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Abstract Background The exact mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and social behavior are still under investigation. We aimed to explore the role of the gut microbiota in shaping social behavior deficits using selectively bred mice possessing dominant (Dom) or submissive (Sub) behavior features. Sub mice exhibit asocial, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as systemic inflammation, all of which are shaped by their impaired gut microbiota composition. Methods An age-dependent comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition of Dom and Sub mice was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing, from early infancy to adulthood. Dom and Sub gastrointestinal (GI) tract anatomy, function, and immune profiling analyses were performed using histology, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, cytokine array, and dextran-FITC permeability assays. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels in the colons of Dom and Sub mice were quantified using targeted metabolomics. To support our findings, adult Sub mice were orally treated with hyaluronic acid (HA) (30 mg/kg) or with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib (16 mg/kg). Results We demonstrate that from early infancy the Sub mouse gut microbiota lacks essential bacteria for immune maturation, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. Furthermore, from birth, Sub mice possess a thicker colon mucin layer, and from early adulthood, they exhibit shorter colonic length, altered colon integrity with increased gut permeability, reduced SCFA levels and decreased regulatory T-cells, compared to Dom mice. Therapeutic intervention in adult Sub mice treated with HA, celecoxib, or both agents, rescued Sub mice phenotypes. HA treatment reduced Sub mouse gut permeability, increased colon length, and improved mouse social behavior deficits. Treatment with celecoxib increased sociability, reduced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and increased colon length, and a combined treatment resulted in similar effects as celecoxib administered as a single agent. Conclusions Overall, our data suggest that treating colon inflammation and decreasing gut permeability can restore gut physiology and prevent social deficits later in life. These findings provide critical insights into the importance of early life gut microbiota in shaping gut immunity, functionality, and social behavior, and may be beneficial for the development of future therapeutic strategies.

Objective: The article studies how Melissa officinalis L. extract and rosmarinic acid (RA) affect lung inflammation, pathology, and oxidative stress in rats with ovalbumin-induced asthma.Materials and Methods: Asthma was induced in rats using ovalbumin injection and inhalation. The study assessed lung inflammation, pathological changes, and oxidative stress in control, untreated asthmatic rats and three treatment groups. These groups received M. officinalis extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), RA (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (Dex) 1 mg/kg.Results: In the sensitized group, white blood cell counts, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels increased significantly, while thiol levels and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased (p

Background and Aims: Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) is a well-known medicinal plant with various therapeutic properties such as, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Pharmacological effects of this plant is attributed with its main phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid. This research aimed to study the relaxant effect of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) of rat. Materials and Methods: The relaxant potential of cumulative concentrations of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis (50, 100, 200 µg/ml) was compared with normal saline (1 milliliter of normal saline) as a negative control and three cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.8, 0.4, 0.2 mM) as a positive control on the TSM of isolated rat. The relaxant effect of M. officinalis extract was examined on non-incubated and incubated TSM with propranolol (1 μM), atropine (1 μM), and chlorpheniramine (1 μM) as different antagonists of beta-2 adrenergic (β2-Adrenergic), muscarinic and H1 histamine receptors respectively. Results: The relaxant effect of M. officinalis extract with all theophylline concentrations on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle exhibited a significant increase compared to saline (P

Objective: To evaluate the effect of rosmarinic acid on tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness and lung pathological changes in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, the asthmatic group, and the asthmatic groups treated with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg; oral gavage) or three doses of rosmarinic acid (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg; oral gavage). For induction of asthma, rats received intraperitoneal injections and inhalation of ovalbumin. After 21 days, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung samples were collected for histopathological analyses. Moreover, total and differential white blood cell counts were determined. Results: The rosmarinic acid-treated group had significantly lower tracheal smooth muscle responses to methacholine than the asthmatic group. In addition, rosmarinic acid reduced white blood cell count and the percentages of eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils while increasing the percentage of lymphocytes. Ovalbumin-induced lung pathological changes were significantly improved by treatment with rosmarinic acid. Conclusions: Rosmarinic acid improves tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness and lung pathological changes in ovalbumin-sensitized rats.

