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In humans, the acidic pH of the ear canal plays a protective role against infection and a change towards alkalinity of the external auditory canal (EAC) is a local factor in the progression of acute to chronic otitis externa (OE). The use of acidic preparations alone for treatment of OE without concurrent antibiotic use is well-documented in humans. In dogs, only one study has investigated the EAC pH in healthy dogs and in dogs with OE, and investigations to understand the role of EAC pH in the pathogenesis of canine OE are lacking.To obtain physiological EAC pH values in beagle dogs. To develop a model of re-acidification of the EAC in dogs and to investigate how an acidic solution may accelerate the return to a physiological pH.Ten healthy beagle dogs in a laboratory setting.A model of re-acidification of the EAC was developed by instillation of a pH 10.1 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution and the subsequent acidic effect of an ear cleaner containing lipacids was evaluated in this model.Mean physiological EAC pH was 6.12 (± 0.36). EAC re-acidification took up to 9 h in this model. Mean pH values dropped immediately to 6.38 (± 0.27) on ears treated with an acidic ear cleaner. No abrupt drop was observed of the mean pH values for the control ears.This study confirms that physiological EAC pH in dogs is acidic. This model of re-acidification of the EAC pH allows investigations on acidic properties of topical ear products in healthy ears.Contexte - Chez l'homme, le pH acide du conduit auditif joue un rôle protecteur contre l'infection et l'évolution vers l'alcalinité du conduit auditif externe (CAE) et est un facteur local de progression de l'otite externe (OE) aiguë à chronique. L'utilisation de préparations acides seules pour le traitement de l'OE sans utilisation concomitante d'antibiotiques est bien documentée chez l'homme. Chez les chiens, une seule étude a étudié le pH du CAE chez les chiens en bonne santé et chez les chiens atteints d'OE, et les recherches pour comprendre le rôle du pH du CAE dans la pathogenèse de l'OE canine font défaut. Hypothèses/objectifs - Obtenir des valeurs physiologiques de pH du CAE chez des chiens beagle. Développer un modèle de réacidification du CAE chez le chien et étudier comment une solution acide peut accélérer le retour à un pH physiologique. Animaux - Dix chiens beagle de laboratoire en bonne santé. Matériels et méthodes - Un modèle de réacidification du CAE a été développé par instillation d'une solution saline tamponnée (PBS) à pH 10,1 et l'effet acide ultérieur d'un nettoyant pour oreilles contenant des lipacides a été évalué dans ce modèle. Résultats - Le pH physiologique moyen du CAE était de 6,12 (± 0,36). La réacidification du CAE a pris jusqu'à 9 h dans ce modèle. Les valeurs moyennes du pH chutent immédiatement à 6,38 (± 0,27) sur les oreilles traitées avec un nettoyant auriculaire acide. Aucune chute brutale n'a été observée des valeurs moyennes de pH pour les oreilles témoins. Conclusion et importance clinique - Cette étude confirme que le pH physiologique du CAE chez le chien est acide. Ce modèle de réacidification du pH du CAE permet des investigations sur les propriétés acides des produits topiques auriculaires dans des oreilles saines.Introducción; en humanos, el pH ácido del canal auditivo juega un papel protector contra la infección y un cambio hacia la alcalinidad del canal auditivo externo (EAC) es un factor local en la progresión de la otitis externa (OE) aguda a crónica. El uso de preparaciones ácidas solas para el tratamiento de la OE sin el uso concomitante de antibióticos está bien documentado en humanos. En perros, solo un estudio ha investigado el pH de EAC en perros