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Suncokret je stranooplodna entomofilna biljka i za uspešnu proizvodnju semena neophodno je prisustvo polinatora. Ispitivan je uticaj uslova oplodnje na elemente prinosa. U slobodnoj oplodnji prinos semena po glavi je u proseku za 12 genotipova u 2 godine ispitivanja bio za 72,13% veći u odnosu na uslove samooplodnje, masa 1000 semena je bila za 10,08% manja a sadržaj ulja veći za gotovo 6%. Uslovi oplodnje značajno utiču na sadržaj ulja što potvrđuje i Spirmanov koeficijent korelacije rangova genotipova po sadržaju ulja u dva tipa oplodnje koji je veoma nizak (Sccr = 0,1119). Na posetu utiču sadržaj nektara, količina i kvalitet polena, dužina krunice, boja cveta i drugi faktori atraktivnosti, ali je veći uticaj faktora spoljašnje sredine i primenjenih agrotehničkih mera., The sunflower is an entomophilous plant, and the presence of pollinators is necessary for successful seed production. The influence of fertilization conditions on yield elements was examined. In open pollination, the seed yield per head was on average 72.13% higher for 12 genotypes in 2 years of testing compared to self-fertilization conditions, the weight of 1000 seeds was 10.08% lower and the oil content was almost 6% higher. Fertilization conditions significantly affect the oil content, which is confirmed by Spearman's coefficient of correlation of genotype ranks by oil content in two types of fertilization, which is very low (Scer = 0.1119). The visit is influenced by the content of nectar, the quantity and quality of pollen, the length of the corolla, the color of the flower and other factors of attractiveness, but the factors of the external environment and applied agrotechnical measures have a greater influence.

Sunflower is the third largest oil crop and in 2023 it was grown on over 28 million hectares in the world. With the discovery of the CMS source in 1969, sunflower hybrids began to be created. The first commercial hybrids based on CMS were registered in Romania, in 1974 and in Yugoslavia, in 1978. It is estimated that hybrids are grown on around 85% of the total sunflower planting area today, and the remaining 15% are still landrace varieties, mostly of the confectionery type. Therefore, the requirement for hybrid sunflower seeds in the world today is around 120 million kg (about 12 million bags of 150,000 grains). To reach to this amount, the sunflower will be with an average yield of 700 kg/ha of processed seeds, it is necessary to plant sunflower with area about 170,000 ha. The total commercial hybrid sunflower seed production is estimated at USD 2 billion today. The production of hybrid sunflower seeds today is exposed to many new challenges. Global climate change facilitate warming environmentally, thus make drought and stormy winds occurrence. By monitoring the daily dynamics of bee visits, we determined that the maximum number of visits occurs at air temperatures between 20 and 28℃, and air humidity of 40-50%. In recent years, the average temperature in Serbia has increased by nearly 2℃ compared to the multi-year average. This has a negative effect on the vitality of pollen and fertilization, as well as on the visit of bees, so the recommendations for supplying beehives have increased from 2 to 4/ha. Bees are the most important pollinators for sunflower and on average make up 71% of the total visit (in some years over 90%), the insects is mainly from the Syrfidae family (19% of visits), bumblebees (8%) and butterflies (2%), whose populations are constantly decreasing. Due to the increase in the sunflower planting area, it is increasingly difficult to ensure spatial isolation of insects, it decreases to 500 m in many countries, and this already leads to increas

