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Jenis catu daya yang sering digunakan untuk praktikum elektronika dasar adalah adjustable power supply karena membutuhkan arus relative rendah dengan tegangan bervariasi. Sistem keamanan yang umum digunakan untuk power supply biasanya berupa sekring. Jika terjadi arus berlebih dari sekring yang telah terpasang akibat kesalahan rangkaian atau pengkabelan akan membuat sistem proteksi ini aktif maka akan diperlukan pergantian sekring. Untuk memberi peringatan bagi mahasiswa saat terjadi arus berlebih di Laboratorium Elektronika Dasar Politeknik Negeri Malang, dirangkailah sebuah catu daya yang dapat diatur dengan menggunakan proteksi arus memanfaatkan IC LM 723 untuk level operasi catu daya 2 Ampere. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan 2 sistem proteksi yang diterapkan pada catu daya yaitu menggunakan buzzer sebagai sistem peringatan dan sekring sebagai pemutus arus. Penelitian ini akan menjelaskan tahapan pembuatan dan pengujian sistem. Sistem membatasi arus kerja maksimum 2.5 Ampere untuk beberapa variasi tahanan beban ABSTRACT The type of power supply that is often used for basic electronics practicum is adjustable power supply because it requires relatively low current with varying voltage. The security system commonly used for power supply is usually a fuse. If there is an overcurrent from the fuse that has been installed due to a circuit or wiring error will make this protection system active, a fuse replacement will be required. To give a warning to students when an overcurrent occurs at the Basic Electronics Laboratory of the State Polytechnic of Malang, a power supply that can be adjusted using current protection utilizes IC LM 723 for a power supply operating level of 2 Ampere. In this study, two protection systems were applied to the power supply, namely using a buzzer as a warning system and a fuse as a circuit breaker. This research will explain the stages of making and testing the system. The system limits a maximum working current of 2.5 Ampere for several variations of load resistance.

PurposeTo assess the safety and efficacy of topical lidocaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in cataract surgery with phacoemulsification.MethodsOne hundred and five patients scheduled for cataract surgery with topical anaesthesia were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 35 patients each to receive eye drops of lidocaine 2%, levobupivacaine 0.75%, or ropivacaine 1% every 5 min starting 30 min before surgery. Patients graded their pain using a 0–10-point verbal pain score (VPS) at different stages of the procedure. The levels of patient and surgeon satisfaction, the duration of surgery, complications, and the need for supplemental anaesthesia were recorded.ResultsThere was no significant difference in duration of surgery and demographic variables among the groups. At the intraoperative period, end of surgery, and postoperative first hour the mean VPS in the lidocaine group was significantly higher than the others (P<0.01), but no significant difference was found between the levobupivacaine and ropivacaine groups. At incision and 24 h after surgery, it was not significantly different among the groups. Surgeon and patient satisfaction scores were significantly better in the levobupivacaine and ropivacaine groups than in the lidocaine group (P<0.01).ConclusionsTopical anaesthesia with levobupivacaine and ropivacaine were safe, feasible and more effective than lidocaine in cataract surgery. Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine provided sufficient and long-lasting analgesia without the need of supplemental anaesthesia for each patient.Eye (2008) 22, 425–429; doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702973; published online 7 September 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the relation between recognition visual acuity (RVA) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) response exhibited to different bar sizes with varying contrast.MethodsOKN testing was performed in 52 children aged between 3 and 11 years. The children were evaluated in two groups according to their RVA. Group I consisted of 22 eyes with RVA equal to or better than 0.1 logMAR units. Group II consisted of 30 eyes with RVA 0.2–1 logMAR units. Each subject was seated 60 cm from the screen of Ophthimus® device, and was exposed to consecutive black and white stripes of seven different spatial frequencies (0.08–1.6 cycle/degree). The narrowest bar that elicited OKN was identified, and then the OKN contrast threshold at this bar size was established.ResultsTwenty-one of the 22 eyes in Group I, and 26 of the 30 eyes in Group II exhibited 1.6 cycle/degree spatial frequency (P=0.287). In