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The increasing demand for sustainable and efficient energy solutions has prompted extensive research into optimizing renewable energy sources in microgrid systems. This paper focuses on optimizing renewable energy sources within a standalone microgrid using particle swarm optimization (PSO) as the sole algorithm. The microgrid model proposed integrates photovoltaic (PV), wind, battery storage, and serves a load represented by an agricultural firm. Real-world data from Agdz in Ouarzazate, Morocco, is utilized for analysis. The primary objective is to minimize excess production from PV and wind sources when the battery reaches full charge. This research addresses the increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions by emphasizing a single optimization technique, PSO, for achieving a balanced and efficient energy generation system. The study aims to closely align energy production with load demand to reduce wastage and ensure a reliable energy supply within the microgrid. The evaluation is conducted based on the ability of the PSO algorithm to diminish the gap between total energy production and load demand. The use of the PSO algorithm resulted in a 30% reduction in excess energy, effectively mitigating unnecessary energy wastage when the battery is fully charged. This outcome highlights the algorithm's capacity to adapt and optimize energy production from primary sources to precisely align with the specific requirements of the load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on microgrid systems incorporating hybrid renewable energy sources (HRESs) with battery energy storage (BES), both essential for ensuring reliable and consistent operation in off-grid standalone systems. The proposed system includes solar energy, a wind energy source with a synchronous turbine, and BES. Hybrid particle swarm optimizer (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA) combined with active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) (PSO-GA-ADRC) are developed to regulate both the frequency and amplitude of the AC bus voltage via a load-side converter (LSC) under various operating conditions. This approach further enables efficient management of accessible generation and general consumption through a bidirectional battery-side converter (BSC). Additionally, the proposed method also enhances power quality across the AC link via mentoring the photovoltaic (PV) inverter to function as shunt active power filter (SAPF), providing the desired harmonic-current element to nonlinear local loads as well. Equipped with an extended state observer (ESO), the hybrid PSO-GA-ADRC provides efficient estimation of and compensation for disturbances such as modeling errors and parameter fluctuations, providing a stable control solution for interior voltage and current control loops. The positive results from hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of this control strategy in maintaining stable voltage and current in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid technology is gaining popularity due to its ability to integrate different renewable energy sources and energy storage technologies in grid-connected and islanded modes in an efficient and ecologically friendly way. Because of the absence of inertia, referred to as a weak microgrid, the stable functioning of the system should be maintained in islanded circumstances, necessitating the installation of a robust control system in order to form and maintain its voltage amplitude and frequency constant under all operating conditions (Grid Forming). To that end, this study recommends implementing a robust control method called as Active Disturbance Rejection Control in order to deal with the many uncertainties and disturbances that might occur in such a complex system. This control approach is based on an Extended State Observer, which evaluates all the disturbances that may affect the system in real time and compensates for them in the final control block. An integrated PV-based battery-islanded microgrid is next studied and simulated by using the MATLAB/Simulink Environment in order to illustrate the feasibility of the suggested technique. The obtained results show that the efficacy of the suggested setup to produce and maintain constant voltage and frequency under any operating situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]