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Spindle-shaped waves of oscillations emerge in EEG scalp recordings during human and rodent non-REM sleep. The association of these 10-16 Hz oscillations with events during prior wakefulness suggests a role in memory consolidation. Human and rodent depth electrodes in the brain record strong spindles throughout the cortex and hippocampus, with possible origins in the thalamus. However, the source and targets of the spindle oscillations from the hippocampus are unclear. Here, we employed an in vitro reconstruction of four subregions of the hippocampal formation with separate microfluidic tunnels for single axon communication between subregions assembled on top of a microelectrode array. We recorded spontaneous 400-1000 ms long spindle waves at 10-16 Hz in single axons passing between subregions as well as from individual neurons in those subregions. Spindles were nested within slow waves. The highest amplitudes and most frequent occurrence suggest origins in CA3 neurons that send feed-forward axons into CA1 and feedback axons into DG. Spindles had 50-70% slower conduction velocities than spikes and were not phase-locked to spikes suggesting that spindle mechanisms are independent of action potentials. Therefore, consolidation of declarative-cognitive memories in the hippocampus may be separate from the more easily accessible consolidation of memories related to thalamic motor function.

• Amplitude and synchrony of 40-Hz ASSR was decreased by sound pressure change. • Decrease of amplitude and synchrony depended on magnitude of sound pressure change. • Transient 40-Hz ASSR desynchronization might be an index of change detection. A periodic sound with a fixed inter-stimulus interval elicits an auditory steady-state response (ASSR). An abrupt change in a continuous sound is known to affect the brain's ongoing neural oscillatory activity, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully clarified. We investigated whether and how an abrupt change in sound intensity affects the ASSR. The control stimulus was a train of 1-ms clicks with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 70 dB at 40 Hz for 1000 ms. In addition to the control stimulus, we applied six stimuli with changes consisting of a 500-ms train at 70 dB followed by a 500-ms similar train with louder clicks of 75, 80, or 85 dB or weaker clicks of 55, 60, or 65 dB. We obtained the magnetoencephalographic responses from 15 healthy subjects while presenting the seven stimuli randomly. The two-dipole model obtained for the 40-Hz ASSR in the control condition was applied to all of the stimulus conditions for each subject, and then the time–frequency analysis was conducted. We observed that both the amplitude and the inter-trial phase coherence of the 40-Hz ASSR transiently decreased and returned to the steady state after the change onset, i.e., the desynchronization of 40-Hz ASSR. The degree of desynchronization depended on the magnitude of the change regardless of whether the sound intensity increased or decreased, which might be a novel neurophysiological index of cerebral response driven by a change in the sensory environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the oscillatory behavior of solutions of second‐order linear differential equations with impulses. These equations can be categorized into two types: canonical and non‐canonical. This study examines the canonical and non‐canonical impulsive differential equations in connection with the famous Leighton‐type oscillation theorem. The well‐known theorem states that every solution of (r(t)x′)′+p(t)x=0,t≥t0,$$ {\left(r(t){x}^{\prime}\right)}^{\prime }+p(t)x=0,\kern0.30em t\ge {t}_0, $$ where r$$ r $$ and p$$ p $$ are continuous with r(t)>0$$ r(t)>0 $$, is oscillatory if ∫t0∞dtr(t)=∞(canonical case),(*)$$ \kern3.4cm \int_{t_0}^{\infty}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{r(t)}=\infty \kern0.30em \left(\mathrm{canonical}\ \mathrm{case}\right),\kern3.4cm \left(\ast \right) $$ and ∫t0∞p(t)dt=∞.(**)$$ \kern4.6cm \int_{t_0}^{\infty }p(t)\kern0.1em \mathrm{d}t=\infty .\kern4.3cm \left(\ast \ast \right) $$ This pioneering work of Leighton has received considerable attention since its inception, and hence, it has been extended to various types of equations, including delay differential equations, dynamic equations, and impulsive differential equations. There are also studies generalizing the Leighton oscillation theorem when the condition (∗)$$ \left(\ast \right) $$ fails, that is, when the equation is of non‐canonical type. Our work focuses on refining the Leighton oscillation theorem to treat the canonical and non‐canonical cases. By doing so, we correct, supplement, and enhance the current literature on the oscillation theory of differential equations with impulses. Examples are also given to illustrate the significance of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation and organization of complex blood vessel networks rely on various biophysical forces, yet the mechanisms governing endothelial cell-cell interactions under different mechanical inputs are not well understood. Using the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV) in zebrafish as a model, we studied the roles of multiple biophysical inputs and cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM)-related genes in angiogenesis. Our research identifies heg1 and krit1 (ccm1) as crucial for the formation of endothelial cell-cell interfaces during anastomosis. In mutants of these genes, cell-cell interfaces are entangled with fragmented apical domains. A Heg1 live reporter demonstrated that Heg1 is dynamically involved in the oscillatory constrictions along cell-cell junctions, whilst a Myosin live reporter indicated that heg1 and krit1 mutants lack actomyosin contractility along these junctions. In wild-type embryos, the oscillatory contractile forces at junctions refine endothelial cell-cell interactions by straightening junctions and eliminating excessive cell-cell interfaces. Conversely, in the absence of junctional contractility, the cell-cell interfaces become entangled and prone to collapse in both mutants, preventing the formation of a continuous luminal space. By restoring junctional contractility via optogenetic activation of RhoA, contorted junctions are straightened and disentangled. Additionally, haemodynamic forces complement actomyosin contractile forces in resolving entangled cell-cell interfaces in both wild-type and mutant embryos. Overall, our study reveals that oscillatory contractile forces governed by Heg1 and Krit1 are essential for maintaining proper endothelial cell-cell interfaces and thus for the formation of a continuous luminal space, which is essential to generate a functional vasculature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors present new oscillation criteria for the noncanonical second-order delay differential equation with mixed nonlinearities (a (t) x ′ (t)) ′ + ∑ j = 1 n q j (t) x α j (σ j (t)) = 0 using an arithmetic–geometric mean inequality. We establish our