Background and objectives: Asthma is an inflammatory chronic disease that has become prevalent internationally. Melissa officinalis L. as a medicinal plant has long been used in the European and the Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-tumour, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects of M. officinalis has been reported. Therefore, the effect of Melissa officinalis L. extract on tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and lung pathological changes of ovalbumin (OVA) induced asthma model rat was examined in the current study. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of M. officinalis was prepared using 300 g of powdered leaves. Tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness, lung pathology, and WBC counts were evaluated in control, sensitized to OVA, and sensitized rats treated with dexamethasone and three doses of M. officinalis extract (50, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Results: Tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness to methacholine hydrochloride in all sensitized groups was greater than that of the control group (p

ABSTRACTChildhood sexual abuse is a significant risk factor for adverse psychological outcomes such as eating disorders, as well as suicidal attempts and ideation. Detecting these phenomena at an early stage is crucial for improving prognosis. The current study investigated indicators of childhood sexual abuse, eating disorders, and suicidal tendencies as reflected in the self-figure drawings of 130 Slovakian adolescents treated for eating disorders or hospitalized after attempted suicide and a group of healthy controls. Kruskal Wallis test findings indicated that the drawings made by the hospitalized adolescents contained a higher number of indicators associated with childhood sexual abuse, eating disorders, and suicidal tendencies than those from the healthy control group. Similarly, the hospitalized adolescents had higher somatic dissociation scores on the MSDQ than the healthy controls. Logistic regression and decision tree models indicated that child sexual abuse could be predicted by both the drawing indicators and the somatic dissociation scores.

Coastal regions are vulnerable to rising seas, increasing storm magnitude, and decimation of ecologically-fragile areas. Deltas are particularly sensitive to the balance between sea-level rise, land subsidence and sedimentation that determine relative elevation. Bangladesh has been highlighted as being at risk from sea-level rise. Integrating measurements from different methods can approach a more complete understanding of factors controlling areally and temporally varying subsidence rates. To augment our compilation of rates from stratigraphic wells, historic buildings, vertical strainmeters, RSET-MH, and continuous Global Navigation Satellite System, we resurveyed 48 geodetic monuments in coastal Bangladesh ∼18 years after the monuments were installed. A later resurvey of 4 sites showed that some sites with higher subsidence may be unstable, but we consider the subsidence pattern of all the sites. Sites with rates 100 m show subsidence rates of 20 ± 10 mm/y, with a slight seaward increase. Overall, subsidence rates increase with Holocene sediment thickness and the seaward shift from sandy to muddy sediments. Together with earlier measurements, we parse the different rates and mechanisms of subsidence. Earlier models show 2–3 mm/yr correspond to deep processes, such as isostasy. Within the shallow Holocene (300 y, which do not include edaphic effects, are up to ∼5 mm/y. We note subsidence can be offset by active deltaic sedimentation, and does not necessarily indicate elevation loss. Collectively, the integration of these approaches allows us to begin quantifying the varied contributions to land subsidence from edaphic effects, Holocene sediment compaction, lithology, and time. Similar factors may contribute to the highly variable subsidence rates observed at other deltas worldwide.

Candida auris is a drug-resistant fungal pathogen that has emerged over the past decade as a cause of nosocomial outbreaks with substantial mortality rates (1-3). Widespread resistance to triazole antifungals, [...]

There is growing evidence that the hippocampus comprises diverse neural circuits that exhibit longitudinal variation in their properties, however, the intermediate region of the hippocampus has received comparatively little attention. Therefore, this study was designed to compared short- and long-term synaptic plasticity between the dorsal and intermediate regions of the hippocampus in normal and PTZ-kindled rats. Short-term plasticity was assessed by measuring the ratio of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials’ (fEPSPs) slope in response to paired-pulse stimulation at three different inter-pulse intervals (20, 80, and 160 ms), while long-term plasticity was assessed using primed burst stimulation (PBS). The results showed that the basal synaptic strength differed between the dorsal and intermediate regions of the hippocampus in both control and kindled rats. In the control group, paired-pulse stimulation of Schaffer collaterals resulted in a significantly lower fEPSP slope in the intermediate part of the hippocampus compared to the dorsal region. Additionally, the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) was significantly lower in the intermediate part of the hippocampus compared to the dorsal region. In PTZ-kindled rats, both short-term facilitation and long-term potentiation were impaired in both regions of the hippocampus. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in synaptic plasticity between the dorsal and intermediate regions in PTZ-kindled rats, despite impairments in both regions. This suggests that seizures eliminate the regional difference between the dorsal and intermediate parts of the hippocampus, resulting in similar electrophysiological activity in both regions in kindled animals. Future studies should consider this when investigating the responses of the dorsal and intermediate regions of the hippocampus following PTZ kindling.

