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6. Une nouvelle économie politique de l’industrie : l’essor du salariat mondialisé dans la zone franche de Tanger

Author

Bidet, Alexandra, Ouédraogo, J.-B, Rot, Gwenaële, Vatin, François, Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CMH), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CSO), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institutions et Dynamiques Historiques de l'Economie (IDHE), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Sciences sociales ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre de sociologie des organisations (CSO)

Subjects
Maroc, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, industrialisation, salariat industriel
Abstract

Cet article analyse le développement du salariat actuellement en cours dans la région de Tanger. Il s'appuie sur des enquêtes par entretiens, menées en 2014-2015 auprès des directeurs de sites et des directeurs des ressources humaines d'une dizaine de grandes entreprises implantées dans des zones franches, ainsi qu'auprès d'une quinzaine de salariés de l'une de ces entreprises. Après avoir présenté le contexte du développement accéléré du nord- marocain, nous étudions la genèse de ce nouveau salariat industriel, puis les stratégies de fidélisation et de stabilisation de cette main d'oeuvre développées par les entreprises. Enfin, nous interrogeons les contradictions d'une processus, qui voit une logique d'industrialisation low cost déboucher sur une forme de "paternalisme" qui sert de succédané d'Etat social. Une analyse de la mondialisation salariale, qui accompagne l'expansion de l'industrie capitaliste dans de nouvelles régions du monde, constitue la trame générale de notre réflexion.

Published
2017

7. Epigenetic regulation of Plasmodium falciparum clonally variant gene expression during development in Anopheles gambiae

Author

Gomez-Diaz, E., Yerbanga, R. S., Lefèvre, Thierry, Cohuet, Anna, Rowley, M. J., Ouédraogo, J. B., and Corces, V. G.

Subjects
parasitic diseases
Abstract

P. falciparum phenotypic plasticity is linked to the variant expression of clonal multigene families such as the var genes. We have examined changes in transcription and histone modifications that occur during sporogonic development of P. falciparum in the mosquito host. All var genes are silenced or transcribed at low levels in blood stages (gametocyte/ring) of the parasite in the human host. After infection of mosquitoes, a single var gene is selected for expression in the oocyst, and transcription of this gene increases dramatically in the sporozoite. The same PF3D7_1255200 var gene was activated in 4 different experimental infections. Transcription of this var gene during parasite development in the mosquito correlates with the presence of low levels of H3K9me3 at the binding site for the PF3D7_1466400 AP2 transcription factor. This chromatin state in the sporozoite also correlates with the expression of an antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that has previously been shown to promote var gene transcription during the intraerythrocytic cycle in vitro. Expression of both the sense protein-coding transcript and the antisense lncRNA increase dramatically in sporozoites. The findings suggest a complex process for the activation of a single particular var gene that involves AP2 transcription factors and lncRNAs.

Published
2017

8. Neemazal (R) as a possible alternative control tool for malaria and African trypanosomiasis ?

Author

Yerbanga, R. S., Rayaisse, J. B., Vantaux, Amélie, Salou, E., Mouline, Karine, Hien, F., Habluetzel, A., Dabiré, R. K., Ouédraogo, J. B., Solano, Philippe, and Lefèvre, T.

Subjects
Malaria parasite, Anthropophily, Glossina palpalis gambiensis, African trypanosomes, Vector-borne diseases, Host-seeking behaviours, NeemAzal (R), Anopheles coluzzii, Neem
Abstract

Background: Research efforts to identify possible alternative control tools for malaria and African trypanosomiasis are needed. One promising approach relies on the use of traditional plant remedies with insecticidal activities. Methods: In this study, we assessed the effect of blood treated with different doses of NeemAzal (R) (NA, neem seed extract) on mosquitoes (Anopheles coluzzii) and tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis gambiensis) (i) avidity to feed on the treated blood, (ii) longevity, and (iii) behavioural responses to human and calf odours in dual-choice tests. We also gauged NeemAzal (R) toxicity in mice. Results: In An. coluzzii, the ingestion of NA in bloodmeals offered by membrane feeding resulted in (i) primary antifeedancy; (ii) decreased longevity; and (iii) reduced response to host odours. In G. palpalis gambiensis, NA caused (i) a knock-down effect; (ii) decreased or increased longevity depending on the dose; and (iii) reduced response to host stimuli. In both cases, NA did not affect the anthropophilic rate of activated insects. Overall, the most significant effects were observed with NA treated bloodmeals at a dose of 2000 mu g/ml for mosquitoes and 50 mu g/ml for tsetse flies. Although no mortality in mice was observed after 14 days of follow-up at oral doses of 3.8, 5.6, 8.4 and 12.7 g/kg, behavioural alterations were noticed at doses above 8 g/kg. Conclusion: This study revealed promising activity of NA on A. coluzzii and G. palpalis gambiensis but additional research is needed to assess field efficacy of neem products to be possibly integrated in vector control programmes.