results first by transforming the studied equation into canonical form and then applying a comparison technique and integral averaging method to get new oscillation criteria. Examples are provided to illustrate the importance and novelty of their main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The oscillation and asymptotic behavior of solutions of a general class of damped second-order differential equations with several sub-linear neutral terms is considered. New sufficient conditions are established to fulfill a part of the gap in the oscillation theory for the case of sub-linear neutral equations. Our main results improve and generalize some of those recently published in the literature. Several examples are given to support our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a magnetic fluid (Fe3O4/water) moving through a square tube in a steady-state and fluctuating electromagnetic field was investigated experimentally. The relevant parameter effects are considered, including rotating direction, flux, frequency, and frequency on the heat removal ability and flow resistance. The electromagnetic field induces the particles to move to the square tube wall, greatly influencing the boundary layer disturbance. A greater electromagnetic flux and rotating direction enhance nanoparticle turbulence intensity and local thermal conductivity. Compared to when it is fixed, the Nu of an electromagnetic field oscillating at 1.25 hz, 2.3 µT, is 9.16% more. Additionally, compared to the other modes, the Nu is greater by 3.41% when the mixed mode of the electromagnetic field rotates at 1.25 hz and 0.5 µT. The heat-removal capacity may be significantly increased by increasing the electromagnetic flux and frequency, which raises the Nu. The f is also further increased by the disruption of electromagnetic flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing penetration of power electronics, such as grid-connected inverters and active loads may cause power quality issues, which reduce the sensitivity of monitoring and control systems due to measurement noises. This article presents an optimal singular value decomposition (SVD) filtering method for grid-connected inverters to improve sampling accuracy against measurement noises. First, the principle of this proposed method is based on the Hankel matrix theory, and then the implementation process is explained, during which the relationship between the Hankel matrix dimension and noise reduction is discussed. Furthermore, the optimal singular value is analyzed and proposed to determine the reconstruction order. Then, the comparative analysis of the proposed optimal SVD filtering method and difference spectrum method is given to explain the optimal reconstruction order. Finally, simulation verifications are implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed filtering method, considering the Hankel matrix dimension, reconstruction order, and different signal–noise ratio (SNR). The verification results show that the proposed optimal SVD filtering method can accurately identify the sampling current of grid-connected inverters, even if severe harmonic noises and oscillation happen. The proposed method can reduce the effects of harmonic disturbance on measurement accuracy and control performance of grid-connected inverters, which can improve the robustness of grid-connected inverters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is designed to study oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and determine the neutrino mass ordering. This paper focuses on an initial configuration of ORCA, referred to as ORCA6, which comprises six out of the foreseen 115 detection units of photo-sensors. A high-purity neutrino sample was extracted, corresponding to an exposure of 433 kton-years. The sample of 5828 neutrino candidates is analysed following a binned log-likelihood method in the reconstructed energy and cosine of the zenith angle. The atmospheric oscillation parameters are measured to be sin 2 θ 23 = 0.51 − 0.05 + 0.04 , and Δ m 31 2 = 2.18 − 0.35 + 0.25 × 10 − 3 eV 2 ∪ − 2.25 − 1.76 × 10 − 3 eV2 at 68% CL. The inverted neutrino mass ordering hypothesis is disfavoured with a p-value of 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using the properties of the conformable fractional difference and fractional sum, we initially establish some oscillatory and asymptotic criteria for a fifth-order fractional difference equation. Several critical inequalities, the Riccati transformation technique, and the integral technique are used in the deduction process. We provide some example to test the results. The established criteria are new results in the study of oscillation, and can be extended to other types of high-order fractional difference equations as well as fractional differential equations with more complicated forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address the study of the oscillatory properties of the solutions of a class of third-order delay differential equations. The primary objective of this study is to provide new relationships that can be employed to obtain criteria for excluding increasing positive solutions and decreasing positive solutions so that the resulting criteria are easier to apply than other criteria that have appeared in the literature. We have obtained new oscillation criteria that hold up more robustly upon application. Some examples are presented to illustrate the significance of our main findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the oscillatory properties of the third-order semi-canonical nonlinear delay differential equation. By using the new canonical transform method, we transformed the studied equation into a canonical-type equation, which simplified the examination of the studied equation. The obtained oscillation results are new and complement the existing results mentioned in the literature. Examples are provided to illustrate the importance and novelty of the main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is concerned with necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillation of all solutions of 2-dim first order neutral delay difference system with constant coefficient of the form: Δ x (n) - p x (n - m) y (n) - p y (n - m) = a b c d x (n - α) y (n - β) , n ≥ n 0 by constructing several suitable characteristic equations. Also, an effort has been made to apply some results to nonlinear neutral systems aheading linearized oscillation theory. Some examples are in the discussion to illustrate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smooth muscle organs of the lower urinary tract comprise the bladder detrusor and urethral wall, which have a reciprocal contractile relationship during urine storage and micturition. As the bladder fills with urine, detrusor smooth muscle cells (DSMCs) remain relaxed to accommodate increases in intravesical pressure while urethral smooth muscle cells (USMCs) sustain tone to occlude the urethral orifice, preventing leakage. While neither organ displays coordinated regular contractions as occurs in small