Suncokret je sve više ižložen negativnim uticajima klimatskih promena, posebno visokim temperaturama i sušnim periodima, što neretko uzrokuje značajne varijacije i smanjenje prinosa semena. S obzirom na to da se klimatske promene ne mogu zaustaviti, neophodno je identifikovati promene u biljci koje omogućavaju prilagođavanje na ekstremne klimatske uslove i primeniti ova saznanja u procesu oplemenjivanja. Stvaranje novih genotipova tolerantnih na sušu i sve vrste stresa je prioritet u sadašnjem ali i budućem procesu oplemenjivanja biljaka. Postizanje ovog cilja zahteva ispitivanje performanši hibrida na više lokaliteta i u ražlićitim godinama, osiguravajuć i tako pouzdane rezultate i prilagodljivost u promenljivim okolnostima. Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Institut od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju, Novi Sad sprovodi svake godine multilokacijske mikro i proizvodne ogleda širom zemlje, testirajući adaptabilnost i stabilnost novih i već raširenih hibrida suncokreta u različitim mikroklimatskim uslovima. Tokom 2023. godine hibridi nove generacije, odnosno dva konvencionalna hibrida (NS Kruna i NS Ronin) i dva Express (SUMO) hibrida (NS H 8002 i NS H 8005) posejani su u osam regiona tj. okruga, kod četiri poljoprivredna proizvođača a u svakom okrugu. Imajući u vidu da je u 2023. godini, prosečan prinos semena suncokreta u Republici Srbiji prema procenama iznošio 2,7 -2,9 t/ha, a kada uporedimo ovu vrednost sa prosečnim prinosima u mreži proizvodnih ogleda osam okruga, jasno se ističe visok kvalitet NS hibrida suncokreta nove generacije. NS Ronin je ostvario izuzetan prinos od 4,2 t/ha, prati ga NS Kruna sa 4 t/ha, dok su SUMO hibridi NS H 8002 i NS H 8005 postigli prinose od 3,7 t/ha i 3,8 t/ha. Rezultati AMMI analize pokazuju da je za prinos semena tokom 2023. godine u proseku kroz sve okruge najstabilniji bio hibrid NS H 8002, sa vrednosć u IPC1 najblizoj nuli. Hibridi NS Kruna, NS Ronin i NS H 8005 su pokazali manju stabilnost, jer su bili udaljeniji o

The introduction of sunflower hybrids into production became possible after the discovery of the CMS source in 1969. The first hybrids were put into production in Romania, Yugoslavia and France at the end of the eighties of the last century. Today, sunflowers are grown on over 28 million hectares in the world, and hybrid seeds are sown on over 85% of this area, the rest of the area is still occupied by open-pollinated varieties. The production of hybrid seeds involved certain specificities. Since the female and male parental lines often do not have the same length of vegetation, they need to be sown at different times to achieve a flowering match. This problem was largely overcome by introducing recessive branching into the male line, which extended its flowering period. The main problems in production are related to fertilization, which can lead to low seed yields. The reasons for poor fertilization lie in incompatibility, low attractiveness for pollinators and other factors. These problems are overcome by finding lines with good compatibility, changing the ratio of the number of rows, increasing the number of hives/ha, but also by using preparations based on pheromones that increase bee visits. A successful hybrid must be good and yielding in seed production too, otherwise its production is not worthwhile.

Ispitivan je uticaj hemijskih desikanata na gubitak vlage zrna i semenske kvalitete suncokreta. Herbicidima Kabuki 2.5 EC (a. i. pyraflufen-ethyl, 1 l/ha), i carfentrazoneethyl, (0,4 l/ha) tretirano je 6 CMS roditeljskih linija. Prosečan sadržaj vlage zrna se kod oba tretmana nije značajno razlikovao od kontrolne varijante. Nije bilo vidljivih znakova sušenja drugih biljnih organa u odnosu na kontrolu. Energija klijanja i klijavost semena ispitivani su 40 i 54 dana posle žetve. Nije došlo do pada semenskih kvaliteta u odnosu na kontrolu. Korišćeni herbicidi nisu pokazali zadovoljavajući efekat u desikaciji suncokreta., The influence of chemical desiccants on grain moisture loss and sunflower seed quality was investigated. 6 CMS parental lines were treated with the herbicides Kabuki 2.5 EC (a. i. pyraflufen-ethyl, 1 l/ha) and carfentrazone-ethyl (0.4 l/ha). The average grain moisture content in both treatments was not significantly different from the control variety. There were no visible signs of drying of other plant organs compared to the control. Germination energy and seed germination were examined 40 and 54 days after harvest. There was no decline in seed quality compared to the control. The used herbicides did not show a satisfactory effect in sunflower chemical desiccation.

Promena klime dovodi do ekstremnih klimatskih fenomenima, kao što su: suše, poplave, toplotni talasi, a vegetaciona sezona 2022. godine je bila pravi pokazatelj tih promena. Suncokret je, u 2022. godini u Srbiji, zabeležio jednu od rekordnih posejanih površina na oko 275 000 hektara. Razlog sve većoj zastupljenosti ove vrste na njivama širom naše zemlje su sve češće visoke temperature i suša, koje ova biljna vrsta može bolje da toleriše u odnosu na druge jare kulture. Stvaranje novih genotipova tolerantnih na sušu i generalno stres je prioritet i u konvencionalnom i u modernom (biotehnološkom) oplemenjivanju biljaka. Poznavanje uticaja faktora sredine na rast i razvoj useva umanjuje mogućnost značajnog gubitka prinosa usled pogrešnog odabira hibrida i unapređuje izbor hibrida za gajenje u ciljnim regionima. Upravo iz tog razloga, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Institut od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju izvodi multilokacijske mikrooglede koji uključuju novopriznate hibride, kao i hibride koji su već ustaljeni u široj proizvodnji. Cilj ovog rada je predstavljanje proizvodnih rezultata prinosa semena NS hibrida suncokreta u mreži mikroogleda i proizvodnih ogleda koji su izvedeni tokom 2022. godine (ekstremno sušne), kao i preporuka sortimenta za setvu u 2023. godini.