Parks and greenspaces can enhance personal health in various ways, including among others, through psychological restoration and improved well-being. However, under certain circumstances, parks may also have adverse effects by providing isolated and hidden spaces for non-normative and crime-related activities. This study uses a survey conducted by the Development Bank of Latin America in a cross-sectional representative sample of 7,110 respondents in eleven Latin-American cities. We examine associations between self-reported park proximity with perceived social disorder (drug use/sales, gangs, prostitution and assault and/or crime), and whether these associations are modified by neighborhood characteristics (informal neighborhoods, poor street-lighting, abandoned buildings, illegal dumping). High self-reported park proximity was associated with lower perceptions of social disorder, but these associations were no longer significant following adjustment for neighborhood characteristics. Significant interactions were observed between park proximity and neighborhood characteristics suggesting that the likelihood of perceiving social disorder increases with high park proximity in informal neighborhoods and in the presence of certain neighborhood characteristics, such as poor street-lighting, abandoned buildings, and illegal dumping in residential streets. The differential associations between reported park proximity and perceived social disorder in different living environments highlight the importance of supportive social and physical infrastructure to maximize the restorative benefits of parks in all urban areas.

The protection of cultural heritage is a common mission between governments and nations, so governments, on behalf of the people, try to protect the rights of the public by enacting laws and regulations, and the people must comply with the relevant laws and regulations, While guarding their rights, will help the government and relevant organizations to protect the rights of other citizens. Undoubtedly, the preservation of the cultural-historical heritage of the country, whether movable or immovable, as a crucial part of the historical identity of nations, regardless of whether they are privately or publicly owned, is one of the aspects of public law, the Benefit of which is an undeniable right of individuals in the society. Therefore, the unilateral action of the government to register valuable historical-cultural monuments in the list of national monuments can cause damage due to the non-profit of the owners of these monuments. Therefore, in this article, we try to examine the laws related to the protection of cultural-historical heritage on the one hand and the laws relevant to private property of valuable historical buildings on the other hand, and jurisprudential rules, especially the harmless rule and the principle of dominance in Shiite jurisprudence, and the opinion of the jurists regarding the right of ownership of individuals over their property, exploring the importance of preserving immovable national monuments to protect the public interest and examining the consequences of non-compensation for damages resulting from the non-benefit of private owners of the country's historic and cultural buildings by the government and examining the ability to compensate for damages caused by the non-benefit of private beneficiaries of monuments registered in the list of national monuments of the country,and finally, to provide an appropriate legal solution and mechanism to increase the participation of private owners of valuable historic buildings and beneficiaries with the government to maintain the national monuments of the country.

We report an outbreak of Candida auris across multiple healthcare facilities in Israel. For the period of May 2014–May 2022, a total of 209 patients with C. auris infection or colonization were identified. The C. auris incidence rate increased 30-fold in 2021 (p = 0.00015), corresponding in time with surges of COVID-19–related hospitalization. Multilocus sequence typing revealed hospital-level outbreaks with distinct clones. A clade III clone, imported into Israel in 2016, accounted for 48.8% of typed isolates after January 2021 and was more frequently resistant to fluconazole (100% vs. 63%; p = 0.00017) and voriconazole (74% vs. 5.2%; p

The purpose of the present study was to identify the protective and risk factors related to psychological distress during COVID-19 in an Israeli sample. An online survey was administered from April 19 to May 2, 2020, while a strict lockdown was in place. Participants were recruited by snowball sampling. Psychological distress was evaluated using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Risk and protective factors for psychological distress were assessed on the Multi-dimensional Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the coping strategies (COPE), the Life Orientation Test (LOT), and the Gratitude questionnaire. Out of the 655 valid questionnaires collected (from participants ranging in age from 18 to 86, 246 males, 409 females), 138 (21.3%) were positive for moderate to very severe depression and 87 (13.2%) for moderate to extremely severe anxiety. Participants who were screened for depression and anxiety were more likely to be women and young adults (18-24). After adjusting statistically for gender, age, and socioeconomic status, depression and anxiety remained significantly associated with both emotion-focused (PHQ-[beta] =.437, p < .001, GAD-[beta]=.441, p < .001) and problem-focused (PHQ-[beta] =-.219, p < .001, GAD-[beta]=-.143, p < .001) coping strategies, as well as on the social support (PHQ-[beta] =-.167, p < .001, GAD-[beta]=-.155, p < .001), life orientation (GAD-[beta]=-.09, p < .001), and gratitude scales (PHQ-[beta] =-.07, p < .001). Levels of anxiety and depression were generally associated with gender (women), age (younger population), socioeconomic status (low), and an emotion-focused strategy as risk factors. A problem-focused strategy, social support, life orientation, and gratitude served as protective factors above and beyond personal background., Author(s): Zohar Oryan [sup.1] , Asia Avinir [sup.1] , Sigal Levy [sup.1] , Einat Kodesh [sup.2] , Odelia Elkana [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.430432.2, 0000 0004 0604 7651, Behavioral Sciences, [...]