Group II, 88.9% of the 18 eyes with RVA 0.2–0.5 logMAR responded at this maximum spatial frequency, whereas the corresponding figure for the 12 eyes with RVA 0.6–1 logMAR was 83.3% (P=0.531). Contrast sensitivity (CS) significantly changed with age in Group I (P=0.006). When the eyes that responded at maximum spatial frequency in the two groups were compared, the mean CS in Group II was significantly lower than that in Group I (P=0.005).ConclusionsThe results indicate no relation between spatial frequency threshold for OKN response and RVA in children. However, the children with RVA deficits had significantly lower CS.Eye (2008) 22, 77–81; doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702529; published online 11 August 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo determine whether testing for the Pulfrich phenomenon (PP) can be used as a tool to assess the need for and optimal timing of second-eye cataract surgery.MethodsA total of 61 patients with logMAR 0 visual acuity (VA) after cataract surgery in one eye and logMAR 0.2–0.7 VA in the other eye were tested for PP using a computer-generated oscillating target at Baskent University Hospital. Only patients who had no ophthalmologic or systemic problem that could cause PP were included. In all, 15 normal patients with logMAR 0 VA in both eyes served as controls. The main outcome measures were presence and magnitude (measured by neutral density filters) of PP and presence of complaints related to binocular vision.ResultsOf the 61 patients, 36 (59%) and none of the controls were PP (+) (P<0.001). A total of 27 (75%) of the PP (+) patients had logMAR 0.7–0.4 VA, and nine (25%) had logMAR 0.3–0.2 VA (P=0.01). In all, 16 patients (all PP (+)) had developed binocular vision-related complaints since cataract surgery. The mean PP magnitude in these cases was significantly greater than the mean for the 20 patients without complaints (1.2±0.5 vs0.6±0.4 log units, respectively; P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean VA in the complaint (+) and complaint (−) subgroups (P=0.213).ConclusionPP testing may detect binocular visual dysfunction after first-eye cataract surgery; thus, it could help assess the need for second-eye cataract surgery on this basis.Eye (2007) 21, 52–57. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702122; published online 20 January 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on several studies related to treatment of eye disorders, retinopathy and neuropathy. Correlation between retinopathy and neuropathy in diabetes mellitus type 2; Treatment of oculomotor disorder among children; Test for assessment of visual performance with relevance to corneal refractive surgery.

Focuses on several studies related to color vision and problems associated with color vision in eyes. Interrelation between acuity, color rivalry suppression and pupilary defect in amblyopia; Methods for diagnosing color deficiency and chromatic sensitivity loss; Characteristics of early onset cataract and neurological features.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate distance stereoacuity (DS) in patients with successfully treated accommodative esotropia (AET) and its association with other clinical factors., Methods: The medical records of 176 children with refractive AET with a follow-up period ≥ 1 year were reviewed to identify a cohort of patients who achieved a stable alignment within 4 prism diopters (PD) of orthotropia at both distance and near fixation. Age of onset, duration of misalignment, uncorrected near and distance deviation, accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, refractive error, presence of anisometropia and amblyopia, near stereopsis were evaluated as predictors of outcome. DS was measured using the Distance Randot Stereo test and near stereoacuity by Randot Stereotest. The patient group was compared with 50 age-matched normal controls for DS., Results: Fifty-six patients were included, and 38 patients had DS at the final visit. All patients with DS attained uncontoured near stereopsis (UCNS). UCNS was present only in 11 patients without DS (p = 0.001). Anisometropia (p = 0.997), uncorrected near deviation (p = 0.224), distance deviation with correction (p = 0.255), and high hypermetropia (p = 0.998) were not associated with DS. The multivariable regression model showed a significant positive correlation between UCNS and DS (OR = 31.14 (95% CI 2.25-430.48); p = 0.01). Contoured near stereopsis outcome was significantly different between the patients with and without DS (p = 0.001 for animals and p = 0.003 for circles). Compared with the control group, the patient group yielded lower DS scores (p = 0.001)., Conclusion: Distance Randot Stereotest can be useful in measuring