sanos y en perros con OE, y faltan investigaciones para comprender el papel del pH de EAC en la patogenia de la OE canina. Hipótesis/objetivos - Obtener valores de pH fisiológico de EAC en perros beagle. Desarrollar un modelo de reacidificación del EAC en perros e investigar cómo una solución ácida puede acelerar el retorno a un pH fisiológico. Animales- diez perros beagle sanos en un laboratorio. Materiales y métodos- se desarrolló un modelo de reacidificación del EAC mediante la instilación de una solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) de pH 10,1 y se evaluó en este modelo el efecto ácido subsiguiente de un limpiador de oídos que contenía lípidos. Resultados - El pH fisiológico medio del EAC fue de 6,12 (± 0,36). La reacidificación de EAC tomó hasta 9 h en este modelo. Los valores medios de pH cayeron inmediatamente a 6,38 (± 0,27) en los oídos tratados con un limpiador de oídos ácido. No se observó una caída abrupta de los valores medios de pH para los oíds de control. Conclusión e importancia clínica- este estudio confirma que el pH fisiológico de EAC en perros es ácido. Este modelo de reacidificación del pH de EAC permite realizar investigaciones sobre las propiedades ácidas de los productos tópicos para el oído en oídos sanos.Hintergrund - Beim Menschen spielt der saure pH-Wert des Ohrkanals eine schützende Rolle gegenüber Infektionen und eine Veränderung des externen Gehörkanals (EAC) in Richtung Alkalinität ist ein lokaler Faktor beim Fortschreiten von einer akuten zu einer chronischen Otitis externa (OE). Beim Menschen ist der Einsatz säurehaltiger Präparate alleine zur Behandlung von OE ohne gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Antibiotika gut dokumentiert. Bei Hunden hat nur eine Studie den pH des EAC gesunder Hunde mit OE untersucht und es fehlen Untersuchungen, um das Verständnis der Rolle des pH des EAC bei der Pathogenese der caninen OE zu verbessern. Hypothese/Ziele - Das Ziel war es, physiologische pH-Werte des EAC bei Beagles zu erfassen. Die Entwicklung eines Modells einer Wieder-Ansäuerung des EAC bei Hunden, um zu untersuchen, wie weit eine säurehaltige Lösung die Rückkehr zum physiologischen pH beschleunigen könnte. Tiere - Zehn gesunde Beagles in einem Labor-Setting. Materialien und Methoden - Es wurde ein Modell einer Wieder-Ansäuerung des EAC entwickelt, indem eine physiologische Kochsalzlösung (PBS Lösung) mit pH 10,1 ins Ohr eingebracht und in der Folge die ansäuernde Wirkung eines Ohrreinigers mit Fettsäuren in diesem Modell evaluiert wurde. Ergebnisse - Der durchschnittliche pH des EAC lag bei 6,12 (± 0,36). Die Wiederansäuerung des EAC dauerte in diesem Modell bis zu 9 h. Die durchschnittlichen pH-Werte sanken sofort auf 6,38 (± 0,27) bei den Ohren, die mit einem sauren Ohrreiniger behandelt worden waren. Bei den Kontrollohren wurde keine abrupte Absenkung des durchschnittlichen pH-Werts beobachtet. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung - Diese Studie bestätigt, dass der physiologische pH- Wert des EAC bei Hunden sauer ist. Dieses Modell der Wiederansäuerung des pH-Werts im EAC ermöglicht Untersuchungen über die sauren Eigenschaften topischer Produkte in gesunden Ohren.要約 背景 - ヒトでは、外耳道のpHが 酸性の場合、感染に対して保護的な役割を果たし、外耳道(EAC)のアルカリ化は急性から慢性外耳炎(OE)に進行する局所的な要因である。ヒトでは、抗生物質を併用せずに、OEの治療として酸性製剤を単独で使用することは十分に立証されている。犬では、健常犬と OE を発症した犬の EAC pH を調査した研究は 1 報のみであり、犬の OE の発症における EAC pH の役割を理解するための調査は不足している。 仮説・目的 - 本研究の目的は、ビーグル犬の生理的な EAC pH 値を得ることであった。さらに、犬におけるEACの再酸性化モデルを開発し、酸性溶液が生理的pHへの復帰をどのように促進するかを調査することであった。 供試動物 - 健常ビーグル犬10頭を実験室に収容した。 材料と方法 - pH10.1のリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液の注入によりEACの再酸性化モデルを開発し、このモデルで脂肪酸を含むイヤークリーナーによるその後の酸性効果について評価した。 結果 - 平均的な生理的EAC pHは6.12 (± 0.36)であった。このモデルでは、EACの再酸性化に最大9時間かかった。