Background and purpose: Daunorubicin is an effective drug in chemotherapy, but its clinical use is limited due to serious side effects. Royal jelly as a natural compound obtained from bees can be helpful in preventing the damage caused by daunorubicin. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of royal jelly on the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of genes involved in apoptosis in mice treated with daunorubicin. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 77 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups (n= 11 per group): sham, control, royal jelly (50 and 100 mg/kg), daunorubicin (2 mg/kg), and royal jelly (50 and 100 mg/kg) + daunorubicin. The mice received saline (0.09%), IP daunorubicin, and royal jelly orally for eight weeks. To estimate the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of genes related to apoptosis in testis, we used ELISA test and Real-time PCR assay, respectively. Data analysis was done applying One-way Analysis of Variance and Tukey's test in SPSS. Results: Daunorubicin caused significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells, and expression levels of p53, Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9 (P

Various studies have shown the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Descorainia sophia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective ability of Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract in liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 consisting of normal control, intoxified control (intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml/kg of carbon tetrachloride), normal experimental (Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg via intragastric gavage) and intoxified experimental (intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml/kg of carbon tetrachloride and Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg via intragastric gavage). After 28 days, the levels of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and level of malondialdehyde in liver homogenate were evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test with statistical significance defined as p

Objective There is a lack of UK guidance regarding routine use of probiotics in preterm infants to prevent necrotising enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis and death. As practices can vary, we aimed to determine the current usage of probiotics within neonatal units in the UK.Design and setting Using NeoTRIPS, a trainee-led neonatal research network, an online survey was disseminated to neonatal units of all service levels within England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales in 2022. Trainees were requested to complete one survey per unit regarding routine probiotic administration.Results 161 of 188 (86%) neonatal units responded to the survey. 70 of 161 (44%) respondents routinely give probiotics to preterm infants. 45 of 70 (64%) use the probiotic product Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM/Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb-06/B. infantis Bi-26 (Labinic™). 57 of 70 (81%) start probiotics in infants ≤32 weeks’ gestation. 33 of 70 (47%) had microbiology departments that were aware of the use of probiotics and 64 of 70 (91%) had a guideline available. Commencing enteral feeds was a prerequisite to starting probiotics in 62 of 70 (89%) units. The majority would stop probiotics if enteral feeds were withheld (59 of 70; 84%) or if the infant was being treated for necrotising enterocolitis (69 of 70; 99%). 24 of 91 (26%) units that did not use probiotics at the time of the survey were planning to introduce them within the next 12 months.Conclusions More than 40% of all UK neonatal units that responded are now routinely administering probiotics, with variability in the product used. With increased probiotic usage in recent years, there is a need to establish whether this translates to improved clinical outcomes.

Sericin (Ser) is a natural neuroactive macromolecule with diverse pharmacological properties, and our previous findings have shown its neuroprotective potentials. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Ser on cognitive dysfunction induced by transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (tGI/R) and its mechanism of action. The tGI/R was induced in BALB/c mice by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for two 5 min followed by a 10-min reperfusion period. After 24 h, mice were treated with normal saline or different doses of Ser (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) for 10 days. Cognitive performances were assessed using the Barnes maze and social interaction tasks. Oxidative stress markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were assessed in the hippocampus. Markers of apoptosis (pro- and cleaved caspase-9 and 3, Bax, and Bcl-2) were assessed by Western blotting. Besides, transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay was used to detect apoptotic cell death. We show here that Ser administration improved tGI/R-induced cognitive deficits, enhanced the activity of SOD and GPx, increased TAC levels, while reduced MDA levels. Notably, Ser decreased neuronal apoptotic cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region, accompanied by suppression of neuroinflammation, downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase-9, caspases-3, and Bax), and upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Taken together, Ser administration protected hippocampal neurons from apoptotic cell death by impeding oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and, in turn, improved cognitive function in the tGI/R mice.

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of quercetin and its immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative activity against Leishmania major (L. major). Methods: L. major promastigotes and amastigotes were incubated with different concentrations of quercetin to estimate EC50. For in vivo study, the base of tails of mice was infected with L. major. After developing ulcers in the inoculation site, mice were treated with 50 mg/kg quercetin orally for 28 consecutive days. The wound-healing potential of quercetin was evaluated by histopathological analysis of tissue sections stained by hematoxylin and eosin as well as Masson′s trichrome. In addition, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, malondialdehyde, and adiponectin, the ferric reducing ability of plasma, as well as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. Results: The EC50 values of quercetin against L. major promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes were 0.27 and 0.85 μM, respectively. Histopathological analysis showed that fewer inflammatory cells, more fibroblasts, and more collagen deposition were observed in tissue sections of quercetin-treated mice. In addition, treatment with quercetin markedly increased glutathione peroxidase activity, the ferric reducing ability of plasma and adiponectin levels while decreasing malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. Conclusions: Quercetin shows anti-leishmanial activity, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it may be further explored as an effective drug in treating leishmaniasis.