binocular vision recovery after successful realignment in refractive AET patients. Patients attaining normal scores for near stereopsis tests after optical correction revealed subnormal thresholds for DS., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to report the ocular manifestations in kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients., Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients who were examined at the ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary hospital between October 2021 and October 2022. We evaluated the ocular complaints of the patients, ophthalmological examination findings, the etiology of the underlying disease, comorbidities, posttransplant duration, and the medications used. Ocular pathologies were classified as corneal, conjunctival, lens, vitreoretinal, and optic disc pathologies for the analysis., Results: Our study included 233 patients (191 kidney, 40 liver, 2 heart transplant patients). Mean age of patients was 42.94 ± 17.45 years. Among the patient group, 80.3% had at least 1 pathological ocular finding. In subgroup analysis, 12.4% of the patients had corneal pathologies, 19.3% had conjunctival pathologies, 33.0% had lens pathologies, 33.5% had vitreoretinal pathologies, and 18.9% had optic disc-related pathologies. The most common finding was dry eye, followed by cataract and vitreoretinal pathologies. The most common vitreoretinal pathology was diabetic retinopathy, followed by hypertensive retinopathy. The ocular pathology incidence in kidney and liver transplant patients was similar (P = .05). The 2 heart transplant patients did not have any ocular pathologies except refractive errors. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between posttransplant duration and ocular pathologies (P = .28)., Conclusions: Ocular findings were seen in most of the kidney and liver transplant recipients. Therefore, it is required that these patients undergo routine ocular screenings in order to facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment when needed.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between intermittent exotropia (IXT) and refractive change and the effects of the methods applied in IXT follow-up on refractive change., Method: The medical records of 228 patients with IXT (group 1) and 110 patients without strabismus (group 2) who were followed between 2008 and 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Group 1 was divided into three subgroups: overminus correction (group 1A), patients who underwent surgery (group 1B), and patients who were observed (group 1C)., Results: Annual myopic progression was -0.21 ± 0.32 D (range, -1.26 to +1.92) in group 1 and -0.07 ± 0.30 D (range, -1.13 to +1.00) in group 2 (P < 0.001). Annual myopic progression was -0.26 ± 0.29 D (range, -1.26 D to +0.12 D) in group 1A, -0.25 ± 0.35 D (range, -1.15 D to +0.25 D) in group 1B, and -0.19 ± 0.33 D (range, -1.12 D to +1.92 D) in group 1C. There was no difference in annual myopic progression between the subgroups (P = 0.670). The annual change in myopic refraction between each of the group 1 subgroups and group 2 was statistically significantly different (P < 0.001, P = 0.023, P < 0.001, resp.)., Conclusions: Myopia progression was significantly greater in children with IXT than in the normal population. Myopia progression did not vary with exotropia treatment., (Copyright © 2023 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the macular imaging features in patients with unilateral myelinated retinal nerve fiber (MRNF) and high myopia syndrome., Materials and Methods: Six patients with unilateral MRNF and high myopia syndrome and 13 myopic controls were enrolled in this study. Spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT), SD enhanced depth imaging OCT, and OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging results of MRNF-affected eyes were compared with the fellow eyes and myopic controls., Results: All patients had abnormal foveal reflex and/or ectopia. No significant difference in retinal thickness parameters were noted between the groups. In OCT scans, posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was observed in 4 out of the 6 MRNF-affected eyes. Regarding OCTA parameters, only a significant increase in acircularity index was noted in myelinated eyes (p=0.01)., Conclusion: All patients demonstrated normal foveal contours, macular structure, and OCTA features except for a higher acircularity index. The incidence of PVD was notably increased in the myelinated eyes., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (©Copyright 2023 by the Turkish Ophthalmological Association / Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology published by Galenos Publishing House.)

