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Yumiko Matsuo,1 Emiko Ogawa,1,2 Ruriko Seto-Yukimura,1 Yasushi Ryujin,1,3 Daisuke Kinose,1 Masafumi Yamaguchi,1 Makoto Osawa,1 Taishi Nagao,1 Hajime Kurosawa,4 Yasutaka Nakano1 1Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; 2Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; 3Ryujin Medical Clinic, Osaka, Japan; 4Center for Environmental Conservation and Research Safety, Department of Occupation Health, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanCorrespondence: Emiko OgawaHealth Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, JapanTel/Fax +81-77-548-2212Email eogawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jpPurpose: The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a non-invasive method to measure respiratory impedance, the respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs). The disease probability measure (DPM) is a useful computed tomography (CT) imaging variable for the assessment of gas trapping and emphysema in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using pairs of inspiratory and expiratory CT images. We aimed to develop FOT-based phenotypes and determine whether the phenotypes and their imaging characteristics could facilitate the understanding of COPD pathophysiology.Patients and methods: FOT and spirometry were examined in 164 COPD patients and 22 non-COPD smokers. COPD patients were divided into four FOT-based phenotypes (NL, normal group; RD, resistance-dominant group; XD, reactance-dominant group; and MIX, mixed group) based on the 3rd quartile values of R5 (Rrs at 5Hz) and X5 (Xrs at 5Hz) in the non-COPD group. The emphysematous lesions and the airway lesions were quantitatively assessed in CT images by low attenuation volume and the square root of the wall area of a hypothetical airway with an internal perimeter of 10 mm (√Aaw at Pi10), respectively. DPM imaging analysis was also performed in 131 COPD patients. We investigated the differences in COPD parameters between the FOT-based phenotypes.Results: √Aaw at Pi10 were significantly higher in the RD, XD, and MIX groups than in the NL group. The XD group showed lower pulmonary function and higher dyspnea scores than the RD group. No significant changes in DPM values were observed between the RD and the NL groups. The gas-trapping area was significantly higher in the XD group than in the NL group. The MIX group showed the highest dyspnea score, most emphysematous lesions, and the lowest forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted value.Conclusion: The FOT-based phenotyping may be useful to assess pathophysiological changes of COPD with CT assessments.Keywords: oscillometry, emphysema, exhalation, quantitative evaluation, COPD

A torque converter lock-up clutch slip control system, which is designed to improve fuel economy, must be able to precisely regulate slip speed. Also the system must have a high level of robustness for coping with changes in the operating conditions and any deterioration in the automatic transmission fluid and the clutch. Moreover, to reduce the design time, the design process must be as simple as possible. In this paper, we first propose a loop shaping that aims to optimize complementary sensitivity function of the control system, while satisfying the abovementioned requirements of performance and robustness. Next, a method for simplifying the design process is proposed, that is, a model and a controller are expressed by interpolation. A controller set, which has a relationship of duality to the interpolation parameters of the model, is created in advance so that the construction of a new control system can be realized by identifying the characteristic parameters only. From application to the actual design process for a vehicle, we verified that the design time was reduced to less than 1/3 of that required for the conventional method. This new method has already been adopted for the design and fitting of new products. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3023116] Keywords: torque converter lock-up clutch, slip control system, robust control, simplified design, H-infinity control, LMI