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Goose is important meat poultry and its growth and development has always been the focus of attention, but the regulation mechanisms of genes and gene network underlying growth and development of goose are still unclear. Three males of large-size Shitou goose and three males of small size Wuzong goose at 5 weeks of age were used for transcriptome analysis with deep sequencing. After slaughter, their pituitary gland was taken for RNA-seq. A total of 290 DEGs were identified by fold change ≥2 and false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05, where there were 148 upregulated genes and 142 downregulated genes in Shitou goose compared to Wuzong goose. Results also showed that the DEGs related to insulin signaling pathway could increase protein synthesis and fat production, and the interaction network of DEGs was mainly related to development, endocrine system, inflammatory diseases, tissue damage and abnormality. The DEGs involved in the growth and function of the pituitary organs may regulate the growth and development of the body by affecting the synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones. The results of this study will help to understand the regulatory mechanism of goose growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to perform a systematic transcriptome-wide analysis of mRNA–miRNA interactions and to identify candidates involved in the interplay between miRNAs and mRNAs that regulate chicken muscle growth. We used our previously published mRNA (GSE72424) and miRNA (GSE62971) deep sequencing data from two-tailed samples [i.e., the highest (h) and lowest (l) body weights] of Recessive White Rock (WRR) and Xinghua (XH) chickens to conduct integrative analyses of the miRNA–mRNA interactions involved in chicken skeletal muscle growth. A total of 162, 15, 173, and 27 miRNA–mRNA pairs with negatively correlated expression patterns were identified in miRNA–mRNA networks constructed on the basis of the WRRh vs. XHh, WRRh vs. WRRl, WRRl vs. XHl, and XHh vs. XHl comparisons, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that gene networks identified for the WRRh vs. XHh contrast were associated with developmental disorders. Importantly, the WRRh vs. XHh contrast miRNA–mRNA network was enriched in IGF-1 signaling pathway genes, including FOXO3. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that FOXO3 was a target of miR-142-5p. Furthermore, miR-142-5p overexpression significantly decreased FOXO3 mRNA levels and promoted the expression of growth-related genes. These data demonstrated that miR-142-5p targets FOXO3 and promotes growth-related gene expression and regulates skeletal muscle growth in chicken. Comprehensive analysis facilitated the identification of miRNAs and target genes that might contribute to the regulation of skeletal muscle development. Our results provide new clues for understanding the molecular basis of chicken growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and development of skeletal muscle is regulated by proteins as well as non-coding RNAs. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are universally expressed in various tissues and cell types, and regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. To identify the circRNAs during chicken embryonic skeletal muscle development, leg muscles of female Xinghua (XH) chicken at three developmental time points 11 embryo age (E11), 16 embryo age (E16) and 1 day post hatch (P1) were performed RNA sequencing. We identified 13,377 circRNAs with 3,036 abundantly expressed and most were derived from coding exons. A total of 462 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified (fold change > 2; q-value < 0.05). Parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs were related to muscle biological processes. There were 946 exonic circRNAs have been found that harbored one or more miRNA-binding site for 150 known miRNAs. We validated that circRBFOX2s promoted cell proliferation through interacted with miR-206. These data collectively indicate that circRNAs are abundant and dynamically expressed during embryonic muscle development and could play key roles through sequestering miRNAs as well as other functions., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Kazusa DNA Research Institute.)

The goal of this study was to perform a systematic transcriptome-wide analysis of mRNA-miRNA interactions and to identify candidates involved in the interplay between miRNAs and mRNAs that regulate chicken muscle growth. We used our previously published mRNA (GSE72424) and miRNA (GSE62971) deep sequencing data from two-tailed samples [i.e., the highest (h) and lowest (l) body weights] of Recessive White Rock (WRR) and Xinghua (XH) chickens to conduct integrative analyses of the miRNA-mRNA interactions involved in chicken skeletal muscle growth. A total of 162, 15, 173, and 27 miRNA-mRNA pairs with negatively correlated expression patterns were identified in miRNA-mRNA networks constructed on the basis of the WRR h vs. XH h , WRR h vs. WRR l , WRR l vs. XH l , and XH h vs. XH l comparisons, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that gene networks identified for the WRR h vs. XH h contrast were associated with developmental disorders. Importantly, the WRR h vs. XH h contrast miRNA-mRNA network was enriched in IGF-1 signaling pathway genes, including FOXO3. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that FOXO3 was a target of miR-142-5p. Furthermore, miR-142-5p overexpression significantly decreased FOXO3 mRNA levels and promoted the expression of growth-related genes. These data demonstrated that miR-142-5p targets FOXO3 and promotes growth-related gene expression and regulates skeletal muscle growth in chicken. Comprehensive analysis facilitated the identification of miRNAs and target genes that might contribute to the regulation of skeletal muscle development. Our results provide new clues for understanding the molecular basis of chicken growth.

Background. The GNPDA2 (glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2) gene is a member of Glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) deaminase subfamily, which encoded an allosteric enzyme of GlcN6P. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that variations of human GNPDA2 are associated with body mass index and obesity risk, but its function and metabolic implications remain to be elucidated.The object of this study was to characterize the gene structure, expression, and biological functions of GNPDA2 in chickens. Methods. Variant transcripts of chicken GNPDA2 and their expression were investigated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) system and real-time quantitative PCR technology. We detected the GNPDA2 expression in hypothalamic, adipose, and liver tissue of Xinghua chickens with fasting and high-glucose-fat diet treatments, and performed association analysis of variations of GNPDA2 with productive traits in chicken. The function of GNPDA2 was further studied by overexpression and small interfering RNA (siRNA) methods in chicken preadipocytes. Results.Four chicken GNPDA2 transcripts (cGNPDA2-a∼cGNPDA2-d) were identified in this study. The complete transcript GNPDA2-a was predominantly expressed in adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat), hypothalamus, and duodenum. In fasting chickens, the mRNA level of GNPDA2 was decreased by 58.8% (P < 0.05) in hypothalamus, and returned to normal level after refeeding. Chicken fed a high-glucose-fat diet increased GNPDA2 gene expression about 2-fold higher in adipose tissue (P < 0.05) than that in the control (fed a basal diet), but decreased its expression in hypothalamus. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the GNPDA2 gene were significantly associated with body weight and a number of fatness traits in chicken (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Our findings indicated that the GNPDA2 gene has a potential role in the regulation of body weight, fat and energy metabolism in chickens.