酸性イヤークリーナーで処理した耳では、平均 pH 値は 6.38 (± 0.27) に直ちに低下した。対照の耳では、平均 pH 値の急激な低下は観察されなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性 - 本研究は、犬の生理的なEACpHが酸性であることを確認するものであった。このEAC pHの再酸性化モデルにより、健康な耳における外用剤の酸性特性について調査することができる。.摘要 背景-人类耳道的酸性pH对感染起保护作用，外耳道(EAC)向碱性的变化是急性至慢性外耳道炎(OE)进展的局部因素。给人类单独使用酸性制剂治疗OE，而不同时使用抗生素已得到充分证实。对于犬，仅有一项研究调查了健康犬和OE犬的EAC pH值，尚缺乏了解EAC pH值在犬OE发病机制中作用的研究。 假设/目的-获得比格犬的生理EAC pH值。开发犬中EAC的再酸化模型，并研究酸性溶液如何加速恢复至生理pH值。 动物-实验室环境中的10只健康比格犬。 材料和方法-通过滴入pH 10.1磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)溶液建立EAC再酸化模型，并在该模型中评价含脂肪酸的耳清洁剂的后续酸性作用。 结果-平均生理EAC pH值为6.12(±0.36)。在该模型中，EAC再酸化需要9h。用酸性耳清洁剂处理的耳朵的平均pH值立即下降至6.38(±0.27)。对照耳的平均pH值未观察到突然下降。 结论和临床重要性-本研究证实犬的生理性EAC pH为酸性。这种EAC pH值再酸化模型允许研究健康耳朵中耳药产品的酸性特性。.Contexto - Em humanos, o pH ácido do conduto auditivo exerce uma grande função protetora contra infecções e a alcalinização do conduto auditivo externo (CAE) é um fator local de progressão de otite externa (OE) aguda para crônica. A utilização unicamente de formulações ácidas para o tratamento de OE sem a utilização concomitante de antibióticos é bem documentada em humanos. Em cães, apenas um estudo investigou o pH do CAE em cães saudáveis com OE, e são escassas as pesquisas investigando o papel do pH do CAE na patogênese da OE. Hipótese/objetivos - Se obter os valores fisiológicos do pH dos CAEs de cães Beagle. Desenvolver um modelo de re-acidificação do CAE em cães e investigar como uma solução ácida pode acelerar o retorno ao pH fisiológico original. Animais - Dez cães Beagle saudáveis de laboratório. Materiais e Métodos - Um modelo de re-acidificação do CAE foi desenvolvido por instilação de solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) com um pH 10,1 e o efeito acidificante subsequente de um limpador de ouvido contendo ácidos lipídicos foi avaliado neste modelo. Resultados - O pH fisiológico médio do CAE foi de 6,12 (± 0,36). A re-acidificação do CAE levou até 9h neste modelo. Os valores médios de pH caíram imediatamente para 6,38 (± 0,27) nas orelhas tratadas com um limpador otológico ácido. Não foi observada queda abrupta dos valores médios de pH para as orelhas controle. Conclusão e importância clínica - Este estudo confirmou que o pH fisiológico do CAE de cães é ácido. Este modelo de re-acidificação do pH do CAE permite investigações sobre as propriedades acidificantes de produtos otológicos tópicos para orelhas saudáveis.

Ear cleaning is a therapeutic component in the management of otitis externa in dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vivo efficacy and safety of a new ear cleanser, Sonotix® against EpiOtic® Advanced for the management of canine otitis externa. Eighteen clients owned dogs with a diagnosis of erythemato-ceruminous or purulent otitis externa were prospectively included and randomized to two treatment group: EpiOtic® Advanced and Sonotix®. Cytology and video-otoscopic examination (erythema, amount of cerumen and thickness and surface of ear canal covered by cerumen) of all affected ears were done at D0, both before (T0) and 30 minutes (T0 + 30 min) after ear cleaning. Then an ear medication was applied (Aurizon®, Vetoquinol). Owners were instructed to clean affected ears daily and apply the ear medication 30 minutes later for 5 days (D1-D5). Dogs were seen again at D6 for cytology and video-otoscopic examination. At T0, no significant differences were found between both ear cleansers groups regarding macroscopic and microscopic scorings. At T0 + 30 min and D6 cytological and video-otoscopic scores were significantly decreased (Wilcoxon test; p ® was statistically superior to Epiotic® as evidenced by the median global scores of video-otoscopic examination at T0 + 30 min (Mann Whitney Test, p ® seems to be more effective in removing cerumen than EpiOtic® Advanced.