Introduction: Many factors affect memory and learning. One of the most important ones is magnesium, which is essential for the proper functioning of our memory. Magnesium is the fourth most important cation and the second most important intracellular cation after potassium in the body. Magnesium plays an important role in neurotransmission. This study aimed to examine magnesium oxide nanoparticles' effect on the parameters of oxidative stress to treat memory deficit in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease with the help of Amyloid-β. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, 54 adult male rats were divided randomly into nine groups, such as 1. Healthy control group, 2. Alzheimer's control group (rats that underwent stereotactic surgery and received 2nmol/µl of Amyloid-β by intracerebroventricular injection [ICVI]), 3. Sham group (rats that underwent stereotactic surgery and received saline as an Amyloid-β’s solvent), 4, 5, and 6. The healthy experimental groups (healthy rats receiving 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg body-weight doses of magnesium oxide nanoparticles by intraperitoneal injection), 7, 8, and 9. Alzheimer's experimental group (Alzheimer's rats receiving 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg body-weight doses of magnesium oxide nanoparticles by intraperitoneal injection). The duration of oral treatment of nanoparticles was 30 days. At the end of the treatment period (30 days), oxidative stress parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in neural (brain tissue), and all data were analyzed by one-Factor ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test in SPSS software (version 21) considering a significance level of P

Prostate cancer is among most malignant tumors around the world and this urological tumor can be developed as result of genomic mutations and their accumulation during progression towards advanced stage. Due to lack of specific symptoms in early stages of prostate cancer, most cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced stages that tumor cells display low response to chemotherapy. Furthermore, genomic mutations in prostate cancer enhance the aggressiveness of tumor cells. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are suggested as well-known compounds for chemotherapy of prostate tumor and they possess a similar function in cancer therapy that is based on inhibiting depolymerization of microtubules, impairing balance of microtubules and subsequent delay in cell cycle progression. The aim of current review is to highlight mechanisms of paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer. When oncogenic factors such as CD133 display upregulation and PTEN as tumor-suppressor shows decrease in expression, malignancy of prostate tumor cells enhances and they can induce drug resistance. Furthermore, phytochemicals as anti-tumor compounds have been utilized in suppressing chemoresistance in prostate cancer. Naringenin and lovastatin are among the anti-tumor compounds that have been used for impairing progression of prostate tumor and enhancing drug sensitivity. Moreover, nanostructures such as polymeric micelles and nanobubbles have been utilized in delivery of anti-tumor compounds and decreasing risk of chemoresistance development. These subjects are highlighted in current review to provide new insight for reversing drug resistance in prostate cancer.

Background and Aim: Daunorubicin is an effective antibiotic for the chemotherapy of various cancers. To prevent damage to healthy cells during chemotherapy, it is recommended to change this treatment or protect healthy cells from chemotherapeutic agents by protective compounds. The present study aimed to check the protective effect of royal jelly on male reproductive system against the side effects induced by daunorubicin injection in mice. Materials and Methods: In this study, 77 adult BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups including sham, control, royal jelly 1, royal jelly 2, daunorubicin, royal jelly 1+daunorubicin, and royal jelly 2+daunorubicin. Mice received saline (0.09%), and daunorubicin (2 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and royal jelly (50 and 100 mg/kg) orally for 8weeks. The sperm parameters, testis weight, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Using SPSS software (version 16), data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. P

Background and objectives: Doxorubicin, an effective anticancer agent, might impair the function of testicular tissue and lead to infertility. Royal jelly can heal male infertility because of its antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the histologic, genetic and biochemical repair potential of royal jelly on doxorubicin-induced male reproductive system side effects during eight chemotherapy cycles in mice. Methods: In this study, 77 male Balb/c mice (11 mice in each group) were divided to: no medication as sham group, normal saline (0.09%), royal jelly (50, 100 mg/kg), doxorubicin (2 mg/kg), and royal jelly+doxorubicin groups, receiving treatment once a week for six weeks. Histological and biochemical factors of male reproductive system were evaluated. Results: There was a significant reduction in testicular weight, spermatozoa parameters, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and total antioxidant capacity levels in the doxorubicin group compared to the control group (p