The use of chemical desiccation has largely solved the problems encountered in mechanized sunflower harvesting. In addition to the earlier harvest, the benefits of this measure are the reduction of losses due to the effects of birds and diseases, due to plant lodging and seed dropout. Applying chemical desiccation in seed production results in better seed quality. In many years, desiccant Reglone has been used most widely for these purposes, but its use will no longer be allowed in most European countries. The aim of these studies was to try to find new solutions for the chemical desiccation of sunflower. Two preparations were used, Kabuki 2.5 EC, a. i. pyraflufen-ethyl, (at a dose of 1 l / ha), commonly used as a potato desiccant, and carfentrazone-ethyl, (at a dose of 0.4 l / ha), commonly used against broadleaf weeds and for cotton regrowth desiccation. Six female sunflower lines from the breeding program of the Novi Sad Institute were treated. Depending on the line, the moisture content of the grain was 19-45% at the moment of desiccation. At 7 and 14 days after desiccation, the moisture content of the grain was determined again.

The most frequent oil crops in Serbia today are sunflower and soybean, planted on over 200,000 ha each, followed by rapeseed, which increases significantly in surfaces. Black and white mustard, hemp, oil pumpkin, castor bean, flax, poppy, sesame and safflower are grown on smaller surfaces. In Serbia, a total of 355 varieties of oil plant species were on the variety list in 2017, out of which 188 were sunflower, 83 soybean and 71 rapeseed, followed by oil pumpkin, hemp, white and black mustard and castor bean. Among the domestic and foreign seed companies, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad prevails with 150 registered varieties. Camelina, flax, poppy and safflower are in the registration process. In the ten-year period 2008-2017, the seed production of oil crops averaged 9,955 ha per year, of which the highest were soybean (8,200 ha per year) and sunflower (1,732 ha per year), and on small areas: rapeseed, oil pumpkin, poppy and hemp. In the 2016/2017 season in Serbia, 19,657,116 kg of soybean, 1,666,267 kg of sunflower, 137,179 kg of rapeseed and small quantity of white mustard seed, cannabis and oil pumpkin seeds were certified (all seed categories). Over 86% of declared sunflower seed and over 94% of rapeseed is imported. Serbia belongs to bigger European producers of soy and sunflower, has favorable agroecological conditions for the cultivation of oil crops, long tradition of breeding, strong processing sector, quality human resources and capacities and developed system of state regulation in seed production. The advantages Serbia has in breeding, seed production and growing of oil crops, have not been adequately exploited., Najzastupljenije uljane biljne vrste u Srbiji su suncokret i soja koje se gaje na preko 200.000 ha, sledi uljana repica čije površine značajno rastu. Na manjim površinama gaje se crna i bela slačica, konoplja, uljana tikva, ricinus, lan, mak, susam i šafranjika. U Srbiji je 2017. godine na listi priznatih sorti poljoprivrednog bilja bilo 355 sorti uljanih biljnih vrsta, od toga suncokreta 188, soje 83 i uljane repice 71, slede uljana tikva, konoplja, bela i crna slačica i ricinus. Među domaćim i stranim semenskim kućama dominira Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada sa 150 registrovanih sorti. U priznavanju su i lanik, lan, mak i šafranjika. U desetogodišnjem periodu 2008-2017, semenarstvo uljanih biljnih vrsta se u proseku odvijalo na 9.955 ha godišnje, od toga najviše soje (8.200 ha godišnje) i suncokreta (1.732 ha godišnje) i na malim površinama uljana repica, uljana tikva, mak i konoplja. U sezoni 2016/2017. u Srbiji je atestirano (svih kategorija semena) 19.657.116 kg soje, 1.666.267 kg suncokreta, 137.179 kg uljane repice i manje količine semena bele slačice, konoplje i uljane tikve. Preko 86% deklarisanog semena suncokreta i preko 94% semena uljane repice potiču iz uvoza. Srbija spada u veće evropske proizvođače soje i suncokreta, ima povoljne agroekološke uslove za gajenje uljanih biljnih vrsta, dugu tradiciju oplemenjivanja, jak prerađivački sektor, kvalitetne kadrove i kapacitete i razvijen sistem državne regulative u semenarstvu. Prednosti koje Srbija ima u oplemenjivanju, semenarstvu i gajenju uljanih biljnih vrsta nisu adekvatno iskorištene.