intestine, lymphatics or renal pelvis, they do exhibit patterns of rhythmicity at cellular and tissue levels. In rabbit and guinea‐pig urethra, electrical slow waves are recorded from USMCs. This activity is linked to cells expressing vimentin, c‐kit and Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels, like interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. In mouse, USMCs are rhythmically active (firing propagating Ca2+ waves linked to contraction), and this cellular rhythmicity is asynchronous across tissues and summates to form tone. Experiments in mice have failed to demonstrate a voltage‐dependent mechanism for regulating this rhythmicity or contractions in vitro, suggesting that urethral tone results from an intrinsic ability of USMCs to ‘pace’ their own Ca2+ mobilization pathways required for contraction. DSMCs exhibit spontaneous transient contractions, increases in intracellular Ca2+ and action potentials. Consistent across numerous species, including humans, this activity relies on voltage‐dependent Ca2+ influx in DSMCs. While interstitial cells are present in the bladder, they do not ‘pace’ the organ in an excitatory manner. Instead, specialized cells (PDGFRα+ interstitial cells) may ‘negatively pace’ DSMCs to prevent bladder overexcitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a collection of articles on the roles of temporal precision, synchronization, and neural oscillations in brain function. The articles discuss innovative methodologies for analyzing brain oscillations and their importance in understanding neural circuit dynamics and brain functions. They also highlight the relevance of neural oscillations in speech and music processing, as well as in neurodevelopmental disorders like dyslexia and stuttering. The articles offer valuable perspectives for both research and clinical applications. [Extracted from the article]

The circadian rhythms are ubiquitous and confer an adaptive advantage to an individual/population by synchronising its daily activity to its surroundings. Circadian rhythms are controlled by self-sustained oscillator and they continue to oscillate in constant condition. Locomotor activity is one such robust self sustained oscillation. It is essential/crucial for an organism's survival such as feeding, mate choice, escape from the predator, etc. The present investigations were made to understand the effect of Mucuna pruriens and Glycyrrhiza glabra on locomotor behaviour of the Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon K strain) and vestigial wing mutant flies. Locomotor activity rhythms were assayed in D. melanogaster and vestigial wing mutant flies using Drosophila activity monitor and the amount of activity was measured. The results revealed that the Mucuna pruriens and Glycyrrhiza glabra treated flies showed increased activity when compared to control flies, between treated groups, higher concentration treated flies showed maximum activity than lower concentration treated flies. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference in the locomotor activity among control and treated groups of D. melanogaster and vestigial wing mutant of Mucuna pruriens seed and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The AA profile of MP affects mammary gland metabolism and milk N efficiency of dairy cattle. Further, the frequency of dietary protein supplementation may influence N partitioning leading to reduced N excretion. This study investigated the effect of source and frequency of rumen-protected (RP) protein supplementation on apparent total-tract digestibility, milk production, mammary gland AA metabolism, and N balance of dairy cattle. Twenty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows (2.3 ± 0.9 lactations; 93 ± 27 DIM; mean ± SD) were used in a randomized complete block design and fed a basal TMR consisting of 41% corn silage, 32% grass silage, and 27% concentrate (DM basis) and formulated to meet 100% and 95% of net energy and MP requirements, respectively. Cows were adapted to the basal TMR in a freestall barn for 7 d, moved to individual tiestalls for 13 d of adaptation to dietary treatments, and then moved into climate respiration chambers for a 4-d measurement period. Treatments consisted of the basal TMR (CON; 159 g CP/kg DM) or the basal TMR including 1 of 3 iso-MP supplements: (1) 315-g mixture of RP soybean meal and RP rapeseed meal fed daily (ST-RPSR), (2) 384-g mixture of RP His, RP Lys, and RP Met fed daily (ST-RPAA), and (3) 768-g mixture of RP His, RP Lys, and RP Met fed every other day (OS-RPAA). The basal TMR with the addition of treatment supplements was designed to deliver 100% of required MP over a 48-h period. The mixture of His, Lys, and Met was formulated to deliver digestible AA in amounts relative to their concentration in casein. Compared with ST-RPSR, ST-RPAA increased milk protein and fat concentration, increased the arterial concentration of total His, Lys, and Met (HLM), decreased mammary clearance of HLM, and increased clearance of Phe, Leu, and Tyr (tendency for Leu and Tyr). Rumen-protected protein source did not affect N balance, but the marginal use efficiency (efficiency of transfer of RP protein supplement into milk protein) of ST-RPAA (67%) was higher than that of ST-RPSR (17%). Milk protein concentration decreased with OS-RPAA compared with ST-RPAA. Arterial concentration of HLM increased on the nonsupplemented day compared with the supplemented day with OS-RPAA, and there was no difference in arterial HLM concentration across days with ST-RPAA. Mammary uptake of HLM tended to increase on the nonsupplemented day compared with the supplemented day with OS-RPAA. Supplementation frequency of RP AA did not affect N balance or overall milk N efficiency, but the marginal use efficiency of OS-RPAA (49%) was lower compared with ST-RPAA. Overall, mammary glands responded to an increased supply of His, Lys, and Met by reducing efflux of other EAA when RP His, RP Lys, and RP Met were supplemented compared with RP plant proteins. Mammary glands increased sequestration of EAA (primarily HLM) on the nonsupplemented day with OS-RPAA, but supplementing RP AA according to a 24-h oscillating pattern did not increase N efficiency over static supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce new effective technique for investigation of oscillation for second-order differential equation with mixed argument (E) y"(t) = p(t)y(τ (t)). Our criteria improves the existing ones and the progress is illustrated via several examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly investigates the oscillatory behaviors in a class of discontinuous equations with a variable delay. Under the restrictions of boundedness and monotonicity on the time-delay function, the type and distribution of zero points of the solution are firstly determined. And then, the non-existence of oscillatory solutions with infinite frequency is proven for the systems with two classes of discontinuous vector fields. In detail, by applying the inequality techniques on a backward shift operator, an exact