Purpose: During routine eye examinations, we noticed widened and flattened foveal pits with loss of normal V-shaped foveal profile and a pseudohole-like appearance in some otherwise healthy hypermetropic children. Our purpose was to describe clinical significance and multimodal imaging features of this incidental finding., Methods: Prospectively, 25 eyes of 13 hypermetropic children with these foveal changes and 36 eyes of 19 hypermetropic children with normal foveal appearance were enrolled. The macular thickness measurements and foveal parameters including pit diameter, depth, base, and area obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Heidelberg Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), macular superficial and deep vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone values obtained by optical coherence tomography angiography (Avanti RTVue‑XR; Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA) were noted. The correlations of these parameters with visual function were evaluated., Results: In the study group, significantly widened and flattened pit contours with decreased central foveal thickness (p = 0.01), and increased distance between foveal edges (p < 0.001) were observed. While the whole image superficial macular VD was similar between the groups (p = 0.74), a significant decrease in deep macular VD was observed in the study group (p = 0.01). None of these changes were correlated with visual acuity., Conclusion: Wider and flattened foveal pits described here represent a newly defined variation in healthy hypermetropic children. Although a correlation with visual acuity was not evident, these changes in foveal profile are shown to be related with macular microvascular changes in deep capillary plexus. Awareness of these morphologic changes will help clinicians in the differential diagnosis of macular pseudohole., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Purpose: To compare visual performance and quality of life (QoL) following bilateral implantation of a new nondiffractive extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) and a trifocal IOL., Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey., Design: Prospective comparative interventional case series., Methods: 104 eyes of 52 patients with cataract, bilaterally implanted with a nondiffractive EDOF IOL or a trifocal IOL, were included. Outcome measures were uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), distance corrected intermediate visual acuity and distance corrected near visual acuity, defocus curves, QoL (Visual Function Index 14), quality of vision (Quality of Vision [QoV] index), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart), and binocular reading speed., Results: Twenty-six patients were included in each group. The UDVA and CDVA were better in the EDOF group (0.05 ± 0.04 and 0.01 ± 0.04) than the trifocal group (0.13 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.07) ( P = .02 and .01). Defocus curves showed that visual acuity was better with the EDOF IOL for vergences at 0.00, -0.50, and -1.00 and better with the trifocal IOL for vergences at -2.50, -3.00, -3.50, and -4.00. Contrast sensitivity scores were similar with both IOLs ( P = .12). The overall mean QoL scores were lower in the EDOF group, indicating a better QoL ( P = .04). The QoV was better in the EDOF group with significantly less glare, halos, and blurry vision ( P < .01)., Conclusions: The EDOF IOL performed better at distance, and the trifocal IOL performed better at near. Overall QoL and quality of vision were better with the EDOF IOL., (Copyright © 2023 Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS.)

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in its first year on corneal transplant outcomes performed at a tertiary eye care center in Turkey., Materials and Methods: Clinical records of patients who underwent corneal transplant between March 2020 and February 2021 (group A) at the Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, were analyzed retrospectively. Patient demographics, indications for transplant, type of transplant procedure (lamellar vs penetrating), follow-up duration, and postoperative complications were recorded. The same data were collected for cornea transplant patients who were seen the previous year, between March 2019 and February 2020 (group B). Data from the 2 groups were compared. In related samples, the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis, and a P value < .05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Six corneal transplants were performed between March 2020 and February 2021 (group A), and 48 corneal transplantations were performed in the previous year (group B). There was an 80% decline in total corneal transplant numbers when compared with the previous year, and lamellar surgeries were not performed at all during the first year of the pandemic. Indications during the pandemic were mainly urgent and limited to tectonic or therapeutic causes. Postoperative follow-up regimens were impaired, and the complication rate was significantly higher during the pandemic period compared with the previous year (67% in group A vs 16% in group B) (P < .001)., Conclusions: There was a steep decline in transplants in 2020, the first year of the pandemic. The prominent increase in complication rates can be attributed to the late diagnosis of corneal rejections due to impaired postoperative follow-up regimens.