This paper analyzed the processed seed of five sunflower hybrid seed developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad before and after processing in gravity separator. The cultivars were Pegaz, Duško, NS Fantazija, Sumo 1 PR and NS Oskar. The analysis was conducted on seed lots processed in 2015 and involved the following parameters: seed purity percentage, 1.000-seed weight, germination energy, germination, seed moisture, number of sclerotinia per 1.000. The results showed that all the parameters of seed quality of sunflower hybrids were better after processing seeds in the gravity separator., U ovom radu analizirano je seme pet hibrida suncokreta pre i posle dorade na gravitacionom stolu. Hibridi su nastali u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu i to su: Pegaz, Duško, NS Fantazija, Sumo 1 PR i NS Oskar. Analiza je sprovedena po partijama dorađenog semena u 2015-oj. godini i obuhvatila je sledeće parametre: čistoću semena, masu 1000 semena, energiju klijanja, klijavost, vlažnost semena i broj sklerocija. Rezultati su pokazali da su svi parametri semenskih kvaliteta suncokreta kod svih hibrida bolji posle dorade semena na gravitacionom stolu.

This paper analyzed the processed seed of five sunflower hybrid seed developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The cultivars were Rimi PR, Duško, NS Dukat, Sumo 1 PR and Sremac. The analysis was conducted on seed lots processed between 2010 and 2014 and involved the following parameters: seed purity percentage, 1000-seed weight, germination energy, germination, seed moisture, number of weed seeds per 1000 grams of seed. The results of the study produced the following average values: seed purity - 99.72%, 1000-seed weight - 67.59g, germination energy - 88.2%, germination - 91.8%, seed moisture - 8.3%. There were not found weeds seeds as well as pathogens on the seed samples, these values are all within the legally prescribed limits., U ovom radu analizirano je dorađeno seme pet hibrida suncokreta nastalih u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu: Rimi PR, Duško, NS Dukat, Sumo 1 PR i Sremac. Analiza je sprovedena po partijama dorađenog semena u periodu od 2010. do 2014. godine i obuhvatila je sledeće parametre: čistoću semena, masu 1000 semena, energiju klijanja, klijavost, vlažnost semena i broj zrna korova u 1000 grama semena. Rezultati su pokazali da je prosečna čistoća bila 99,72%, masa 1000 semena 67,59 g, energija klijanja 88,2%, klijavost 91,8%, vlažnost semena 8,3%. U uzorcima nije utvrđeno prisustvo korova, kao ni patogena na semenu, što zadovoljava zakonom propisane vrednosti.

This paper reviews sunflower hybrid seed processing at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad with all practical, technical and technological solutions. Additionally, efforts of Institute's employees are presented here in creating new technical solutions, particularly machines, aimed at their adaptations in existing sunflower seed processing, in order to get better quality and quantity of the processed seed. The paper also reviews original solution of the seed processing improvement with the new machines, regarding their position in the system and their connection in the semiautomatic operation system, with the possibility of independent operation. Seed processing results in high quality sunflower hybrid seed produced and ready for the severe market competition., Ovaj rad prikazuje praktičnu realizaciju sistema dorade hibridnog semena suncokreta u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad zajedno sa tehničko-tehnološkim pozicionim rešenjima. U radu su napomenuti i doprinosi zaposlenih Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad u idejnom kreiranju novih tehničkih rešenja na pojedinim mašinama sa ciljem njihovog prilagođavanja doradi semena suncokreta u smislu boljeg kvaliteta i kvantiteta dorađenog semena. Rad prikazuje i originalno rešenje proširenja sistema dorade novim mašinama, sa aspekta njihove pozicije u samom sistemu, kao i priključenje u poluautomatski režim rada, sa mogućnošću autonomnosti u radu. Rezultat dorade je visokokvalitetno seme hibridnog suncokreta spremno za veoma oštru tržišnu konkurenciju. .

