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Background and Objectives:Medicinal plants constitute the major source of malaria treatment in a different region of Burkina Faso, the present study was carried out to determine the potentially anti-malaria plants of the region of Bobo Dioulasso and to assess preliminary investigations on the possible pharmacological applications others than anti-malaria properties assessed by traditional health practitioners. Materials and Methods:Open-ended and structured interviews were used during the ethnobotanical survey. Total phenolics and flavonoids content were estimated using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using anti-radical and reduction methods while the crystal violet staining technique was used for the determination of extracts cytotoxicity on 22RV1 prostate cancer cells. Results:Ethnobotanical survey highlighted five plants from different families as the most used against malaria. Their extracts have shown a significant potential for trapping radicals by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonique acid) (ABTS●+) method. The methanolic extract ofT. macropterahas the highest content of phenolic and flavonoids compounds with respectively 59.94±0.15 mg EAG/100 mg of extract and 5.35±0.05 EQ/100 mg of extract. Methanolic extracts concentration of different plants tested that inhibit 50% of the proliferation of cancer cells 22RV1 proliferation were ranged between 48.34 to 359.1 μg/mL.E. africanawas the most active 48.34 μg/mL on tested cell strain. Conclusion:Phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential may justify the use of tested plants in the treatment of malaria. Antiradical potential and reduction capacities of tested samples may explain their toxicity 22RV1 prostate cancer cells.

Insect-borne diseases are responsible for important burdens on health worldwide particularly in Africa. Malaria alone causes close to half a million deaths every year, mostly in developing, tropical and subtropical countries, with 94% of the global deaths in 2019 occurring in the WHO African region. With several decades, vector control measures have been fundamental to fight against malaria. Considering the spread of resistance to insecticides in mosquitoes and to drugs in parasites, the need for novel strategies to inhibit the transmission of the disease is pressing. In recent years, several studies have focused on the interaction of malaria parasites, bacteria and their insect vectors. Their findings suggested that the microbiota of mosquitoes could be used to block Plasmodium transmission. A strategy, termed paratransgenesis, aims to interfere with the development of malaria parasites within their vectors through genetically-modified microbes, which produce antimalarial effectors inside the insect host. Here we review the progress of the paratransgenesis approach. We provide a historical perspective and then focus on the choice of microbial strains and on genetic engineering strategies. We finally describe the different steps from laboratory design to field implementation to fight against malaria.

Objectif : L’objectif de l’étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’une complémentation stratégique valorisant les ressources localement disponibles, durant le pré et le post-partum des vaches, sur leurs performances de production laitière, l’évolution pondérale des veaux et la réduction de l’intervalle vêlage-vêlage des mères. Méthodologie et résultats : Trois traitements ont été réalisés avec un effectif total de 60 vaches dont 20 vaches complémentées avec du tourteau de coton, du son de maïs, des pierres à lécher et de l’eau de boisson ad libitum) avant et après vêlage (lot VCAAV), 20 vaches complémentées seulement après vêlage (lot VCAV) et 20 autres non complémentées (lot VNC). La production moyenne de lait trait a varié significativement d’un traitement à l’autre (VCAAV = 4,95 ± 0,70 litres; VCAV = 4,14 ± 0,50 litres; VNC = 3,42 ± 0,71 litres). A la naissance (PMN), le poids moyen des veaux issus du lot VCAAV était de 26,92 kg, tandis que celui des lots VCAV et VNC était de 18 kg, soit une différence moyenne de 09 kg. Enfin, les VCAAV sont revenues en chaleur trois mois en moyenne contre cinq mois et plus en moyenne pour les VCAV et les VNC. Conclusion et application des résultats : La production laitière des vaches peut être améliorée en saison sèche par une complémentation stratégique avant et après mise-bas avec des ressources alimentaires localement disponibles telles que le tourteau de coton, le son de maïs, les pierres à lécher et de l’eau de boisson ad libitum). La complémentation a permis non seulement une augmentation de la productivité, mais aussi une augmentation du poids des veaux avant et après vêlage et une réduction sensible de l’intervalle vêlage-vêlage. Ce qui est un objectif fondamental pour le producteur de lait qui veut toujours un veau par vache par an. Mots clés : Vaches, complémentation pré et post-partum, quantité lait, poids veaux, intervalle vêlagevêlage.

