías de una explotación y gestión respetuosa con el medio ambiente. - La elaboración de cartografías geológicas permite identificar potenciales zonas de riesgo y acotar distintos usos del suelo; es decir, es esencial para la planificación del territorio y para proponer estrategias de desarrollo sostenible en una región. - La educación en Geología y el buen uso de la información geológica contribuye a salvar vidas y a reducir las pérdidas económicas originadas por catástrofes naturales tales como terremotos, tsunamis, erupciones volcánicas, inundaciones y desprendimientos, así como a desarrollar proyectos de construcción, obras públicas, etc. Con las actividades propuestas se pretende dar a conocer algunos aspectos básicos de distintas especialidades de las Ciencias Geológicas. Para ello se han organizado cuatro sesiones destinadas a realizar una pequeña inmersión en el campo de la Paleontología, la Mineralogía, la Petrología y la Tectónica.

Geology is the science that studies the Earth, its composition, structure and origin in addition to past and present phenomena that leave their mark on rocks. So why does society need geologists? Some of the main reasons are listed below: - Geologists compile and interpret information about the earth’s surface and subsoil, which allows us to establish the planet’s past history, any foreseeable changes and its relationship with the rest of the solar system. - Society needs natural resources (metals, non-metals, water and fossil fuels) to survive. The work of geologists is therefore a key part of finding new deposits and establishing a guide for exploring and managing resources in an environmentally-friendly way. - The creation of geological maps allows us to identify potential risk areas and survey different land uses; in other words, they make an essential contribution to land planning and proposing sustainable development strategies in a region. - Learning about Geology and the proper use of geological information contributes to saving lives and reducing financial loss caused by natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, flooding and landslides, while also helping to develop construction projects, public works, etc. Through the proposed activities we aim to explain some of the basic elements of the different specialities within the field of Geological Sciences. In order to do this, four sessions have been organised that will allow for a quick insight into the fields of Palaeontology, Mineralogy, Petrology and Tectonics.

[Abstract] The Santa Elena stock has been classically considered as belonging to the magmatic association ofthe Los Pedroches Batolith. The stock is intrusive into psammo-pelitic materials Ordovician to Carboniferousin age. The Santa Elena stock is composed of biotite granodiorite to tonalite with gabbro-diorite as enclaves ofvariable size outcropping in northern sectors ofthe intrusion. Pelitic xenoliths ofvarious sizes, likely related to magma stopping, are common through the massif. The Santa Elena stock is intruded by a dike complex made of aplite and ore-bearing quartz veins. The two main lithological units exhibit different geochemical features with local evidence ofmagmamixing between acid and basic types. The granodioritetonalite is chemically homogeneous regarding the content of major and trace elements, including REE. These rocks correspond to mildly peraluminous terms ofan alumino-cafemic association ofcalc-alkaline character.The gabbrodiorite enclaves are meta-aluminous and clearly deviate from the geochemical trend defined by granodiorite and tonalite. The rocks from the Santa Elena stock are very different from the common granodiorite types ofthe Los Pedroches Batolith. It appears from the petrological and geochemical data that the Santa Elena stock corresponds to an independent and different magmafrom that at the origin ofthe Los Pedroches to which it had been classically associated.

[Abstract] The A Espenuca two-mica granite, situated in the northern sector ofthe Central Iberian Zone, was variably deformed by the Valdoviño Fault. Deformation intensity is observed to increase from W to E, also being more intense in the northern half. Results of the geochemical study of the less deformed granite facies, known in the regionalliterature as the «weakly deformed facies», are presented. Chemical variations are faint (DSi02 z 4%) and reflect a whole composition close to the granite minimum. Analyzed samples correspond to alkali-dch(Na20+K20, x = 8.4 %), CaO-depleted rocks « 0.9 %), showing very low values for the B (=Fe+Mg+Ti) parameter x = 30, and a marked peraluminous character, A/CNK, x =1.16 (range 1.1-1.26), which from the mineralogical point of view is traduced in the occurrence of muscovite (± garnet). The rocks studied are depleted in REE (LREE =75.77-189.83; x = 117.4), notably in the HREE. They exhibit considerably fractionated pattern (La/Lu)n x = 50 as well as important Eu negative anomalies (Eu/Eu*, x = 0.36). These rocks can be linked by fractionated crystallization processes. Massbalance calculations indicate crystallization ratios < 30%, the fractionated minerals being Kfs, Bt, PI. These values to explain the trace element variations observed in the different samples. The chemical-mineralogical composition of analyzed facies suggests an origin by partial melting of crustal rocks (either pelites, schists, meta-greywackes or orthoderived materials) at considerable depths, where garnet constitutes a restite stable phase. Nevertheless, calculated models show that not aH these materials equally adjust as source to the granite magma. The best fits are obtained considering a source similar to 0110 de Sapo gneisses. Key Words: Two-mica granite, fractional crystallization, partial

[Abstract] Magma emplacement within the Linares granite, a part of the Los Pedroches Batholith, took place in the sequence: biotite granodiorite with microgranular enclaves, biotite monzogranites, and dike swarm complexo Dikes are: WNWESE rhyolite to rhyodacite, aplopegmatite and abundant NE-SW ore-bearing quartz. The Linares intrusion and psamo-pelitic Carboniferous host metasediments (Los Pedroches Culm) are, in part, discordantly covered by Mesozoic (Trias) and Tertiary to Quaternary terrigenous deposits. Bulk rock chemistry of granodiorite shows minor variations in Si02 (64.75... 67 wt %) and REE contents (LREE = 158 -160 ppm), and nearly constant Al CNK (ISA) ratio (1.1 - 1.15). Monzogranites have higher Si02 (66.87 - 68.4 wt %), alkali and REE contents (LREE = 168 - 193 ppm), with A/CNK (ISA) ratio of 1.06 - 1.09. Both granodiorite and monzogranites are peraluminous rocks that may correspond to an aluminous association or to evolved terms of an aluminocafemic association (Debon & Lefort, 1983). Variation diagrams for major and trace elements, including REE, of granodiorite and monzogranites are compatible with magmatic differentiation processes by fractional crystallization starting from a primary granodioritic magma.