lower bound of the time is provided to ensure the vanishing of infinite frequency oscillations after this time. The obtained results improve some previous works in the cases of the constant delay and constant vector fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms relating to growth and/or compositional modification of zircon occur at the atomic scale. For felsic igneous systems, processes responsible for growth patterns in zircon have previously remained elusive as the volume of material needed to analyze these compositional features using traditional in-situ methods is considerably larger than the typical sub-micron scale distribution of trace elements. To illuminate some of these driving forces, we characterize and quantify minor and trace element concentrations in igneous zircon grains by combining methods of cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, electron microprobe microanalysis (EMPA) elemental maps for Hf, Y, Yb and U or Th, and atom probe tomography (APT). We focus on igneous zircon from the Chon Aike Silicic Large Igneous Province (Patagonia) that provide novel insights into (1) dissolution and re-crystallization during crustal anatexis, (2) crystallization to produce oscillatory zonation patterns that are typical of igneous zircons, and (3) the incorporation of trace element impurities (e.g., P, Be, and Al) at the nanoscale. Significantly, these APT volumes provide nanoscale sampling of boundaries between oscillatory growth zones in an igneous zircon to reveal compositional zoning of Y and, to a lesser extent P, which appear as high-angle, planar features. These concentration boundaries measured on the order of 10 to 12 nm are difficult to reconcile with proposed mechanisms for generating fine-scaled oscillations. Lastly, we fit diffusional profiles to measured Y concentrations to provide an estimate on the maximum timescales of zircon growth prior to eruption, as a function of the temperature at which diffusion occurred. When combined with known pressure-temperature-time paths for the magmatic system considered, these extremely short diffusion profiles that are resolvable by APT provide a powerful method to constrain timescales of crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of neutral dynamic equations on timescales was based to unify the study of differential and difference equations. The article described several oscillating criteria that will be developed for fourth-order-neutral dynamic equations in the presence of various types of arguments on timescales. The goal was to establish all necessary conditions for the solutions of these models to be oscillatory. To construct observation values, ideas from [Y. Sui and Z. Han, Oscillation of second order neutral dynamic equations with deviating arguments on time scales, Adv. Differ. Equ., 10 (2018)] were used. The research seeked to provide sufficient criteria that ensured the oscillation of solutions to these complex dynamic equations using a technique Riccati transformations generalized, emphasizing their importance in the study of oscillatory processes within various scientific and engineering contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to studying the distribution of zeros of a first-order neutral differential equation with several delays [y(t)+a(t)y(t-σ)]'+nΣj=1bj(t)y(t-μj)=0 New estimations for the upper bounds of the distance between successive zeros are obtained. The properties of a positive solution of a first-order differential inequality with several delays in a closed interval are studied, and many results are established. We apply these results to a first-order neutral differential equation with several delays and also to a first-order differential equation with several delays. Our results for the differential equation with several delays not only provide new estimations but also improve many previous ones. Also, the results are formulated in a general way such that they can be applied to any functional differential equation for which studying the distance between zeros is equivalent to studying this property for a first-order differential inequality with several delays. Further, new estimations of the upper bounds for certain equations are given. Finally, a comparison with all previous results is shown at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To develop a system for the rapid detection of Acinetobacter baumannii 173-p1 antibiotic resistance (to ensure reliable fixation of bacteria on a cantilever without losing their nanomotion, to show that nanomotion is due to bacterial metabolism, to compare the nanomotion of bacteria in suspension form and inside of the biofilms), to study the sensitivity/resistance of A. baumannii 173-p1 to antibiotics (lincomycin, ceftriaxone and doxycycline) using the oscillation method of atomic force microscopy and to evaluate the sensitivity and speed of the method in comparison with the classical disk diffusion method. Methods: The oscillation mode of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and the classical disk diffusion method were used for a complex parallel study of A. baumannii 173-p1 antibiotic resistance, which included testing of fixing agents (poly-L-lysine, rosin and fibronectin), comparison of bacterial metabolism in a set of media (normal saline solution, meat-peptone broth and lysogeny broth) and assessment of antibiotic sensitivity/resistance per se. Results: A method for express testing of Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotic resistance using AFM was developed; it is shown that bacterial nanomotion directly correlates with bacteria metabolic activity and that bacterial nanomotion is more easily detected in suspension form, rather than in biofilms. Conclusion: The express testing method gave results that are completely comparable with the classical disk diffusion test and with the results of morphology studies by the SEM method, but it significantly exceeded them in speed, allowing a conclusion to be made on the sensitivity/resistance of bacteria less than an hour after the start of the diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is designed to study oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and determine the neutrino mass ordering. This paper focuses on an initial configuration of ORCA, referred to as ORCA6, which comprises six out of the foreseen 115 detection units of photo-sensors. A high-purity neutrino sample was extracted, corresponding to an exposure of 433 kton-years. The sample of 5828 neutrino candidates is analysed following a binned log-likelihood method in the reconstructed energy and cosine of the zenith angle. The atmospheric oscillation parameters are measured to be sin 2 θ 23 = 0.51 − 0.05 + 0.04 $$ {\sin}^2{\theta}_{23}={0.51}_{-0.05}^{+0.04} $$ , and Δ m 31 2 = 2.18 − 0.35 + 0.25 × 10 − 3 eV 2 ∪ − 2.25 − 1.76 × 10 − 3 $$ \Delta {m}_{31}^2={2.18}_{-0.35}^{+0.25}\times {10}^{-3}{\textrm{eV}}^2\cup \left\{-2.25,-1.76\right\}\times {10}^{-3} $$ eV2 at 68% CL. The inverted neutrino mass ordering hypothesis is disfavoured with a p-value of 0.25.