The objective of the present study was to display the state of poultry production in fourth (4) regions (Nouakchott, Hodh El Gharbi, Assaba and Guidimaka) covered by ProLPRAF program at the beginning of the program activities in 2011. Data were collected during surveys with different questionnaires addressed to different actors of the poultry sector. Results from farmers showed that 65.0% were female with average age of 45.3 ± 8.40 years. Production constraints remained the same as those encountered in poultry farming in developing countries. There were no poultry markets in the regions, poultry sellers in Nouakchott were male (100%) with average age of 34.8 ± 5.2 years. Traditional local chicken marketed in the regions came either from Nouakchott region (40%) and others (40%), or imported from neighboring countries (20%). In modern poultry farming, day-old chick was imported from Morocco (85%) or Senegal (15%) as well as production inputs. The price of local chicken ranged from 1385 ± 126 to 2325 ± 275 MU, while broiler chicken was between 1255 ± 60 and 1470 ± 47 MU. Local chicken was for ritual, traditions and practices (75%). Layer’s Eggs were imported from Morocco (55%) or Senegal (45%), and average unit price of one egg was around 43.0 ± 5.0 MU. Poultry meat cooked in the restaurants consisted exclusively of broilers meat (100%). Poultry farming was facing socio-political constraints that limited its development, but the ProLPRAF program has been able to tackle these constraints and the impact of the program is plausible today.

In Burkina Faso as in several African countries, diabetes is becoming a very serious disease and public concern. Patients use both drugs and plants for treatment. Thus, Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora have been identified as plants used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of that disease. The aim of the study was to assess phytochemical components and antioxidant activities of those plants in order to highlight why diabetes patients refer to them. The phytochemical analysis of water, ash quantification and screening were done using the standard methods; the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract against 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical were performed using colorimetric or spectrophotometric methods. The Inhibitory Concentration (IC) was determined using GraphPad Prism version 5. The results showed 6.76±0.076% and 7.52±0.015% of water contents in Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora, respectively. The ash content was 3.41±0.35% for Combretum molle and 3.87±0.15% for Pericopsis laxiflora. The screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins in both plant materials. However, alkaloids were found in Pericopsis laxiflora and hydrolysables tannins and heterosides cardiotonics in Combretum molle. The IC50 for the extract plant of Combretum molle was 42 μg/mL and that of the Pericopsis laxiflora was 44.15 μg/mL for DPPH radical. The antioxidant effect of the extract plant of Combretum molle was 216 μg/mL and the extract plant of Pericopsis laxiflora was 225 μg/mL on the nitric oxide radical. It was concluded that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponin, alkaloids and cardiotonic heterosides, explains why traditional medicine uses both plants together to treat certain diseases. However, further investigations of the pharmacological potential for diabetes treatment are needed.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Phytochemical, antioxidant activities, Combretum molle, Pericopsis laxiflora, Burkina Faso

The objective of this study was to measure the relative influence of the animal’s age, body condition score (BCS), glycemia at day of insemination (D0) and the livestock management system on the probability of conception and occurrence of embryonic mortalities. In this study, 81 inseminated cows both of the Gobra Zebu breed and crossbred were sampled. Blood samples were collected the day of insemination (D0) and twenty-one (D21) and thirty-five (D35) days after AI. The BCS, the age and the livestock management system were recorded for all animals before the artificial insemination (AI). The glycemia was measured on D0. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by progesterone and pregnancy associated glycoprotein assays and transrectal palpation. A multinomial logistic model was used to analyze the effect of the selection criteria for cows on the success rate of AI. The pregnancy diagnosis makes possible to detect 47% of pregnant cows and 26% of late embryonic mortality (LEM) at D60 post AI. The maximum likelihood test carried out on the model permits to reject the null hypothesis (p < 0.0001) according to which all animals have the same chance of being pregnant (47%). The variables thus provide a significant amount of information to explain the variability in the success rate of AI. The most significant factor was age (p < 0.0001), followed by the BCS, then glycemia and finally the livestock management system (p = 0.047). The BCS is the factor that most explains the variability in pregnant cows. For the group of LEM, age of the animal accounts for variability.