Published
2016

9. The effect of dosing strategies on the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria: a meta-analysis of individual patient data

Author

Ouédraogo J-B., Bertrand Lell, Sanjeev Krishna, Ogobara K. Doumbo, Mbaye Pene, Emiliana Tjitra, Ric N. Price, I Van den Broek, Jennifer A. Flegg, Christian Nsanzabana, Faucher J-F., Jean-René Kiechel, Sue J. Lee, Nicholas J. White, Issaka Zongo, Adoke Yeka, Sodiomon B. Sirima, Halidou Tinto, Michel Vaillant, Etard J-F., K Sylla, Sarah G. Staedke, Andreas Mårtensson, Louis K. Penali, Meghna Desai, Martin M Meremikwu, M A Adjuik, Elizabeth A. Ashley, Peter W. Gething, Sally Hamour, Claude Rwagacondo, Clarissa Moreira, Moses R. Kamya, François Bompart, Julie Thwing, Prabin Dahal, Armedy Ronny Hasugian, Elizabeth Juma, Francesco Grandesso, Hasifa Bukirwa, Loretxu Pinoges, Vincent Jullien, Philip J. Rosenthal, Simon I. Hay, Ndiaye J-L., Raquel González, Bhawna Sharma, D Sow, Anup Anvikar, Neena Valecha, E Espié, Frank Smithuis, Didier Menard, Philippe Deloron, Carol Hopkins Sibley, Peter G. Kremsner, M S Ba, Anders Björkman, Albert Same-Ekobo, Todd D. Swarthout, G Diap, Taylor Wrj., Michael Nambozi, Georgina S Humphreys, Caterina I. Fanello, Tine Rck., Karen I. Barnes, Carolyn Nabasumba, Achille Massougbodji, Hervé Ei Menan, Jeff Smith, A Seck, Patrice Piola, Babacar Faye, Richard Allan, Philippe J Guerin, Corine Karema, Frederic Nikiema, Ambrose O. Talisuna, Véronique Sinou, E A Temu, Lyda Osorio, Gaye O, Piero Olliaro, Francine Ntoumi, Michel Cot, Grant Dorsey, Maryline Bonnet, Hubert Barennes, Birgit Schramm, Umberto D'Alessandro, Kasia Stepniewska, Elisabeth Baudin, Steffen Borrmann, Abdoulaye Djimde, Bernards Ogutu, Guthmann J-P., L M Ibrahim, Francesco Checchi, Fabrice A. Somé, Valerie Lameyre, Clara Menéndez, Quique Bassat, Philippe Brasseur, Cally Roper, Joel Tarning, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Washington [Seattle], National Institute of Malaria Research [New Dehli, Inde] (NIMR), Indian Council of Medical Research [New Dehli] (ICMR), Epicentre [Paris] [Médecins Sans Frontières], Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), German Center for Infection Research - partner site Hannover-Braunschweig (DZIF), Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 (CLERSÉ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Oxford-Churchill Hospital Oxford Centre for Haematology, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health [Oxford, UK], Nuffield Department of Medicine [Oxford, UK] (Big Data Institute), University of Oxford-University of Oxford, Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 261), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires (DEAP), Université de Bamako-Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)-Facultés de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Malaria Research and Training Centre, Université de Bamako-Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok], Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) (WWARN), University of Oxford, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [University of Washington], Pharmacologie clinique, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), University of Tübingen, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, SANOFI Recherche, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell biology [Stockholm, Sweden] (Malaria Research), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de Cotonou (Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de Cotonou), Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Centre de recherche et de Diagnostic sur le Sida [Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire] (CeDreS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville [Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire] (CHU de Treichville), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UDELAR), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine [Oxford], Epicentre Ouganda [Mbarara] [Médecins Sans Frontières], Tropical Diseases Research Center (TDRC), Université Marien Ngouabi, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), WHO-TDR Suisse, WHO-TDR Suisse-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Universidad del Valle [Cali] (Univalle), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Bobo Dioulasso (INSSA), Université Polytechnique Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso (UNB), World Wide Antimalarial Resistance Network [West Africa] (WWARN-West Africa Regional Centre), University of Washington [Seattle]-University of Washington [Seattle], Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Infections Parasitaires : Transmission, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutiques (IP-TPT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Service de Santé des Armées, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso] (CNRFP), Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit [Yangon, Myanmar], Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Université de Bordeaux Ségalen [Bordeaux 2], WWARN is funded by a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant., The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) AS-AQ Study Group, We thank the patients and all the staff who participated in these clinical trials at all the sites and the WWARN team for technical and administrative support., Université de Washington Seattle, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), University of Oxford [Oxford]-Churchill Hospital Oxford Centre for Haematology, University of Oxford [Oxford]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Paris (UP), University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, University of Oxford [Oxford]-Mahidol University [Bangkok], Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Oxford [Oxford], Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UCUR), Université de Washington Seattle-Université de Washington Seattle, and Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
Male, Artemether/lumefantrine, Artesunate, Infektionsmedicin, MESH: Africa, Pharmacology, Gastroenterology, MESH: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Efficacy, chemistry.chemical_compound, MESH: Risk Factors, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Malaria, Falciparum, MESH: Treatment Outcome, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, Artesunate/amodiaquine, Hazard ratio, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Artemisinins, 3. Good health, Drug Combinations, Dosing, Treatment Outcome, Female, medicine.drug, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Infectious Medicine, Fixed-dose combination, Plasmodium falciparum, Amodiaquine, Antimalarials, Internal medicine, MESH: Artemisinins, medicine, Humans, MESH: Amodiaquine, MESH: Drug Combinations, MESH: Humans, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, MESH: Antimalarials, MESH: Male, MESH: Recurrence, Malaria, chemistry, Drug resistance, Africa, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, Commentary, business, MESH: Female
Abstract