Abstract This study provides an analysis of atmospheric neutrino oscillations at the ESSnuSB far detector facility. The prospects of the two cylindrical Water Cherenkov detectors with a total fiducial mass of 540 kt are investigated over 10 years of data taking in the standard three-flavor oscillation scenario. We present the confidence intervals for the determination of mass ordering, θ 23 octant as well as for the precisions on sin2 θ 23 and Δ m 31 2 $$ \left|\Delta {m}_{31}^2\right| $$ . It is shown that mass ordering can be resolved by 3σ CL (5σ CL) after 4 years (10 years) regardless of the true neutrino mass ordering. Correspondingly, the wrong θ 23 octant could be excluded by 3σ CL after 4 years (8 years) in the case where the true neutrino mass ordering is normal ordering (inverted ordering). The results presented in this work are complementary to the accelerator neutrino program in the ESSnuSB project.

Abstract High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) at frequencies of approximately 15 Hz is associated with optimal CO2 excretion. Higher frequencies using a nitrogen–oxygen gas mixture worsen CO2 excretion. An in vitro experiment using HFOV and a helium–oxygen gas mixture showed a significant increase in CO2 transport, which increased with increases in ventilation frequency. We hypothesised that in HFOV, the change in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) would be greater at frequencies above 15 Hz when combined with helium–oxygen gas mixture administration. We tested this hypothesis in a hypoventilated healthy rabbit model by administering a helium–oxygen gas mixture at 15, 25, 35, and 45 Hz frequencies. One-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant decrease in PaCO2 among the four ventilation frequency groups. Post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between 15 and 35 Hz frequencies and between 15 and 45 Hz frequencies. The mean (standard error) decrease of PaCO2 was 10.8 (2.2), 14.1 (2.3), 21.3 (3.3), and 23.1 (2.5) mmHg at 15, 25, 35, and 45 Hz, respectively. Combination therapy of helium–oxygen gas mixture and high-frequency oscillation using ultra/very high frequencies (35–45 Hz) was associated with a greater PaCO2 decrease than that using the standard frequency (15 Hz).

In this work, the dependence of the oscillation of the combined density of states on a strong magnetic field in heterostructures based on a rectangular quantum well is studied. The effect of a quantizing magnetic field on the temperature dependence of the combined density of states in nanoscale straight-band heterostructures is investigated. A new mathematical model has been developed for calculating the temperature dependence of the two-dimensional combined density of quantum well states in quantizing magnetic fields. The proposed model explains the experimental results in nanoscale straight-band semiconductors with a parabolic dispersion law.

ABSTRACT: The AA profile of MP affects mammary gland metabolism and milk N efficiency of dairy cattle. Further, the frequency of dietary protein supplementation may influence N partitioning leading to reduced N excretion. This study investigated the effect of source and frequency of rumen-protected (RP) protein supplementation on apparent total-tract digestibility, milk production, mammary gland AA metabolism, and N balance of dairy cattle. Twenty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows (2.3 ± 0.9 lactations; 93 ± 27 DIM; mean ± SD) were used in a randomized complete block design and fed a basal TMR consisting of 41% corn silage, 32% grass silage, and 27% concentrate (DM basis) and formulated to meet 100% and 95% of net energy and MP requirements, respectively. Cows were adapted to the basal TMR in a freestall barn for 7 d, moved to individual tiestalls for 13 d of adaptation to dietary treatments, and then moved into climate respiration chambers for a 4-d measurement period. Treatments consisted of the basal TMR (CON; 159 g CP/kg DM) or the basal TMR including 1 of 3 iso-MP supplements: (1) 315-g mixture of RP soybean meal and RP rapeseed meal fed daily (ST-RPSR), (2) 384-g mixture of RP His, RP Lys, and RP Met fed daily (ST-RPAA), and (3) 768-g mixture of RP His, RP Lys, and RP Met fed every other day (OS-RPAA). The basal TMR with the addition of treatment supplements was designed to deliver 100% of required MP over a 48-h period. The mixture of His, Lys, and Met was formulated to deliver digestible AA in amounts relative to their concentration in casein. Compared with ST-RPSR, ST-RPAA increased milk protein and fat concentration, increased the arterial concentration of total His, Lys, and Met (HLM), decreased mammary clearance of HLM, and increased clearance of Phe, Leu, and Tyr (tendency for Leu and Tyr). Rumen-protected protein source did not affect N balance, but the marginal use efficiency (efficiency of transfer of RP protein supplement into milk protein) of ST-RPAA (67%) was higher than that of ST-RPSR (17%). Milk protein concentration decreased with OS-RPAA compared with ST-RPAA. Arterial concentration of HLM increased on the nonsupplemented day compared with the supplemented day with OS-RPAA, and there was no difference in arterial HLM concentration across days with ST-RPAA. Mammary uptake of HLM tended to increase on the nonsupplemented day compared with the supplemented day with OS-RPAA. Supplementation frequency of RP AA did not affect N balance or overall milk N efficiency, but the marginal use efficiency of OS-RPAA (49%) was lower compared with ST-RPAA. Overall, mammary glands responded to an increased supply of His, Lys, and Met by reducing efflux of other EAA when RP His, RP Lys, and RP Met were supplemented compared with RP plant proteins. Mammary glands increased sequestration of EAA (primarily HLM) on the nonsupplemented day with OS-RPAA, but supplementing RP AA according to a 24-h oscillating pattern did not increase N efficiency over static supplementation.