Otitis externa is associated with a lack of bacterial/fungal diversity in atopic dermatitis. Clinical experience has shown that use of topical corticosteroids in the ear canal (EC) can prevent otitis. No data are available on the impact of this treatment on the EC microbiota.To observe the bacterial/fungal diversity in the EC and the clinical effect of topical corticosteroids administered over a four week period in atopic dogs without active otitis.Ten atopic dogs without active otitis.Mometasone was applied in the right EC, while the left was used as control. A clinical and cytological evaluation of the EC was performed. Swabs of each EC were analysed using next-generation sequencing methods.At the beginning of the trial, variations in microbiota and mycobiota were observed between dogs and also within individuals. Statistically, no significant difference was observed in alpha and beta diversity between the treated and the untreated group over time. Clinically, right and left EC diversities were no different at Day (D)28 (P = 0.28). A significant difference was noted between D0 and D28 for the treated ears (P = 0.012) and not for the untreated ears (P = 0.63). No cytological evidence of microbes was found for treated ECs at D28.These data suggest that the use of topical corticosteroids as proactive treatment is unlikely to increase the risk of secondary microbial overgrowth. The positive clinical effect of this proactive treatment seems to be supported through cytological and otoscopic improvement.L’otite externe est associée à un manque de diversité bactérienne/fongique dans la dermatite atopique. L’expérience clinique a montré que l’utilisation de corticoïdes topiques dans le conduit auriculaire (EC) peut prévenir l’otite. Aucune donnée n’était disponible sur l’impact de ce traitement sur le microbiote EC. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Observer la diversité bactérienne/fongique dans l’EC et l’effet clinique des corticoïdes topiques administrés sur une période de quatre semaines chez des chiens atopiques sans otite active.Dix chiens atopiques sans otite active. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: La mométasone a été appliquée dans l’EC droit, le gauche servant de contrôle. Une évaluation clinque et cytologique des EC a été réalisée. Les écouvillons de chaque ED ont été analysés par séquençage de dernière génération. RÉSULTATS: Au début de l’essai, les variations du microbiote et du mycobiote ont été observées entre les chiens et aussi chez chaque individu. Statistiquement, aucune différence significative n’a été observée en diversité alpha et beta entre le groupe traité et non traité au cours du temps. Cliniquement, les diversités des EC droit et gauche n’était pas différent à Jour (D) 28 (P = 0.28). Une différence significative a été notée entre D0 et D28 pour les oreilles traitées (P = 0.012) et pas pour les oreilles non traitées (P = 0.63). Aucune preuve cytologique de microbe n’a été trouvée pour les ECs traités à D28.Ces données suggèrent que l’utilisation de corticoïdes topiques en traitement proactif ne semble pas augmenter le risque de surpopulation microbienne secondaire. L’effet clinique positif de ce traitement proactif semble être supporté par l’amélioration cytologique et otoscopique.INTRODUCCIÓN: la otitis externa se asocia con una falta de diversidad bacteriana/fúngica en dermatitis atópica. La experiencia clínica ha demostrado que el uso de corticosteroides tópicos en el canal auditivo (EC) puede prevenir la otitis. No se dispone de datos sobre el impacto de este tratamiento en la microbiota de la EC. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Observar la diversidad bacteriana/fúngica en el EC y el efecto clínico de los corticosteroides tópicos administrados durante un período de cuatro semanas en perros atópicos sin otitis activa. ANIMALES: diez perros atópicos sin otitis activa. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se aplicó mometasona en el EC derecho, mientras que el izquierdo se utilizó como control. Se realizó una evaluación clínica y citológica del EC. Los hisopos de cada EC se analizaron utilizando métodos de secuenciación de próxima generación. RESULTADOS: al comienzo del ensayo, se observaron variaciones en la microbiota y micobiota entre perros y también dentro de los individuos. Estadísticamente, no se observaron diferencias significativas en la diversidad alfa y beta entre el grupo tratado y el no tratado a lo largo del tiempo. Clínicamente, las diversidades de EC derecho e izquierdo no fueron diferentes en el Día (D) 28 (P = 0,28). Se observó una diferencia significativa entre D0 y D28 para los oídos tratados (P = 0,012) y no para los oídos sin tratar (P = 0,63). No se encontró evidencia citológica de microbios para los EC tratadao en D28. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: estos datos sugieren que es poco probable que el uso de corticosteroides tópicos como tratamiento proactivo aumente el riesgo de sobrecrecimiento microbiano secundario. El efecto clínico positivo de este tratamiento proactivo parece estar respaldado por una mejoría citológica y otoscópica.Die Otitis externa wird mit einem Mangel an Diversität von Bakterien/Pilzen bei der atopischen Dermatitis in Zusammenhang gebracht. Die klinische Erfahrung hat gezeigt, dass die Verwendung topischer Cortikosteroide im Ohrkanal (EC) eine Otitis verhindern kann. Es gibt keine Daten über den Einfluss dieser Behandlung auf das Mikrobiom des EC.Eine Beobachtung der bakteriellen/mykotischen Diversität im EC und die klinische Wirkung der topisch angewandten Kortikosteroide, die über eine Periode von vier Wochen bei atopischen Hunden ohne einer aktiven Otitis angewendet wurden.Zehn atopische Hunde ohne aktive Otitis.Am Beginn dieser Studie wurden verschiedene Microbiotia und Mycobiota zwischen den Hunden und ebenso innerhalb eines Individuums beobachtet. Statistisch bestand über diesen Zeitraum kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen einer Alpha und einer Beta Diversität zwischen der behandelten und der unbehandelten Gruppe. Klinisch waren die Diversitäten des rechten und linken ECs am Tag (D) 28 nicht verschieden (P = 0,28). Ein signifikanter Unterschied wurde zwischen D0 und D28 für die behandelten Ohren festgestellt (P = 0,012), aber nicht für die unbehandelten Ohren (P = 0,63). Es wurde am D28 in den behandelten ECs keine zytologische Evidenz an Mikroben gefunden.Diese Daten weisen darauf hin, dass es unwahrscheinlich ist, dass die Verwendung von topischen Kortikosteroiden als proaktive Behandlung das Risiko einer sekundären mikrobiellen Überbesiedelung erhöht. Die positive klinische Auswirkung dieser proaktiven Behandlung scheint durch eine zytologische und otoskopische Verbesserung unterstützt zu werden.背景: 外耳炎は、アトピー性皮膚炎における細菌/真菌の多様性の欠如と関連している。これまでの臨床経験から、外耳道 (EC) に外用コルチコステロイドを使用することで外耳炎を予防できることがわかっている。この治療法がECの微生物叢に与える影響についてのデータはない。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、活動性耳炎のないアトピー犬において、4週間にわたって投与された外用コルチコステロイドによる臨床効果およびEC内の細菌/真菌の多様性を観察することであった。 供試動物: 活動性耳炎のないアトピー犬10頭。 材料と方法: 右外耳道にモメタゾンを塗布し、左外耳道をコントロールとした。ECの臨床および細胞学的評価を行った。各ECのスワブは、次世代シークエンス法を用いて解析した。 結果: 試験開始時点で、犬の間で、また個体内でも細菌叢および真菌叢の変動が観察された。統計学的には、αおよびβの多様性において、治療を受けた群と受けていない群との間で、経時的に有意な差は認められなかった。臨床的には、左右外耳道の多様性にDay(D)28で差がなかった(P = 0.28)。治療を受けた耳ではD0とD28間に有意な差が見られたが (P = 0.012) 、無治療の耳では見られなかった (P = 0.63) 。D28の時点で、治療を受けた外耳道には病原菌の細胞学的証拠は見られなかった。 結論と臨床的妥当性: これらのデータは、プロアクティブ療法として外用コルチコステロイド製剤を使用しても、二次的な微生物の過剰増殖のリスクを増加させる可能性は低いことを示唆している。プロアクティブ療法のポジティブな臨床効果は、細胞学的およびオトスコープによる改善によって裏付けられていると思われる。.背景: 特应性皮炎的外耳炎细菌/真菌多样性降低。临床经验表明, 给耳道(EC)使用皮质类固醇可预防耳炎。尚无关于该治疗对EC微生物群影响的数据。 假设/目的: 观察EC中的细菌/真菌多样性和无活动性耳炎的特应性犬耳道给予皮质类固醇4周的临床效果。 动物: 10只特应性犬, 不伴随活动性耳炎。 