Background Artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) is one of the most widely used artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. We investigated the impact of different dosing strategies on the efficacy of this combination for the treatment of falciparum malaria. Methods Individual patient data from AS-AQ clinical trials were pooled using the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) standardised methodology. Risk factors for treatment failure were identified using a Cox regression model with shared frailty across study sites. Results Forty-three studies representing 9,106 treatments from 1999-2012 were included in the analysis; 4,138 (45.4%) treatments were with a fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (FDC), 1,293 (14.2%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 25 mg/kg (loose NFDC-25), 2,418 (26.6%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (loose NFDC-30), and the remaining 1,257 (13.8%) with a co-blistered non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (co-blistered NFDC). The median dose of AQ administered was 32.1 mg/kg [IQR: 25.9-38.2], the highest dose being administered to patients treated with co-blistered NFDC (median = 35.3 mg/kg [IQR: 30.6-43.7]) and the lowest to those treated with loose NFDC-25 (median = 25.0 mg/kg [IQR: 22.7-25.0]). Patients treated with FDC received a median dose of 32.4 mg/kg [IQR: 27-39.0]. After adjusting for reinfections, the corrected antimalarial efficacy on day 28 after treatment was similar for co-blistered NFDC (97.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 97.0-98.8%]) and FDC (98.1% [95% CI: 97.6%-98.5%]; P = 0.799), but significantly lower for the loose NFDC-25 (93.4% [95% CI: 91.9%-94.9%]), and loose NFDC-30 (95.0% [95% CI: 94.1%-95.9%]) (P

Published
2015
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12. Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Author

Gouagna, Louis-Clément, Poueme, R. S., Dabiré, K. R., Ouédraogo, J. B., Fontenille, Didier, and Simard, Frédéric

Subjects
sugar-feeding, flowering plants, males, Burkina Faso, olfactometer, Anopheles gambiae
Abstract