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to investigate the inter and intraocular differences in posterior pole asymmetry analysis (PPAA) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in anisometropia, to examine the relationship between the presence of anisometropia and amblyopia and retinal thickness., Methods: Patients between ages of 5 and 16 years with anisometropia who applied to our clinic were included in the study. Macular retinal thickness measurements were evaluated by PPAA using the posterior pole algorithm of the spectral domain-OCT device. Asymmetry was analyzed both as the difference between the right and left eyes and the difference between the superior, inferior, and mean retinal thicknesses of 64 separate quadrants in the same eye. Hemispheric and right-left eye asymmetry differences analyses were performed., Results: 118 patients were included in the study(65 females and 53 males). Group 1 consisted of anisometropic patients (n=46), Group 2 consisted of anisometropic amblyopia patients (n=40), and Group 3 consisted of control group (n=32). The mean age of the patients was 9.72±5.6 years. The mean spherical equivalent difference between the two eyes of the patients was 1.7±0.6 D. When anisometropic eyes were compared with normal eyes, there was no significant difference between mean superior, inferior and total retinal thickness, and right-left eye asymmetry values (for all, p>0.05). In the asymmetry evaluation performed by counting the black boxes in the PPAA, a significant difference was found in the right-left asymmetry evaluation in anisometropic amblyopic eyes, in some quadrants and in the right-left asymmetry analysis (p<0.05)., Conclusion: While no difference was found between anisometropic and normal eyes in the PPAA, there was differences in some quadrants in the anisometropic amblyopic group compared to the control group suggesting that there is an involvement in the peripheral quadrants of the macula, especially in treatment resistant amblyopic patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2022 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Objectives: Microcirculatory dysfunction is known to be associated with organ failure and increased mortality in transplant patients. Noninvasive monitorization of retinal structures of the eye could be a predictor for systemic microvasculature in these patients. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the retinal microvascular changes in pediatric patients who had undergone liver or renal transplant surgery, using optical coherence tomography angiography., Materials and Methods: The medical records of pediatric patients who had liver or renal transplant in the past 10 years were reviewed. The macular vessel density parameters were obtained by optical coherence tomography angiography (Avanti RTVue XR). The results were compared with the age-matched, sex-matched, and spherical equivalent-matched healthy participants (control group). The IBM SPSS (version 25.0) statistics program was used for data analysis., Results: We included 32 eyes of 16 liver transplant patients, 20 eyes of 10 renal transplant patients, and 64 eyes of 32 healthy participants (control group). Superficial macular whole image, superficial perifoveal, and deep foveal vessel densities were found to be lower in the liver transplant group compared with the healthy control group (P = .02, P = .01, and P = .01, respectively). Superficial foveal, deep macular whole image, deep foveal, and deep perifoveal vessel densities were found to be lower in the renal transplant group compared with the healthy control group (P = .03, P = .04, P = .01, and P = .02, respectively)., Conclusions: Macular vessel density measurements are affected in pediatric renal and liver transplant patients. In those patients, retinal optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography measurements may provide a noninvasive window to the microcirculation.

Purpose: To compare the different surgical methods performed on a single eye in a single session and the factors that affect the success of patients having consecutive exotropia (XT) developed after esotropia surgery., Methods: The medical data of the patients who underwent surgery for consecutive XT were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with followed of 6 months or more were divided into four groups; patients with medial rectus (MR) advancement (Group 1 = 10), MR advancement and MR resection (Group 2 = 12), MR advancement and lateral rectus (LR) recession (Group 3 = 13), MR advancement, MR resection, and LR recession (Group 4 = 14). Success results and possible risk factors were investigated., Results: Forty-nine patients with consecutive XT (21 female, 28 male) were enrolled in the study. The mean age of overall patients was 22.97 years at surgery for consecutive XT. The groups did not display significant differences in terms of surgery ages, gender, refraction values, visual acuity, amblyopia, inferior oblique overaction, limitation of adduction, surgical success rates, and follow-up time ( p  > 0.05). Patients of Group 4 had larger preoperative and postoperative deviation, while Group 1 had smaller ( p  < 0.05). The surgical success rates of Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 were 90%, 75%, 76.9%, and 50%, respectively ( p  = 0.192). Statistically, no factor was found to be effective in surgical success rates ( p  > 0.05)., Conclusion: Surgical treatment of consecutive XT is successful in most of the patients with numerous surgical options performed on a single eye in a single session. Patients, particularly with a high amount of deviation should be warned about the possibility of additional surgery.