方法和材料: 在右侧EC应用莫米松, 而左侧作为对照。对EC进行了临床和细胞学评价。使用新一代测序方法分析每个EC的拭子。 结果: 在试验开始时, 观察在犬之间以及个体内微生物群和真菌区系的变化。在统计学上, 随着时间的推移, 在治疗组和未治疗组之间未观察到α和β多样性的显著差异。临床上, 第(D)28天的左右EC多样性无差异(P = 0.28)。在D0和D28之间, 观察到治疗耳道存在显著差异(P = 0.012), 而未治疗耳道不存在显著差异(P = 0.63)。在D28, 治疗的EC未发现微生物的细胞学证据。 结论和临床相关性: 这些数据表明, 使用外用皮质类固醇作为积极治疗不太可能增加继发性微生物过度生长的风险。这种主动治疗的积极临床效果似乎得到了细胞学和耳镜改善的支持。.A otite externa está associada à redução de diversidade bacteriana/fúngica na dermatite atópica. A experiência clínica mostrou que o uso de corticosteroides tópicos no conduto auditivo (CA) pode prevenir a otite. Não existem dados disponíveis sobre o impacto deste tratamento na microbiota da CA. HIPÓTESES/OBJETIVOS: Observar a diversidade bacteriana/fúngica no CA e o efeito clínico dos corticosteroides tópicos administrados por um período de quatro semanas em cães atópicos sem otite ativa.Dez cães atópicos sem otite ativa. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: A mometasona foi aplicada no CA direito, enquanto o esquerdo foi usado como controle. Foi realizada avaliação clínica e citológica da CE. Os swabs de cada CA foram analisadas utilizando métodos de sequenciamento de última geração.No início do ensaio, foram observadas variações na microbiota e na micobiota entre os cães e também no próprio indivíduos. Estatisticamente, nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada na alfa e beta diversidade entre o grupo tratado e o não tratado ao longo do tempo. Clinicamente, as diversidades de CA direito e esquerdo não foram diferentes no Dia (D) 28 (P = 0,28). Observou-se diferença significativa entre D0 e D28 para as orelhas tratadas (P = 0,012) e não para as orelhas não tratadas (P = 0,63). Nenhuma evidência citológica de microrganismos foi encontrada para os CAs tratados no D28. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Esses dados sugerem que o uso de corticosteroides tópicos como tratamento proativo provavelmente não aumentará o risco de supercrescimento microbiano secundário. O efeito clínico positivo desse tratamento proativo parece ser sustentado por meio da melhora citológica e otoscópica.

A major limitation in the current topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases is the inability to selectively deliver the drug to the inflammation site. Recently, smart drug delivery systems such as nanocarriers are being investigated to enhance the selective deposition of anti-inflammatory drugs in inflamed areas of the skin to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects. Of such systems, polymeric nanoparticles are considered very efficient carriers for the topical drug delivery. In the current work, poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles of nominal sizes of 70nm (NP70) and 300nm (NP300) were studied for their intra-epidermal distribution in murine and pig atopic dermatitis models over time against the respective healthy controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopical examination of skin biopsies was utilized for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of nanoparticles skin deposition and penetration depth. While no skin penetration was found for any of the particles in healthy skin, the accumulation of NP70 was significantly higher than NP300 in inflamed skin (15-fold in mice, 5-fold in pigs). Penetration depth of NP70 decreased over time in mice from 55±3μm to 20±2μm and similar tendencies were observed for the other formulations. In inflamed pig skin, a similar trend was found for the penetration depth (NP70: 46±12μm versus NP300: 23±3μm); however, the NP amount remained constant for the whole analyzed period. Their ability to penetrate specifically into inflamed skin combined with minimal effects on healthy skin underlines small polymeric nanoparticles' potential as selective drug carriers in future treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis.