Sugar feeding by male mosquitoes is critical for their success in mating competition. However, the facets of sugar source finding under natural conditions remain unknown. Here, evidence obtained in Western Burkina Faso indicated that the distribution of An. gambiae s.s. (M and S molecular forms) males across different peri-domestic habitats is dependent on the availability of potential sugar sources from which they obtain more favorable sites for feeding or resting. Among field-collected anophelines, a higher proportion of specimens containing fructose were found on flowering Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Dolonix regia (Fabaceae), Thevetia neriifolia (Apocynaceae), Senna siamea, and Cassia sieberiana (both Fabaceae) compared to that recorded on other nearby plants, suggesting that some plants are favored for use as a sugar source over others. Y-tube olfactometer assays with newly-emerged An. gambiae s.s. exposed to odors from individual plants and some combinations thereof showed that males use odor cues to guide their preference. The number of sugar-positive males was variable in a no-choice cage assay, consistent with the olfactory response patterns towards corresponding odor stimuli. These experiments provide the first evidence both in field and laboratory conditions for previously unstudied interactions between males of An. gambiae and natural sugar sources.

Published
2010

13. Chloroquine-resistance molecular markers (Pfcrt T76 and Pfmdr-I Y86) and amodiaquine resistance in Burkina Faso

Author

Tinto, H., Guekoun, L., Zongo, I., Guiguemdé, R. T., D'Alessandro, U., and Ouédraogo, J. B.

Subjects
Pfmdr-1, Africa, West, Pfcrt, Drug resistance, Interactions, Burkina Faso, Molecular markers, Amodiaquine, Chloroquine, Protozoal diseases, Malaria
Abstract

The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.com, We investigated the relationship between the two main molecular markers for chloroquine resistance (Pfcrt T76 and Pfmdr-1 Y86) and the clinical efficacy of amodiaquine in Burkina Faso. Before treatment, the prevalence of Pfcrt T76, Pfmdr-1 Y86 or both mutations in the same infection was significantly higher in patients who experienced a recrudescence than in those who successfully responded to the treatment. Therefore, these two molecular markers could be useful in monitoring amodiaquine resistance, particularly in countries where this drug is used in combination with artesunate as first- or second-line treatment.

Published
2008

14. Dynamics of multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in a rice growing area in South-Western Burkina Faso - art. no. 188

Author

Dabiré, K. R., Diabaté, A., Djogbénou, Luc, Ouari, A., N'Guessan, R., Ouédraogo, J. B., Hougard, Jean-Marc, Chandre, Fabrice, and Baldet, T.

Subjects
parasitic diseases
Abstract

Background: Insecticide resistance of the main malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, has been reported in south-western Burkina Faso, West Africa. Cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids was conferred by alterations at site of action in the sodium channel, the Leu-Phe kdr mutation; resistance to organophosphates and carbamates resulted from a single point mutation in the oxyanion hole of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme designed as ace-1(R). Methods: An entomological survey was carried out during the rainy season of 2005 at Vallee du Kou, a rice growing area in south-western Burkina Faso. At the Vallee du Kou, both insecticide resistance mechanisms have been previously described in the M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae. This survey aimed i) to update the temporal dynamics and the circumsporozoite infection rate of the two molecular forms M and S of An. gambiae ii) to update the frequency of the Leu-Phe kdr mutation within these forms and finally iii) to investigate the occurrence of the ace-1(R) mutation. Mosquitoes collected by indoor residual collection and by human landing catches were counted and morphologically identified. Species and molecular forms of An. gambiae, ace-1(R) and Leu-Phe kdr mutations were determined using PCR techniques. The presence of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum was determined using ELISA. Results: Anopheles gambiae populations were dominated by the M form. However the S form occurred in relative important proportion towards the end of the rainy season with a maximum peak in October at 51%. Sporozoite rates were similar in both forms. The frequency of the LeuPhe kdr mutation in the S form reached a fixation level while it is still spreading in the M form. Furthermore, the ace-1(R) mutation prevailed predominately in the S form and has just started spreading in the M form. The two mutations occurred concomitantly both in M and S populations. Conclusion: These results showed that the Vallee du Kou, a rice growing area formerly occupied mainly by M susceptible populations, is progressively colonized by S resistant populations living in sympatry with the former. As a result, the distribution pattern of insecticide resistance mutations shows the occurrence of both resistance mechanisms concomitantly in the same populations. The impact of multiple resistance mechanisms in M and S populations of An. gambiae on vector control measures against malaria transmission, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), in this area is discussed.

Published
2008

19. Investigation of antiplasmodial compounds from two plants, Cochlospermum tinctorium A. rich and Gardenia sokotensis hutch

Author

Traoré, M., Guiguemdé, A., Yago, I., Nikièma, J. B., Halidou Tinto, Dakuyo, Z. P., Ouédraogo, J. B., Guissou, I. P., and Guiguemdé, T. R.

