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ObjectivesComprehensively map and summarize digital health initiatives for the elderly and caregivers.MethodsScoping review between April and May 2022 based on Joanna Briggs methodology. Databases used included PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science, along with grey literature and hand searches. Two reviewers independently conducted screening and eligibility phases, with a third resolving disagreements. Data were thematically analyzed.ResultsThe review included 421 documents. Most documents were published between 2013 and 2022, with a recent increase. Most studies, originating from high-income countries, focused on home applications and were mainly in the testing and validation stages. Telephones and computers were the predominant devices. Health objectives included monitoring, prevention, and treatment, with interventions utilizing directed communication and personal health monitoring for individuals, and telemedicine and decision support for healthcare providers.ConclusionIncreasing integration of technology in older adults’ lives, along with their increasing proficiency, is driving a significant rise in digital health interventions. Despite this growth, further research in middle- and low-income countries, for caregivers and evaluating effectiveness and feasibility of these technological interventions is needed.

Introduction We tested if tobacco impressions were delivered differentially to prime-time TV watching minors by sex and socioeconomic status. Methods Programs aired during prime-time for three random weeks in 2019 from the 15 highest audience channels in Chile were content-analyzed for the occurrence of tobacco for each one-minute interval of 92639 recorded. Such occurrences were categorized as actual use and whether they violated Chilean smoke-free law or tobacco brand appearances. We estimated the number of persons per hour (p/h) exposed to tobacco impressions for the 4 to 17 years age group by sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Results Minors spent over a billion p/h watching TV during the observation period. Minors were exposed to tobacco explicit use, branding and smoke-free violation impressions for 9.7 million, 1.2 million, and 1.0 million p/h, respectively. The odds ratios (OR) of exposure to total tobacco impressions were always greater among boys with higher SES compared to boys with low SES. However, they were greater among girls of low SES compared to those of high SES for all types of impressions. The OR of exposure to tobacco branding was higher among girls of any SES compared to boys of any SES. Conclusions Minors need protection from tobacco imagery on television, particularly girls of low SES. To that end, new legislation should implement all measures to counter depictions of tobacco in entertainment media, as recommended in the WHO FCTC Article 13 guidelines. This should require strong anti-tobacco advertisements before any TV program portraying tobacco targeting minor audiences, particularly girls of low SES. Given that Chile has one of the highest prevalences in the world of current cigarette smoking among young females, the potential contribution of tobacco impressions on TV to smoking differentials across female socioeconomic groups should be further studied.

Objective: Identify barriers and facilitators in access to medicines for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, considering patient, health provider, and health system perspectives.Methods: Scoping review based on Joanna Briggs methodology. The search considered PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Academic Search Ultimate, Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, and grey literature. Two researchers conducted screening and eligibility phases. Data were thematically analyzed.Results: The review included 219 documents. Diabetes was the most studied condition; most of the evidence comes from patients and the United States. Affordability and availability of medicines were the most reported dimension and specific barrier respectively, both cross-cutting concerns. Among high- and middle-income countries, identified barriers were cost of medicines, accompaniment by professionals, long distances to facilities, and cultural aspects; cost of transportation emerges in low-income settings. Facilitators reported were financial accessibility, trained health workers, medicines closer to communities, and patients’ education.Conclusion: Barriers and facilitators are determined by socioeconomic and cultural conditions, highlighting the role of health systems in regulatory and policy context (assuring financial coverage and free medicines); providers’ role bringing medicines closer; and patients’ health education and disease management.

The continuous development in telecommunication tech­nologies has created opportunities for health professionals to optimise healthcare delivery by adopting digital tools into rehabilitation programs (i.e., telerehabilitation). These tech­nological advances, along with the demographic and social characteristics of each country, have made the implementa­tion of telerehabilitation a disparate process across regions. We have gathered the experience of four countries (Australia, Chile, Brazil, and Colombia) in two different regions (Ocea­nia and South America) to recompile the history pre- and post-Covid-19 outbreak until January of 2021, the barriers to, and facilitators of telerehabilitation, and outline the future challenges for these countries.

Introduction The aim of the study is to assess the national level of compliance with the Chilean smoke-free legislation in the urban public transportation system. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, we studied a national representative sample of 475 vehicles obtained through a two-stage cluster sampling design in 2018. First, 57 municipalities were randomly selected, proportionally to the total number of public transportation vehicles. Second, within each municipality, a convenience sample of up to 4 taxis, 4 buses, and 2 metro coaches was observed. We determined the non-compliance level by systematic direct observation of smoking inside the cabin of the vehicle. We estimated the percentage of the visited vehicles where smoking was observed inside the cabin of the vehicle. Results The observation of metros, buses and taxis was completed in 24, 52, and 48, of the 57 sampled municipalities, respectively. Smoking was observed inside of about 2% of buses and 7% of taxis. Smoking was not observed in metro carriages. Overall, smoking was observed in almost 3% of the vehicles studied. A 3% noncompliance could expose a significant number of persons in public transportation to secondhand smoke, given that every 100 inhabitants results in about 84 rides a day of almost one hour duration. There are few comparable studies to put in an international context our results. In 2018, the year in which we collected the data, WHO considered that compliance with the law in public transportation was maximum. Our compliance estimate was lower, however WHO used a different methodology and its scope also included the inter-urban mobility, which we did not. Conclusions The study highlights the need to improve the enforcement of the smoke-free law in the transportation system in Chile, which presently is almost non-existent.