Objectives: This study was performed to assess and analyze the retinal and choroidal thickness in amblyopic eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography., Methods: A total of 67 children with amblyopia and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy non-amblyopic control subjects were enrolled in the study. The 67 amblyopic children were divided into 3 groups: hypermetropic amblyopia (Group 1). microesotropia (Group 2). and myopic anisometropia (Group 3). All of the participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination and orthoptic assessment. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured at 500-. 750-. 1000-. and 15000-micron intervals nasally and temporally. Central macular thickness was also measured in the subfoveal. parafoveal inferior. parafoveal superior. parafoveal nasal. and parafoveal temporal superior. inferior. nasal. and temporal quadrants. All of the parameters of the amblyopic eyes. fellow eyes. and control eyes were compared., Results: In all. 34 female and 33 male patients were studied. The mean age was 8.6±2.8 years (range: 5-12 years). Comparison of the choroidal thickness and macular thickness measurements between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eye of the same patient within each group revealed no statistically significant differences. Comparison of the findings in the amblyopic eyes of Group 1 and Group 3 with the control group revealed that the choroidal thickness measurements were smaller in the amblyopic eyes in all quadrants. however. only the nasal quadrant measurements demonstrated a statistical significance. The subfoveal macular thickness value was also smaller in both groups when compared with the control eyes., Conclusion: Our results indicated that amblyopia. whether anisometropic or microtropic. did not seem to significantly affect choroidal thickness., (Copyright © 2021 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Purpose: To investigate the effects of a common dietary flavonoid apigenin on retinal endothelial cell proliferation, retinal morphological structure, and apoptotic cell death in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model to evaluate the possibility of the use of apigenin in the treatment of ocular neovascular diseases (ONDs). Methods: Ninety-six newborn C57BL/6J mice were included. Eight groups were randomized, each including 12 mice. Two negative control groups were kept in room air: the first without any injection and the second received intravitreal (IV) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is the solvent we used. The OIR groups were exposed to 75% ± 2% oxygen from postnatal days (PD) 7 to 12. On PD 12, the mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups: 2 OIR control groups (1 received no injection, 1 received IV-DMSO), 2 IV-apigenin groups (10 and 20 μg/mL), and 2 intraperitoneal (IP)-apigenin groups (10 and 20 mg/kg). We quantified retinal endothelial cell proliferation by counting neovascular tufts in cross-sections and examined histological and ultrastructural changes through light and electron microscopy. We evaluated apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Results: We detected a significant increase in endothelial cell proliferation in the OIR groups. Groups receiving apigenin, both IP and IV, had significant decreases in endothelial cells, atypical mitochondrion count, and apoptotic cells compared with the groups receiving no injections. None of the apigenin-injected groups revealed cystic degeneration or cell loss. Conclusions: Apigenin suppresses neovascularization, has antiapoptotic and antioxidative effects in an OIR mouse model, and can be considered a promising agent for treating OND. Clinical trial (Project number: DA15/19).