Abstract

Efforts in malaria treatment are currently directed towards the discovery and development of new antimalarial compounds. In this way two plants Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. (Cochlospermaceae) and Gardenia sokotensis Hutch (Rubiaceae) traditionally used to treat symptoms of malaria in Burkina Faso were screened for antimalarial activity in vivo with Plasmodium berghei. Dichloromethane extract of Cochlospermum tinctorium and dichloromethane-methanol (7/3v/v) of Gardenia sokotensis showed a promising in vivo antiplasmodial activity with 50% effective dose of 17.59 mg/kg and 115 mg/kg respectively. Water extracts from the two plants showed an interesting antiplasmodial activity of Cochlospermum tinctorium and a weak activity for Gardenia sokotensis. Paradoxically chromatographic fractions issued from the active crude extract of Cochlospermum tinctorium appear less active. The fraction FGs2 of Gardenia has showed a pronounced activity with 42% inhibition rate at 50 mg /kg. These results reflected in part the previous in vitro studies conducted on the two plants. Phytochemical screening revealed mostly the presence of triterpenes, carotenoids and flavonoids more or less in pure state. Keywords: Cochlospermum tinctorium; Gardenia sokotensis; Malaria; Plasmodium berghei African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Vol. 3(4) 2006: 34-41

22. In vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine pyrimethamine in the Bobo Dioulasso region (1998-2001): Risk factors associated with treatments failures to the two drugs,Sensibilité in vivo de Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine et à la sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine dans la région de Bobo Dioulasso (1998-2001): Étude des facteurs de risque associés aux échecs thérapeutiques de ces deux médicaments

Author

Halidou Tinto, Sanou, B., Erhart, A., D Alessandro, U., Ouédraogo, J. B., and Guiguemdé, T. R.

23. Ex vivo drug susceptibility and resistance mediating genetic polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

Author

Somé AF, Conrad MD, Kabré Z, Fofana A, Yerbanga RS, Bazié T, Neya C, Somé M, Kagambega TJ, Legac J, Garg S, Bailey JA, Ouédraogo J-B, Rosenthal PJ, and Cooper RA

Subjects
Child, Humans, Plasmodium falciparum, Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination therapeutic use, Burkina Faso, Artemether therapeutic use, Pyrimethamine pharmacology, Pyrimethamine therapeutic use, Lumefantrine pharmacology, Lumefantrine therapeutic use, Drug Combinations, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics, Drug Resistance genetics, Protozoan Proteins genetics, Protozoan Proteins therapeutic use, Antimalarials pharmacology, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Malaria, Falciparum parasitology, Folic Acid Antagonists pharmacology, Malaria drug therapy
Abstract

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Burkina Faso, which utilizes artemether-lumefantrine as the principal therapy to treat uncomplicated malaria and seasonal malaria chemoprevention with monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine in children during the transmission season. Monitoring the activities of available antimalarial drugs is a high priority. We assessed the ex vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to 11 drugs in isolates from patients presenting with uncomplicated malaria in Bobo-Dioulasso in 2021 and 2022. IC 50 values were derived using a standard 72 h growth inhibition assay. Parasite DNA was sequenced to characterize known drug resistance-mediating polymorphisms. Isolates were generally susceptible, with IC 50 values in the low-nM range, to chloroquine (median IC 50 10 nM, IQR 7.9-24), monodesethylamodiaquine (22, 14-46) piperaquine (6.1, 3.6-9.2), pyronaridine (3.0, 1.3-5.5), quinine (50, 30-75), mefloquine (7.1, 3.7-10), lumefantrine (7.1, 4.5-12), dihydroartemisinin (3.7, 2.2-5.5), and atovaquone (0.2, 0.1-0.3) and mostly resistant to cycloguanil (850, 543-1,290) and pyrimethamine (33,200, 18,400-54,200), although a small number of outliers were seen. Considering genetic markers of resistance to aminoquinolines, most samples had wild-type PfCRT K76T (87%) and PfMDR1 N86Y (95%) sequences. For markers of resistance to antifolates, established PfDHFR and PfDHPS mutations were highly prevalent, the PfDHPS A613S mutation was seen in 19% of samples, and key markers of high-level resistance (PfDHFR I164L; PfDHPS K540E) were absent or rare (A581G). Mutations in the PfK13 propeller domain known to mediate artemisinin partial resistance were not detected. Overall, our results suggest excellent susceptibilities to drugs now used to treat malaria and moderate, but stable, resistance to antifolates used to prevent malaria., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Published
2024
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24. [Main characteristics of the street food sector in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso].

