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The subordinated position of soil in the geosystem allows it to be used as an indicator of the landscape balance. Examples where soil plays such an indicative role are presented in this paper. The theory of the “geochemical landscape” has been used as the theoretical-methodological basis. Soil properties indicating direction, intensity and quality of matter migration in the landscape have been discussed (profile environment, pH, redox, quantitative and qualitative humus properties). The indicative role of soil in the monitoring of “sustainable landscape” has also been characterized. According to the authors, three models of this landscape can be created: natural, rural and urban sustainable landscapes.

The article describes the theoretical foundations of the “geochemical school” of land-scape studies and analyses its methodology. The scope of its usefulness in contemporary land-scape research, both cognitive (pure) and focused on practice, is discussed.

This paper is devoted to typology as the basic method of landscape research. The first part shows the cognitive, educational and practical roles of landscape typology models. Second part presents a new method of creating a universal model, independent of the charting scale. The results of the paper confirm the feasibility of creating a reference base of Earth’s landscapes and indicate the necessity to an international discussion on this topic.

Fundamental methodological problems of geography as a science have been identified by Chojnicki (1999) in the following list: goal of research, separate character of research, expected results, and form of scientific explanation. This article presents methodological stand-points taken be landscape geographers towards the above problems, which proved to be as diverse as in the case of the human geography. The article highlights negative consequences of such state of affairs.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena stanu badań nad krajobrazem w Polsce oraz wskazanie możliwości wykorzystania doświadczeń w procesie implementacji Europejskiej Konwencji Krajobrazowej. Autorzy przedstawili podstawowe definicje i przykłady prowadzonych badań. Wykazali, że dorobek polskich geografów i ekologów krajobrazu w dziedzinie identyfikacji, analizy i oceny krajobrazów należy do wspólnej tradycji naukowej środkowej części Europy, uznawanej za jedną z najbardziej wszechstronnych w skali świata. Dorobek ten powinien stanowić podstawę prac nad kompleksową metodyką identyfikacji, delimitacji i waloryzacji jednostek krajobrazowych na potrzeby wdrożenia ustaleń Europejskiej Konwencji Krajobrazowej w naszym kraju. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]