Objectives: This study was an assessment of factors related to the development and maintenance of binocular sensory function after successful alignment of accommodative esotropia (AE)., Methods: A total of 107 patients aged <12 years with ≥6 months follow-up were included in the study. The variables of age at onset of deviation, duration of deviation before treatment, the amount of uncorrected distance and near deviation, hyperopia, anisometropia, and accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio (AC/A) were evaluated., Results: The study patients had a mean age of 4.9±2.5 years and a mean length of follow-up of 34.3±28 months. Anisometropia was identified in 26.1% of the participants. Anisometropic patients had a greater degree of hyperopia (mean: 5.02±2.07 D) than the patients without (p>0.05). Amblyopia was seen in 25% of the patients with anisometropia, and in 19% of those without (p<0.05). The binocular visual function of the 2 groups was not significantly different (p>0.05). The age at onset of deviation and the duration of deviation did not affect the final outcome (p>0.05 for all). The degree of initial uncorrected distance deviation had a significant effect on the development of amblyopia, fusion, and contoured stereopsis (p<0.05 for all), while the degree of near deviation without correction had a significant effect only on contoured stereopsis., Conclusion: The degree of uncorrected distance and near deviation had a negative impact on binocular vision and stereopsis in AE. The presence of anisometropia, age at onset of deviation, duration of deviation before treatment, high hyperopia, and high AC/A did not pose a significant risk for impaired binocular function., (Copyright © 2021 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a major nosocomial pathogen and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. In light of the strong association between antimicrobial use and CD infections (CDI), it may be hypothesised that areas at higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, like the region of Campania in southern Italy, could also have a higher rate of CDI. In this multicentre, region-based, prospective study, we analysed such issues, exploiting CDI incidence data collected from local hospitals. In 2016, the Italian National Centre for Disease Control supported a project involving three Italian regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio and Campania. In Campania, a network of 49 hospitals willing to participate in the project was created. The project consisted of two phases: a survey on practice patterns concerning CDI and an epidemiological surveillance study. We identified a stringent need to improve awareness about CDI among the regional health-care community, as a widespread lack of surveillance programmes for CDI control was observed (existing in only 40% of participating facilities). Moreover, almost half of the participating hospitals (n=16, 43%) had no standardised procedures or protocols to control and prevent CDI. In the second phase of the study, we collected data of CDI cases during a six-month surveillance programme. In all, 87 CDI cases were observed, for a total of 903,334 patient bed-days and 122,988 admissions. According to the above data, CDI incidence was 0.96 cases/10000 patient bed-days, much lower than expected based on prior studies conducted elsewhere. The results of our study suggest CDI remains a rather neglected clinical issue in Campania. Despite a high burden of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in our geographic setting, we observed a very low incidence of CDI. Such a low incidence could be explained by underdiagnosis, but could also be related to actual diet, the lower patient age or the specific genetic background. However, further studies are warranted to either confirm or rebut the above hypotheses.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of strabismus in families of a proband with accommodative, partial accommodative, or infantile esotropia, and to evaluate the mode of inheritance and the role of consanguineous marriages in this prevalence., Materials and Methods: Families of probands with comitant strabismus were invited to participate in the study. The family members of 139 subjects with accommodative, 55 with partial accommodative, and 21 with infantile esotropia agreed to participate. Detailed family trees were constructed. The first- and second-degree relatives were invited for a complete ophthalmological examination, and 518 individuals from 168 families were evaluated. The role of consanguinity, the presence of tropia, phoria (≥8 PD), microtropia, and hypermetropia (≥3.00 D) among first- and second-degree relatives were analyzed., Results: A non-Mendelian pattern was found in 49 families (23%), an autosomal dominant pattern in 39 families (18%), and an autosomal recessive pattern in 6 families (3%). The prevalence of consanguineous marriages among parents of probands was 18.1%, 22.6%, and 14.3% in the accommodative, partial accommodative, and infantile esotropia groups, respectively (p=0.652). The prevalence of strabismus in first-degree relatives was 58.9%, 45.5%, and 38.1%, respectively (p=0.07). The prevalence of microtropia in probands' siblings was significantly higher in the accommodative esotropia group (p=0.034)., Conclusion: Sporadic cases and non-Mendelian inheritance were more frequent than autosomal recessive inheritance. Autosomal recessive inheritance was found not to be frequent in consanguineous marriages. The prevalence of strabismus and microtropia was significantly higher in families of esotropia cases than in the general population.