Establishing microbial cell factories has become a sustainable and increasingly promising approach for the synthesis of valuable chemicals. However, introducing heterologous pathways into these cell factories can disrupt the endogenous cellular metabolism, leading to suboptimal production performance. To address this challenge, dynamic pathway regulation has been developed and proven effective in improving microbial biosynthesis. In this review, we summarized typical dynamic regulation strategies based on their control logic. The applicable scenarios for each control logic were highlighted and perspectives for future research direction in this area were discussed.

This paper studies the oscillatory and asymptotic behavior of solutions to the third-order neutral delay difference equation Δ (μ(ν)Δ²α(ν)]a + b(ν)βa(ν -- τ) = 0, where α(ν) = β(ν) + ϱβ(ν -- σ), using linearization method and then comparing with the second-order delay difference equations whose oscillatory properties are known. The obtained criteria are new, improve and extend some of the known results. This is verified by means of two specific examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate scalar impulsive differential equations with piecewise constant generalized mixed arguments, abbreviated as the IDEPCAG of mixed type. These equations have general step functions as arguments. We propose criteria for the existence of oscillatory and non-oscillatory solutions, and obtain sufficient conditions for the stability of the zero solution. Our results are novel, and extend and improve upon previous publications. Additionally, we provide several numerical examples and simulations to demonstrate the feasibility of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of neutral dynamic equations on timescales was based to unify the study of differential and difference equations. The article described several oscillating criteria that will be developed for fourth-order-neutral dynamic equations in the presence of various types of arguments on timescales. The goal was to establish all necessary conditions for the solutions of these models to be oscillatory. To construct observation values, ideas from [Y. Sui and Z. Han, Oscillation of second order neutral dynamic equations with deviating arguments on time scales, Adv. Differ. Equ., 10 (2018)] were used. The research seeked to provide sufficient criteria that ensured the oscillation of solutions to these complex dynamic equations using a technique Riccati transformations generalized, emphasizing their importance in the study of oscillatory processes within various scientific and engineering contexts.

This work is devoted to studying the distribution of zeros of a first-order neutral differential equation with several delays$ \begin{equation*} \left[y(t)+a(t)y\left(t-\sigma\right)\right]'+ \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n b_j(t)y\left(t-\mu_j\right) = 0, \quad \quad \quad t \geq t_0. \end{equation*} $New estimations for the upper bounds of the distance between successive zeros are obtained. The properties of a positive solution of a first-order differential inequality with several delays in a closed interval are studied, and many results are established. We apply these results to a first-order neutral differential equation with several delays and also to a first-order differential equation with several delays. Our results for the differential equation with several delays not only provide new estimations but also improve many previous ones. Also, the results are formulated in a general way such that they can be applied to any functional differential equation for which studying the distance between zeros is equivalent to studying this property for a first-order differential inequality with several delays. Further, new estimations of the upper bounds for certain equations are given. Finally, a comparison with all previous results is shown at the end of this paper.

Abstract Neutrino oscillation experiments provide a unique window in exploring several new physics scenarios beyond the standard three flavour. One such scenario is quantum decoherence in neutrino oscillation which tends to destroy the interference pattern of neutrinos reaching the far detector from the source. In this work, we study the decoherence in neutrino oscillation in the context of the ESSnuSB experiment. We consider the energy-independent decoherence parameter and derive the analytical expressions for P μe and P μμ probabilities in vacuum. We have computed the capability of ESSnuSB to put bounds on the decoherence parameters namely, Γ21 and Γ32 and found that the constraints on Γ21 are competitive compared to the DUNE bounds and better than the most stringent LBL ones from MINOS/MINOS+. We have also investigated the impact of decoherence on the ESSnuSB measurement of the Dirac CP phase δ CP and concluded that it remains robust in the presence of new physics.

Using comparison principles, we examine the asymptotic characteristics of a third-order nonlinear damped neutral differential equation. Our results substantially generalize numerous previously established results as well as drastically improving them. To illustrate the relevance and effectiveness of our results, we use numerical examples.

This paper employed the well-known Riccati transformation method to deduce a Kneser-type oscillation criterion for second-order dynamic equations. These results are considered an extension and improvement of the known Kneser results for second-order differential equations and are new for other time scales. We have included examples to highlight the significance of the results we achieved.