[Resumen] Las anfibolitas objeto de este estudio aparecen en la Sucesión Montemolín, correspondiente al Proterozoico Superior del sector central de la Ossa-Morena. Esta Sucesión está constituida por una alternancia de esquistos y cuarzo-esquistos biotíticos con pasadas anfibolíticas que se hacen más abundantes hacia el techo. En conjunto, presenta un metamorfismo regional progresivo que varía desde el grado bajo-muy bajo hasta muy alto en el núcleo migmático de Monesterio y está caracterizado por gradientes de altas temperaturas y bajas presiones. Petrográficamente las anfibolitas se pueden dividir en varios grupos, tanto desde el punto de vista textural como desde el mineralógico, variando desde anfibolitas con actinolita-clorita a anfibolitas con hornblenda marrón y piroxeno, desapareciendo progresivamente los rasgos texturales de rocas ígneas. Desde el punto de vista de su geoquímica presentan una afinidad oceánica, la mayoría de ellas similares a basaltos de tipo MORB, que se asemejaría a los N-MORE según la distribución de tierras raras. Estas anfibolitas podrían corresponder a toleítas de arco de islas. Se presentan datos de otras anfibolitas de zonas próximas a fin de comparar tanto su quimismo como su posible ambiente geodinámico., [Abstract] The amphibolites studied herein crop out in the Montemolín Series from Upper Proterozoic of the Ossa-Morena. This succesion is made of alternating biotitic schists and quartz-schists with interbedded amphibolites more common toward the top. The ensemble shows a regional, progressive metamorphism which varies from very low -low-grade up to high-grade conditions at the Monesterio migmatic core and is characterized by high - T and Low- P gradients. From a petrographic point of view amphibolites may be divided into sorne groups on the basis of both textural or mineralogical criteria. Actinolite-chloriteamphibolites are observed to grade into brown hornblende and pyroxenebearing amphibolites, the primary textural features of protoliths progressively disappearing. Geochemical affinities of these rocks are oceanic, most of the MORB basalts being similar to N-MORB-types on the basis ofREE distributions. They could be ascribed to island-arc tholeiites. Geochemical data from other amphibolites at neighbouring areas are also presented with the aim of comparing their compositions as well as their geodynamic setting.

[Resumen] El plutón de Cardeña-Virgen de La Cabeza es uno de los cuerpos intrusivos que integran la unidad granítica del batolito de Los Pedroches. Dentro de este plutón, se ha establecido el emplazamiento sucesivo en el tiempo de: 1) adamellitas biotíticas, 2) granitos biotíticos porfídicos ± cordierita, 3) leucogranitos ± cordierita. Las adamellitas biotíticas muestran localmente paso gradual hacia las facies granodioríticas del batolito. Existe además un importante complejo filoniano que se intruye posteriormente, formado por diques riodacíticos de dirección NO-SE, lamprófidos, aplitas, pegmatitas y filones mineralizados· de cuarzo. Geoquímicamente, la adamellita y el granito biotítico porfídico constituyen una asociación alumino-cafémica de carácter calcoalcalino. Los enclaves anfibólicos (términos cafémicos) poseen carácter metaaluminoso. Los leucogranitos se desvían de la tendencia general definiendo una asociación aluminosa y leucocrática. Los diagramas de variación para elementos mayores, menores, trazas y tierras.raras de adamellitas, granitos biotíticos porfídicos y de granodioritas, rocas, estas últimas, con las que se encuentran íntimamente relacionadas, son compatibles con procesos de diferenciación magmática por cristalización fraccionada a partir de un magma inicial de composición granodiorítica más básico, [Abstract] The Cardeña-Virgen de La Cabeza intrusion belongs to the granitic unit of the Los Pedroches batholith. the chronology of the intrusion of the different rocktypes that make up the pluton is as follows: 1) biotitic adamellite, 2) porphyritic, cordierite-bearing, biotitic granite. 3) cordierite bearing leucogranite. The biotitic adamellite locally shows a transition to the granodioritic facies of the batholith. A great amount ofNW-SW oriented dikes with rhyodacitic composition intruded subsequently. Lampophyres, aplites, pegmatites and ore-bearing quartz veins complete the dike complexo Adamellite and biotitic ganite define an aluminous-cafemic association with calcalkaline affinity. The amphibole-bearing enclaves represent the cafemic terms of the series and have a metaaluminous character.The leucogranite deviates from the general trend defining and aluminous, leucocratic association. Variation diagrams for major, minor and trace elements, including REE, of adamallite, porphyritic biotitic granite and granodiorite of the main pluton (which is intimately associated with the Cardeña-Virgen de La Cabeza intrusion) suggest a process of magmatic differentiation through fractional crystallization starting from a slightly more basic granodioritic magma.