Author

Drabo KM, Toe LP, Savadogo LG, Tarnagda Z, Zeba AN, Zongo I, Rouamba J, Toe A, Ouédraogo D, and Ouédraogo JB

Subjects
Adult, Animals, Burkina Faso, Eating, Edible Grain standards, Educational Status, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Handling standards, Humans, Hygiene standards, Meat standards, Milk standards, Young Adult, Food standards
Abstract

To investigate the sector of food sold in the streets of Bobo-Dioulasso and identify relevant information for action, a survey on knowledge and practices of street food vendors and consumers was conducted in June 2005. Data have been collected in 928 street food selling posts. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 874 street vendors and 2474 consumers. Street food sites are concentrated in places where administration and trade activities are usually running. The street food seller is a married and illiterate woman of 32 years old. Cereals (48.5%), meat (33.9%), milk (9.6%) and fruits (4.4%) are the basic consumables. The street food consumer is a non married man, 27 years old working in profit-making activity. Consumers use many criteria to choose the place to eat, at times or permanently. The street food sector represents a source of income and induces change in household eating habits. Street food in Bobo-Dioulasso needs to be better organised, by using an holistic approach that involves all the actors.

Published
2009

25. [In vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium faciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine pyrimethamine in the Bobo Dioulasso region (1998-2001): risk factors associated with treatments failures to the two drugs].

Author

Tinto H, Sanou B, Erhart A, D'Alessandro U, Ouédraogo JB, and Guiguemdé TR

Subjects
Adolescent, Animals, Burkina Faso, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Combinations, Humans, Infant, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests, Risk Factors, Treatment Failure, Antimalarials pharmacology, Chloroquine pharmacology, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects, Pyrimethamine pharmacology, Sulfadoxine pharmacology
Abstract

The therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was determined over a 4 year period (1998-2001) in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, with an analysis of the risk factors associated to treatment failures to the 2 drugs. In total, 2008 children (6 months-15 years old) attending in 4 health centres (1 urban and 3 rural) were included in the study. Children were alternatively allocated to either CQ or SP The WHO 14-days in vivo field test was carried out. PCV was measured at day 0 and 14. CQ treatment failure was 24.4% (229/940), most of them being late failures. Between 1998 and 2001 a significant increase in CQ treatment failure (p < 0.001) was observed. SP showed a good efficacy with a total treatment failure of 4.4% (33/749). However; a significant increase of resistance to this drug (p=0.001) was also observed between 1998 and 2001. Among children with anaemia at day 0.85% (23/27) were no more anaemic by day 14 in the SP group, while in the CQ group the proportion was lower; 69% (27/39). However the difference between the two drugs was not significant (p > 0.1). Univariate analysis showed that the site, the age of children, the time of recruitment and the parasitaemia were significantly associated with CQ treatment failure. In the multivariate analysis these 4 variables remain significantly and independently associated with the risk of CQ treatment failure. After adjusting for the effect of the 3 other factors, the risk of treatment failure was reduced by half in rural area compared to urban area as well as in children of 5-15 years of age compared to those under 5. The risk of treatment failure was significantly increased in 2000-2001 (OR = 1.66, p < 0.05) as compared to the 2 previous years (1998-1999). It was also twice higher in children with parasitaemia > or = 16,000/microl than in those having a lower parasitaemia. For SP we have not observed such connexions with the univariate and multivariate analysis.

Published
2006

26. Malaria: use of restriction endonuclease digestion and mutation-specific PCR for antifolate resistance isolate detection.