Seed emergence under field conditions decisively and directly determines the number of plants per hectare, which is one of three basic components of yield in the plant world. Influence of chemical treatment on field emergence of three commercial sunflower hybrids stored in different conditions was tested in 2007 and 2008 on experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. On average, hybrid H1 had the highest value of field emergence (88.79%) and for chemical treatment fl udioxonil + metalaxyl + imidacloprid (87.71%). Seed kept in common storage had the highest emergence value in fi eld (87.92%). Seed treated with fl udioxonil + metalaxyl + imidacloprid and stored for one year in common storage had the highest field emergence (90.18%). Considering interaction between storage conditions and genotype, hybrid H1 seed sown after chemical treatment had the highest field emergence (91.82%) and seed kept in common storage (90.48%). Hybrid H1 seed compared with other two had the highest field emergence treated with fludioxonil + metalaxyl + imidacloprid (91.84%)., Ujednačeno nicanje u poljskim uslovima direktno određuje broj biljaka po hektaru, što je jedan od najvažnijih uslova za postizanje visokog prinosa suncokreta. Tokom 2007. i 2008. na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada ispitivan je uticaj hemijskih tretmana na poljsko nicanje tri komercijalna hibrida suncokreta, čuvanih u različitim uslovima skladištenja. U proseku, najveća vrednost ispitivanog parametra bila je kod hibrida H1 (88,79%) i hemijskog tretmana fludioksonil + metalaksil + imidakloprid (87,71%). Takođe, najveće poljsko nicanje u proseku pokazalo je seme koje je čuvano u skladištu (87,92%). Kod interakcije uslovi čuvanja x hemijski tretman najbolje rezultate u uslovima nicanja u polju (90,18%) imalo je seme tretirano fludioksonil + metalaksil + imidaklopridom koje je čuvano godinu dana u skladištu, a kod interakcije uslovi čuvanja x genotip seme hibrida H1 i to sveže tretirano seme (91,82%) i seme čuvano godinu dana u skladištu (90,48%). Kod interakcije hemijski tretman x genotip najveće poljsko nicanje je takođe pokazalo seme hibrida H1 tretirano fludioksonil + metalaksil + imidaklopridom (91,84%).

In modern agricultural production, high quality seed which germinates quickly and evenly in different environments is the main requirement for high yields. The research was carried out in the Laboratory for Seed Testing in Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Two cytoplasmic male sterile lines L-1 and L-2 were used for the research. Seed treatments with fungicides (benomil, metalaxyl and fludioxonil) and insecticides (tiametoxam and imidacloprid) were applied to evaluate effects of chemical treatments and storage duration on seedlings dry matter content. This treated seed was kept in a storage facility where all commercial seed is stored. The first assessment was done after the treatments and had been repeated every three months. Analysis of variance of the tested parameters showed statistically significant effects of chemical treatments and storage duration on seedling dry matter content in L-1 line. In line L-2, statistically significant effect of chemical treatment on seedling dry matter content was observed, whereas the effect of storage duration on seedlings dry matter content was highly significant. Double interactions were highly significant. ., U savremenoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji setva semena visokih kvaliteta, koje je sposobno da brzo i ujednačeno klija u različitim uslovima životne sredine, osnovni je preduslov za postizanje visokih prinosa. Istraživanja su obavljena u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena, Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada na semenu dve citoplazmatski muško sterilne forme linije majke: L-1 i L-2. Za ispitivanje uticaja hemijskog tretmana i dužine čuvanja na apsolutno suvu masu ponika seme je tretirano fungicidima: benomil, metalaksil i fludioksonil, kao i insekticidima: tiametoksam i imidakloprid i čuvano u skladištu koje se koristi za čuvanje komercijalnog semena. Ispitivanja su ponavljana svaka tri meseca, a početno ispitivanje je obavljeno neposredno nakon tretiranja semena. Analiza varijanse ispitivanih parametara ukazala je na postojanje statistički visoko značajnog uticaja hemijskog tretmana i dužine čuvanja na apsolutno suvu masu ponika linije L-1. Kod linije L-2 analiza varijanse ispitivanih parametara ukazala je na postojanje statistički značajnog uticaja hemijskog tretmana, a visoko značajnog dužine čuvanja na apsolutno suvu masu ponika. Dvojne interakcije bile su statistički visoko značajne. .