Ongoing neural oscillations reflect cycles of excitation and inhibition in local neural populations, with individual neurons being more or less likely to fire depending upon the oscillatory phase. As a result, the oscillations could determine whether or not a sound is perceived and/or whether its neural representation enters into later processing stages. While empirical support for this idea has come from sound detection studies, large gaps in knowledge still exist regarding memory for sound events. In the current study, it was investigated how sensory entrainment impacts the fidelity of working memory representations for pitch. In two separate experiments, an 8 Hz amplitude modulated (AM) entraining stimulus was presented prior to a multitone complex having an f0 between 270 and 715 Hz. This "target" sound could be presented at phases from 0 to 2π radians in relation to the previous AM. After a retention interval of 4 s (Experiment 1; n = 26) or 2 s (Experiment 2; n = 28), listeners were tasked to reproduce the target sound's pitch by moving their finger along the horizontal axis of a response pad. It was hypothesized that if entrainment modulates auditory working memory fidelity, reproductions of a target's pitch would be more accurate and precise when targets were presented in phase with the entrainment. Cosine fits of the average data for both experiments showed a significant entrainment "echo" in the accuracy of pitch matches. There was no apparent echo in the matching precision. Fitting of the individual data accuracy showed that the optimal phase was consistent across individuals, aligning near the next AM peak had the AM continued. The results show that sensory entrainment modulates auditory working memory in addition to stimulus detection, consistent with the proposal that ongoing neural oscillatory activity modulates higher-order auditory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the oscillation and asymptotic behaviour of even order nonlinear differential equations with mixed nonlinear neutral terms. The findings are obtained via utilising an integral criterion as well as a comparison theorem with the oscillatory properties of a first order advanced and/or delay differential equation. We provide novel oscillation criteria that improve, extend, and simplify previously published ones. The results are illustrated by two examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on studying certain oscillatory properties of a new class of half-linear second-order differential equations with an advanced argument in a non-canonical case. By employing some new relations between the solution and its higher derivatives and taking into account the symmetry of positive and negative solutions, we have introduced new criteria to test whether all solutions of the studied equation exhibit oscillatory behavior. Our study aims to expand and enhance previous results, helping to understand these properties in the specified context. The results obtained are confirmed and clarified through an example involving Euler-type equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bearing life calculation is a well-researched and standardized topic for rotating operation conditions. However, there is still no validated and standardized calculation for oscillating operation, only different calculation approaches. Due to the increasing number of oscillating rolling bearings, for example, in wind turbines, industrial robots, or 3D printers, it is becoming more and more important to validate one of these approaches or to formulate a new one. In order to achieve this goal, the damage mechanisms for oscillating operating conditions must first be analyzed in more detail by means of experimental investigations. The open question is whether fatigue is the relevant damage mechanism or whether wear damage, such as fretting corrosion or false brinelling, dominates. The present work therefore shows under which oscillation angle and frequency fatigue occur in oil-lubricated cylindrical roller bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time(T)- and time-space(TS)-fractional higher-order Schrödinger(FHNLS) equations are studied, which can describe the dispersion and nonlinearity of optical pulse propagating in nonuniform fiber systems. The generalized fractional wave transformation is appropriately used to convert the T- and TS-FHNLS equations into some ordinary differential equations, and the real and imaginary parts are separated respectively. A few of new exact analytical solutions of the fractional parameters α and β are obtained with the homogeneous balance method, including time-fractional and time-space fractional bright and dark solutions, and some fractional order effects on soliton solutions are considered. Some dynamic behaviors of the hyperbolic soliton solutions of the fractional-typed sech and tanh are obtained, and some novel forms of the dark solitary wave and bright solitary wave are presented with the parameters α and β . And some novel toroidal, spherical bright and dark solitons are derived by the toroidal and spherical coordinate transformations. Further, four kinds of time-space fractional non-autonomous soliton solutions of the higher-order Gross–Pitaevskii(GP) model are derived, we find that the value of α decreases, the numbers of oscillations or singularities increase for small time values and decrease for large time values. These results are significantly different from the classical higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger and GP equations, which can help us to understand the solitary wave transmission pattern and apply to the physical manipulation. These results will provide some theoretical basis for the study of spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomena and related physical experiments in the fractional media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs exhibit superior performance compared to traditional silicon (Si) MOSFETs, characterized by faster switching speeds, lower on-resistance, higher breakdown voltage, and greater operational temperature tolerance. These attributes make SiC MOSFETs highly suitable for applications in electric vehicles, charging stations, and mobile devices. However, their rapid switching speed can intensify current and voltage overshoot and oscillations during device switching, leading to increased device losses or potential damage. To address this issue, this paper proposes a current-type active gate drive (AGD) circuit. The circuit first detects the rate of change in the drain current and drain-source voltage. Subsequently, it employs an analog amplifier circuit and adjustable drive resistors to decelerate the rate of change in the drain-source voltage and drain current. As a result, overshoot and oscillation in the drain-source voltage and drain current are mitigated. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AGD circuit can reduce drain current overshoot by 60%, drain-source voltage overshoot by 15.38%, and waveform oscillations. Additionally, the AGD circuit decreases conduction and turn-off losses by 24% and effectively mitigates electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues within the frequency range of 0.1 to 3 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using comparison principles, we examine the asymptotic characteristics of a thirdorder nonlinear damped neutral differential equation. Our results substantially generalize numerous previously established results as well as drastically improving them. To illustrate the relevance and effectiveness of our results, we use numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical solution of initial value problem for the fractional oscillation equation with two Caputo fractional derivatives x′′(t)+aDtαx(t)+cx′(t)+bDtβx(t)+kx(t)=q(t)$$ {x}&#x0005E;{\prime \prime }(t)&#x0002B;a{D}_t&#x0005E;{\alpha }x(t)&#x0002B;c{x}&#x0005E;{\prime }(t)&#x0002B;b{D}_t&#x0005E;{\beta }x(t)&#x0002B; kx(t)&#x0003D;q(t) $$, where the coefficients and orders satisfy a,b,c,k>0,1<α≤2$$ a,b,c,k>0,1<\alpha \le 2 $$ and 0<β≤1$$ 0<\beta \le 1 $$, is investigated by using the Laplace transform and complex inverse integral method on the principal Riemann surface. It is proved by using the argument principle that the characteristic equation has a pair of conjugated simple complex roots with a negative real part on the principal Riemann surface under the assumption that α$$ \alpha $$ and β$$ \beta $$ are not both integers. Then three fundamental solutions, the unit impulse response, the unit initial displacement response, and the unit initial rate response, are derived analytically. Each of these solutions is expressed into a superposition of a classical damped oscillation decaying exponentially and a real Laplace integration decaying in a negative power law. Finally, the asymptotic behaviors of these analytical solutions for sufficiently large t$$ t $$ are determined as monotonous decays in a power of negative exponent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basolateral amygdala plays pivotal roles in the regulation of fear and anxiety and these processes are profoundly modulated by different neuromodulatory systems that are recruited during emotional arousal. Recent studies suggest activities of BLA interneurons and inhibitory synaptic transmission in BLA principal cells are regulated by neuromodulators to influence the output and oscillatory network states of the BLA, and ultimately the behavioral expression of fear and anxiety. In this review, we first summarize a cellular mechanism of stress-induced anxiogenesis mediated by the interaction of glucocorticoid and endocannabinoid signaling at inhibitory synapses in the BLA. Then we discuss cell type-specific activity patterns induced by neuromodulators converging on the Gq signaling pathway in BLA perisomatic parvalbumin-expressing (PV) and cholecystokinin-expressing (CCK) basket cells and their effects on BLA network oscillations and fear learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the dependence of the oscillation of the combined density of states on a strong magnetic field in heterostructures based on a rectangular quantum well is studied. The effect of a quantizing magnetic field on the temperature dependence of the combined density of states in nanoscale straight-band heterostructures is investigated. A new mathematical model has been developed for calculating the temperature dependence of the two-dimensional combined density of quantum well states in quantizing magnetic fields. The proposed model explains the experimental results in nanoscale straight-band semiconductors with a parabolic dispersion law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of chaos in the climate system has been dismissed as high dimensional turbulence and noise, with minimal impact on long-term climate change. However theory and experiment show that chaotic systems can be reduced or "controlled" from high to low dimensionality by periodic forcings and internal feedbacks. High dimensional chaos is somewhat featureless. Conversely low dimensional borderline chaos generates pattern such as oscillation, and is more widespread in climate than is generally recognised. Thus, oceanic oscillations such as the Pacific Decadal and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations are generated by dimensionality reduction under the effect of known feedbacks. Annual periodic forcing entrains the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Numerous oceanic and Arctic centered climate oscillations have recently been observed to exhibit delayed synchrony in the manner of a "stadium wave". Here, three studied systems with chaotic-nonlinear dynamics (physico-chemical and biological) are reviewed which show dimensionality reduction as a source of emergent pattern. This alongside mathematical studies of chaotic Lorenz models whose trajectories escape under controlling influences from chaotic to non-chaotic phase space regions – incurring a dimensional haircut in the process. Control of chaos by external and internal influences results in lowered phase-space dimensionality with emergent dissipative structure. Dimensionality reduction is proposed as a source of natural climate change. Thus the effect of astrophysical periodic forcing and oceanic and other feedbacks in climate is not so much to generate chaos as to lower dimensionality in a chaotic system, engendering the export of entropy and emergent regular spatiotemporal pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical reaction and its reaction environment are intrinsically linked, especially within the confines of narrow cellular spaces. Traditional models of chemical reactions often use differential equations with concentration as the primary variable, neglecting the density heterogeneity in the solution and the interaction between the reaction and its environment. We model the interaction between a chemical reaction and its environment within a geometrically confined space, such as inside a cell, by representing the environment through the size of molecular clusters. In the absence of fluctuations, the interplay between cluster size changes and the activation and inactivation of molecules induces oscillations. However, in unstable environments, the system reaches a fluctuating steady state. When an enzyme is introduced to this steady state, oscillations akin to action potential spike trains emerge. We examine the behavior of these spike trains and demonstrate that they can be used to implement logic gates. We discuss the oscillations and computations that arise from the interaction between a chemical reaction and its environment, exploring their potential for contributing to chemical intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the oscillatory features of a class of neutral differential equations with multiple delays. We present novel oscillation conditions for this equation by using a comparison method. We create conditions that exclude the positive solution of the examined equation. Using the feature of symmetry between non-oscillatory solutions (positive and negative), these conditions also exclude negative solutions without adding additional restrictions. In our study, we take into account the even and odd cases of the order of the equation. Furthermore, we study the asymptotic properties in three different cases of functional coefficients. Our results are a fundamental extension and generalization of previous relevant findings, and this fact has been demonstrated through comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]