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HIV testing and counseling (HTC) in antenatal care is extremely effective at identifying women living with HIV and linking them to HIV care. However, retention is suboptimal in this population. We completed qualitative interviews with 24 pregnant women living with HIV in Tanzania to explore perceptions of HTC. Participants described intense shock and distress upon testing positive, including concerns about HIV stigma and disclosure; however, these concerns were rarely discussed in HTC. Nurses were generally kind, but relied on educational content and brief reassurances, leaving some participants feeling unsupported and unprepared to start HIV treatment. Several participants described gaps in HIV knowledge, including the purpose of antiretroviral therapy and the importance of medication adherence. Targeted nurse training related to HIV disclosure, stigma, and counseling skills may help nurses to more effectively communicate the importance of care engagement to prevent HIV transmission and support the long-term health of mother and child.

Introduction: Despite the broad success of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programs, HIV care engagement during the pregnancy and postpartum periods is suboptimal. This study explored the perspectives of women who experienced challenges engaging in PMTCT care, in order to better understand factors that contribute to poor retention and to identify opportunities to improve PMTCT services., Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 12 postpartum women to discuss their experiences with PMTCT care. We used data from a larger longitudinal cohort study conducted in five PMTCT clinics in Moshi, Tanzania to identify women with indicators of poor care engagement (i.e., medication non-adherence, inconsistent clinic attendance, or high viral load). Women who met one of these criteria were contacted by telephone and invited to complete an interview. Data were analyzed using applied thematic analysis., Results: We observed a common pathway that fear of stigma contributed to a lack of HIV disclosure and reduced social support for seeking HIV care. Women commonly distrusted the results of their initial HIV test and reported medication side effects after care initiation. Women also reported barriers in the health system, including difficult-to-navigate clinic transfer policies and a lack of privacy and confidentiality in service provision. When asked how care might be improved, women felt that improved counseling and follow-up, affirming patient-provider interactions, and peer treatment supporters would have a positive effect on care engagement., Conclusion: In order to improve the impact of PMTCT programs, there is a need to implement active tracking and follow-up of patients, targeting individuals with evidence of poor care engagement. Tailored supportive intervention approaches may help patients to cope with both the perceived and actual impacts of HIV stigma, including navigating disclosures to loved ones and accessing social support. Fostering HIV acceptance is likely to facilitate commitment to long-term treatment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) despite effective treatments. To study the sociocultural and health system barriers to care, we conducted a qualitative social autopsy study of patients who died from febrile illness in northern Tanzania. From December 2016 through July 2017, we conducted in-depth interviews in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions with a purposive sample of 20 family members of patients who had died at two regional referral hospitals. Of the deceased patients included in this study, 14 (70%) were adults and 10 (50%) were female. Patients identified their religion as Catholic (12, 60%), Lutheran (six, 30%), and Muslim (two, 10%), and their ethnicity as Chagga (14, 70%) and Sambaa (two, 10%), among others. Family members reported both barriers to and facilitators of receiving health care. Barriers included a perceived lack of capacity of local health facilities, transportation barriers, and a lack of formal referrals to higher levels of care. Family members also reported the cost of health care as a barrier. However, one facilitator of care was access to financial resources via families' social networks-a phenomenon we refer to as social capital. Another facilitator of care was families' proactive engagement with the health system. Our results suggest that further investment in lower level health facilities may improve care-seeking and referral patterns and that future research into the role of social capital is needed to fully understand the effect of socioeconomic factors on healthcare utilization in LMICs.

Background: Data on contraceptive needs and use among young unmarried men are limited. Conventional ways of data collection may lead to limited and unreliable information on contraceptive use due to sensitivity of the topic, as many young men feel ashamed to discuss their behavior of using contraceptives. As short message service (SMS) is anonymous and a commonly used means of communication, we believe that if deployed, it will create a promising user-friendly method of data collection., Objective: The objective was to investigate the feasibility of using SMS to collect data on sexually active, young, unmarried men's sexual behavior and contraceptive preferences, practices, and needs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Moshi, Tanzania., Methods: We enrolled men aged 18-30 years who were students (in Ethiopia and Tanzania), taxi or local bus drivers/assistants (Ethiopia and Tanzania), Kilimanjaro porters (Tanzania), or construction workers (Ethiopia). Young men were interviewed using a topic list on contraceptive use. They were followed up for 6 months by sending fortnightly SMS texts with questions about contraceptive use. If the young men indicated that they needed contraceptives during the reporting period or were not satisfied with the method they used, they were invited for a follow-up interview. At the end of the study, we conducted exit interviews telephonically using a semistructured questionnaire to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and accuracy of using SMS to validate the study findings in both countries., Results: We enrolled 71 young unmarried men-35 in Tanzania and 36 in Ethiopia. In Moshi, 1908 messages were delivered to participants and 1119 SMS responses were obtained. In Ethiopia, however, only 525 messages were sent to participants and 248 replies were received. The question on dating a girl in the past weeks was asked 438 times in Tanzania and received 252 (58%) replies, of which 148 (59%) were "YES." In Ethiopia, this question was asked 314 times and received 64 (20%) replies, of which 52 (81%) were "YES" (P=.02 for difference in replies between Tanzania and Ethiopia). In Tanzania, the question on contraceptive use was sent successfully 112 times and received 108 (96%) replies, of which 105 (94%) were "YES." In Ethiopia, the question on contraceptive use was asked 17 times and received only 2 (11%) replies. Exit interviews in Tanzania showed that SMS was accepted as a means of data collection by 22 (88%) of the 25 interviewed participants., Conclusions: Despite network and individual challenges, the SMS system was found to be feasible in Moshi, but not in Addis Ababa. We recommend more research to scale up the method in different groups and regions., (©Francis Maganga Pima, Martha Oshosen, Kennedy Michael Ngowi, Bruck Messele Habte, Eusebious Maro, Belete Eshete Teffera, Godfrey Kisigo, Iraseni Ufoo Swai, Salim Semvua Msangi, Amha Ermias, Blandina T Mmbaga, Rosalijn Both, Marion Sumari-de Boer. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (http://formative.jmir.org), 26.06.2019.)

HIV-infected pregnant women face complex decisions about whether and how to disclose their serostatus. Previous studies have shown that HIV disclosure is associated with better care engagement, emotional adjustment to the disease, and reduced risk of HIV transmission, but women face both real and perceived barriers to disclosure. We examined patterns and predictors of HIV disclosure in a cohort of 200 women diagnosed or confirmed to have HIV during antenatal care in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania and followed participants to three months postpartum. Twenty women also completed qualitative in-depth interviews during pregnancy and three months postpartum. During the pregnancy period (at least 30 days post-diagnosis), 79.5% of women had disclosed to at least one other person, with disclosures generally restricted to the father of the child and/or a small number of close family members. By three months postpartum, 11.9% of women had still not disclosed to anyone. Women who presented to antenatal care with an established HIV diagnoses and married women were more likely to report disclosures. Social support was positively associated with disclosure. In qualitative interviews, women pointed to community gossip and stigma as barriers to disclosure. Those who had not disclosed to the father of the child noted fears of abandonment during the vulnerable pregnancy period. Despite expressed fears, participants reported overall positive experiences of disclosure that led to increased support. Taken together, these results point to the need for comprehensive, flexible, and culturally informed interventions that assist pregnant and postpartum women in deciding when and how to disclose. Such interventions should acknowledge and explore common barriers to disclosure, including fears of public stigma and personal consequences. Given the strong associations between disclosure, social support, and community stigma, interventions for disclosure should be nested in broader efforts of public education and HIV stigma reduction.