Author

Kengne P, Ouédraogo JB, Zampan H, Veas F, and Guiguemdé TR

Subjects
Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Antimalarials therapeutic use, DNA, Protozoan blood, Folic Acid Antagonists therapeutic use, Humans, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Malaria, Falciparum parasitology, Mutation, Missense, Parasitemia drug therapy, Parasitemia parasitology, Plasmodium falciparum genetics, Point Mutation, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Proguanil pharmacology, Pyrimethamine pharmacology, Antimalarials pharmacology, DNA Mutational Analysis methods, DNA, Protozoan genetics, Drug Resistance genetics, Folic Acid Antagonists pharmacology, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects, Protozoan Proteins genetics, Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase genetics
Abstract

Antifolate resistance isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in the blood of 56 patients was investigated by using PCR technology. DNA was extracted with three different methods from parasite lysate by phenol-chloroform, or from whole blood and from blood collected onto dry filter paper, by chelex-100. The expected 727-bp PCR product was obtained in all samples extracted by chelex-100, while three samples prepared by phenol-chloroform failed to show any amplified product. The crucial point mutation within the dhfr gene leading to pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance is localised in an Alul recognition site. Thus, the 727-bp PCR product was submitted to endonuclease digestion. Fifty out of the 56 blood samples analysed yielded the two expected restriction fragments and an undigested 727-bp band. These 50 samples likely represent mixed infection as also confirmed the specific mutation PCR. The six undigested samples amplify a 339-bp fragment using a nested PCR-specific for pyrimethamine resistance mutation. Our results show that, the rapid DNA extraction from blood using chelex-100 and the PCR endonuclease assay can be efficiently used for accurate chemosensitivity analysis in the field.

Published
2003

27. [The simplified isotopic microtest: a method for studying the drug resistance in vitro of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs].

Author

Tinto H, Ouédraogo JB, Coulibaly SO, Traoré B, and Guiguemdé TR

Subjects
Animals, Chloroquine pharmacology, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Drug Resistance, Mefloquine pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Models, Theoretical, Phenanthrenes pharmacology, Plasmodium falciparum growth & development, Quinine pharmacology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Antimalarials pharmacology, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects
Abstract

We evaluated the efficiency of the simplified version of the isotopic microtest (simplified test) and compared it to that of the complete version (standard test), for determining the susceptibility of local strains of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine and halofantrine. The study was carried out from July to November 1996, at the MURAZ Center, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. The inclusion criteria were: single infection with P. falciparum, with a parasite count of at least 4,000 infected red blood cells per mm3. Susceptibility to each drug was determined after incubation for 48 hours at 37

Published
2000

28. [Vaccination against malaria: initial trial with an ant-sporozoite vaccine, (NANP)3-TT (RO 40-2361) in Africa (Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso)].

Author

Guiguemdé TR, Sturchler D, Ouédraogo JB, Drabo M, Etlinger H, Douchet C, Gbary AR, Haller L, Kambou S, and Fernex M

Subjects
Animals, Apicomplexa immunology, Burkina Faso, Child, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Malaria parasitology, Malaria prevention & control, Plasmodium immunology, Protozoan Proteins therapeutic use, Tetanus Toxoid therapeutic use, Vaccination
Abstract

The vaccine (NANP)3-TT is a synthetic peptide of the circumsporozoite protein (CS) of Plasmodium falciparum coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) as protein carrier and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant. The objectives of the study were to assess the immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of the vaccine in an area where malaria is endemic. The study was conducted in a zone of irrigated rice cultivation known as the Vallée du Kou to the North of Bobo-Dioulasso. Malaria transmission is permanent in the Vallée with maxima in July and November. The study was conducted from June to December 1988. It was a controlled randomised, double blind, prospective vaccine trial. A total of 123 infants from 3 to 5 months of age were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I (controls) received three doses of TT alone, group II received two doses of TT and one of (NANP)3-TT and group III received three doses of (NANP)3-TT. These vaccines were administered simultaneously with the Enlarged Program of Immunisation (EPI) vaccines. The clinical parasitological and immunological status of the children was then monitored over a period of five months. No systemic reactions to the vaccine were observed in the infants either immediately after administration or during the follow-up. Minor local tumefactions were observed in only 3% of the children. The vaccine was found to be immunogenic with a peak IgG response at day 75, when 56% (group II) and 60% (group III) showed antibody titres of at least four times that seen at day 0. The response, however, was a short duration; by day 150 the average antibody titres were not significantly different between the three groups. The incidence and the level of parasiaemia and the incidence of clinical malaria were also not significantly different for each of the three groups during the period of the study. The association of (NANP)3 with tetanus toxoid was not shown to be immunologically inhibitive. The results, despite not showing a protective effect for the vaccine (NANP)3-TT, have shown its immunogenicity and therefore suggest that further development of this vaccine may be worthwhile.

Published
1990

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