Background Moisturizers are foundational therapies for human atopic dermatitis. In veterinary medicine, the use of moisturizers has been recommended by an expert committee to alleviate skin dryness that would occur, for example, in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, little is known regarding the effects of moisturizers on the skin barrier. Hypothesis/Objectives To investigate the effects of a moisturizer on skin barrier recovery in a canine model of chronic mechanical barrier disruption. Animals Six healthy beagle dogs maintained in a laboratory setting. Methods and materials A model of chronic skin barrier disruption was simulated by tape stripping on both sides of the thorax. The moisturizer then was applied twice daily for one week to one side of the thorax, while the other hemithorax was left untreated. The effects were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at various times during skin barrier recovery, and by histological assessment of the disrupted skin one week after moisturizer application. Results Overall, TEWL was reduced, epidermal thickness was lower, stratum corneum thickness was greater and the intensity of the dermal inflammatory infiltrate was reduced for treated sites. Conclusions and clinical importance These results suggest a potential benefit of the moisturizer for improving skin barrier function, which is frequently altered in chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as cAD., Background – Moisturizers are foundational therapies for human atopic dermatitis. In veterinary medicine, the use of moisturizers has been recommended by an expert committee to alleviate skin dryness that would occur, for example, in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, little is known regarding the effects of moisturizers on the skin barrier. Hypothesis/Objectives – To investigate the effects of a moisturizer on skin barrier recovery in a canine model of chronic mechanical barrier disruption. Conclusions and clinical importance – These results suggest a potential benefit of the moisturizer for improving skin barrier function, which is frequently altered in chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as cAD.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Douxo(®) Calm Mousse (Sogeval, Laval, France) on restoration of the skin barrier in a canine model of barrier disruption. Tape strips were performed, daily for 6 days, on the lateral thorax of five healthy beagle dogs. Douxo(®) Calm Mousse was applied daily for 5 days to one side of the thorax and the opposite side was left untreated. The effects of treatment were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH and by histological assessment of disrupted skin at various times during barrier repair. Although no effect on TEWL was observed, Douxo(®) Calm Mousse maintained an acidic pH after three applications and reduced skin inflammation, which was most pronounced after five applications. The results of the study suggest that Douxo(®) Calm Mousse exerts a beneficial effect on barrier restoration and on markers of inflammation.

Background Since 2010, four Charolais calves with a congenital mechanobullous skin disorder that were born in the same herd from consanguineous matings were reported to us. Clinical and histopathological examination revealed lesions that are compatible with junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). Results Fifty-four extended regions of homozygosity (>1 Mb) were identified after analysing the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from the only case available for DNA sampling at the beginning of the study. Filtering of variants located in these regions for (i) homozygous polymorphisms observed in the WGS data from eight healthy Charolais animals and (ii) homozygous or heterozygous polymorphisms found in the genomes of 234 animals from different breeds did not reveal any deleterious candidate SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) or small indels. Subsequent screening for structural variants in candidate genes located in the same regions identified a homozygous deletion that includes exons 17 to 23 of the integrin beta 4 (ITGB4), a gene that was previously associated with the same defect in humans. Genotyping of a second case and of six parents of affected calves (two sires and four dams) revealed a perfect association between this mutation and the assumed genotypes of the individuals. Mining of Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip genotyping data from 6870 Charolais cattle detected only 44 heterozygous animals for a 5.6-Mb haplotype around ITGB4 that was shared with the carriers of the mutation. Interestingly, none of the 16 animals genotyped for the deletion carried the mutation, which suggests a rather recent origin for the mutation. Conclusions In conclusion, we successfully identified the causative mutation for a very rare autosomal recessive mutation with only one case by exploiting the most recent DNA sequencing technologies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-015-0110-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.