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OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the different indications and recommendations for high-flow therapy in the hospital and at home. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study based on a review of articles published in English or Spanish and indexed in the published in English or Spanish and indexed in PubMed, SciELO and Medline databases, with MeSH: oxygen; high flow; respiratory failure; nasal cannula; hypoxaemia and ROX index. RESULTS: Seventy-eight articles were identified. The main indication for high flow therapy was found in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure, mainly with PaO2/FiO2 less than 200 mmHg, where it was shown to reduce the risk of intubation, days on mechanical ventilation and the risk of associated infectious complications. It currently has other indications of clinical importance. CONCLUSIONS: High flow therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inpatients and outpatients with hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Since it is a strategy that avoids escalation of oxygen treatments, the earlier it is indicated, the greater the benefits it will bring to the clinical evolution of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The pneumothorax is consequence of the most frequent air leak in the neonatal period and its treatment is based mainly on severity of clinical manifestations. Oxygen treatment at high concentrations (Nitrogen washout) to those with mild to moderate clinical manifestations has been a therapy used to achieve its rapid resolution; However, its usefulness is controversial. CLINICAL CASES: 36-week neonates that presented spontaneous pneumothorax of 30-45%, associated with mild to moderate respiratory distress. Therefore, oxygen was indicated at high concentrations with adequate clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: The use of oxygen at high concentrations for the treatment of pneumothorax has not generated advantages by recent studies. On the contrary, there may be side effects from hyperoxia and other unfavorable clinical outcomes. In spite of this, there is likely to exist trends for use, with apparent good results. However, for recently studies, this intervention should be avoided and must follow up on the results of pneumothorax in each unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aportando al diseño de políticas públicas para el manejo del arbolado urbano, se identificó y evaluó la diversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos del dosel arbóreo urbano costero de la ciudad de Corrientes; mediante un inventario forestal, se calcularon índices clásicos y de diversidad funcional; se realizó una caracterización dendrométrica. Con esta información se probarán hipótesis referidas a la distribución espacial de la provisión de los servicios ecosistémicos del arbolado público. De allí la Costanera Norte presenta mayor riqueza especifica; número de familias y géneros taxonómicos; y el Parque Mitre se destaca por la mayor edad promedio del arbolado. Los índices clásicos expresan diversidad baja y valores normales de biodiversidad urbana. La distribución de especies en la ciudad se encuentra excedida en todos sus parámetros. El Parque Mitre es el mayor sumidero de carbono, y el sector de mayor liberación de oxígeno. La vegetación actual logra captar las emisiones anuales de una baja proporción de la población total del área. El dosel arbóreo evaluado libera oxígeno suficiente para asegurar la calidad de vida de la mitad de los contribuyentes circundantes. Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de continuar reforestando la ciudad de Corrientes como estrategia de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.

One of the leading causes of the impact magnitude of COVID-19 in Peru was the lack of medical oxygen. What explains this oxygen shortage, which is high even by regional standards? This article presents a response from the perspective of the legacies of the Peruvian health system. First, a structural cause. The historical deficiencies of the health system and specific characteristics linked to outsourcing services led to a low capacity to provide this resource. Second, an institutional legacy. A 2010 regulation established a purity requirement of 99% for medical oxygen. This percentage, which is well above international standards, reduced the offer, concentrating it on two providers. The case of the Ayacucho region, which has a better supply of oxygen thanks to two high-volume tanks, illustrates some of these dynamics and the importance of this resource in saving lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work was to determine the effects of temperature, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll a on the relative abundance of Anchoa nasus "samasa" in the Pisco area, during the years 2011-2017. For this, biometrical samplings were carried out, oceanographic surveys and information of catches and fishery effort were collected. Relative abundance data were related to environmental factors data using Generalized Additive Models (GAM), the lower and upper limits of the ecological niche was calculated using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) method. In order to identify temporal phases during the study period Principal Component Analysis, Classification Analysis and Ordicluster between dates based on environmental variables were carried out. The ecological niche of samasa in relation to surface temperature was found between 18.15 °C and 21.56 °C, in relation to surface salinity between 34.915 and 35.070, regarding chlorophyll a presented a lower limit of 8.59 mg⋅m-3, and regarding dissolved oxygen presented a lower limit of 8.02 m⋅l-1 for surface level. Compared to other species, the ecological niche of was located in mesophilic, marine, normoxic and mesotrophic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease leads to silent hypoxia, ARDS, and organ failure. The saturation and fraction of inspired oxygen have been related to the degree of lung damage, can be considered as a monitoring tool for lung function during hospitalization and a predictor of mortality in patients with pneumonia by COVID-19. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the oxygen saturation index and fraction of inspired oxygen as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Material and methods: A retrospective, longitudinal, analytical study. Files of eligible patients with a diagnosis of SARSCoV-2 pneumonia were admitted to HGR No.2, complete file, recording of oxygen saturation and inspired fraction of oxygen, were included. Patients dependent on supplemental oxygen, who did not require supplemental oxygen during their hospitalization, incomplete records, patients who have died from non-pulmonary causes, were excluded. Results: A sample of 175 records of patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia was obtained. A logistic regression model was performed including: age over 60 years, mellitus diabetes, systemic arterial hypertension, SAFI index, and endotracheal intubation. Conclusion: The SpO2/Fio2 index can be used for continuous monitoring of lung function in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in an accessible, easy and economical way. A relationship with mortality was obtained in patients with SpO2/FiO2 less than 310 associated with other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygenation indices are defined as the numerical expression of the relationship that exists between the gasometric values of the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) and the arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) at the level of the alveoli; they represent the function of the respiratory unit capillary alveolus membrane; at the pathophysiological level they represent hypoxemia. The utility of these numbers ranges from establishing a diagnostic impression of a lung disease to prognostic orientation thereof. It is an affordable and accessible tool to most medical units. The objective of this paper is to describe the usefulness of oxygenation indices in our daily medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: follow-up of premature infants with oxygen in kangaroo mother programs includes evaluation, followup, and progressive withdrawal of supplemental oxygen. In these patients, the information on how to withdraw oxygen is limited. Objective: to describe the knowledge and practices of health personnel regarding oxygen management in kangaroo mother programs in Colombia. Material and methods: cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was applied, in virtual mode, to 55 health professionals who cared for patients in the Kangaroo Mother Programs of Colombia in the year 2020. Results: 60% of the participants did not have highrisk neonatal follow-up certification. 90% claimed to know the deleterious effects of oxygen, and only 54.5% stated that there is an oxygen protocol in their institution. More than 80% perform a comprehensive approach to the patient, before withdrawing oxygen. Conclusion: health professionals from the kangaroo mother program show a good level of knowledge and practices in the management of ambulatory oxygen for premature infants, but it seems necessary to standardize its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early postnatal period is characterized by rapid brain growth, possibly related to variations in tissue oxygen. This has motivated the study of protocols that supply different intermittent oxygen concentrations, to observe their morphological and cerebral effects. Fifty-two pups Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed in equal numbers into four experimental groups, Control (C, 21 %O2 ), Intermittent Hypoxia (HI, 11 %O2 ), Intermittent Hyperoxia (HOI, 30 %O2 ) and Intermittent Hypoxia Hyperoxia (HHI, 11 % - 30 %O2 ). The protocols considered 5 cycles of 5 min of dosing, for 50 min diary. It was performed in a semihermetic chamber between 5 to 11postnatal days. The evaluations of body growth and neuronal quantification were analyzed in male pups, on postnatal day 28. Body weight in the intermittent hypoxia group showed significant differences compared to the intermittent hyperoxia group (HI vs HOI, p<0.01) and the intermittent hypoxiahyperoxia group (HI vs HHI, p<0.001). Body size decreased in the Intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia group with significant differences compared to the control group (C vs HHI, p<0.05) and with respect to the intermittent hypoxia group (HHI vs HI, p<0.01). The neuronal count in the area CA1 of the hippocampus increased in the intermittent hypoxia group with significant differences compared to the control groups (C vs HI; p<0.05), to the intermittent hyperoxia group (HI vs HOI; p< 0.001) and the intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia group (HI vs HHI; p<0.001). Finally, the intermittent hypoxiahyperoxia group decreased significantly in the number of neurons compared with the intermittent hyperoxia group (HHI vs HOI; p<0.001). Intermittent hypoxia showed beneficial results in body growth and the number of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, in contrast, intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia experienced adverse results with a decrease in these variables, in the early postnatal period of the rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical practice, oxygen can save lives, although, wu ji bi fan: too much of something is not good and it can also cause toxicity; 14% of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will need non-invasive oxygen therapy and approximately 5% will require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Noninvasive oxygen therapy is the first-line treatment for patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. The devices through which this therapy is administered can be classified into low flow and high flow. In the presence of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, the necessary flow can be 30 to 120 L/min, a number that cannot be achieved with conventional systems (low flow), therefore, high-flow devices can be effective in well-selected patients, the aim is to improve oxygenation, avoid orotracheal intubation of the patient, but without delaying it. Noninvasive oxygen therapy does not increase the risk of aerosol infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: El análisis de la saturación de oxígeno durante la caminata de 6 minutos, puede representar una herramienta útil, accesible y reproducible en la valoración de los pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar. Objetivo: Establecer la validez de la variación de la saturación de oxígeno en la caminata de 6 minutos para el diagnóstico de hipertensión pulmonar mediante ecocardiograma transtorácico. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en pacientes con sospecha de hipertensión pulmonar que realizaron una caminata de 6 minutos y ecocardiografía transtorácica. Se calculó la validez y correlación de la variación de la saturación de oxígeno obtenido de la caminata de 6 minutos y los valores de presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar mediante ecocardiografía. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los sujetos fue de 70,8 años (± 13,3), el 52,5 % de las personas eran hombres. Se observó que el promedio de la saturación de oxígeno inicial en los pacientes con y sin hipertensión arterial pulmonar probable fue similar, con 89,9 % (± 4,4) vs. 89,4 % (± 4,6), respectivamente. El coeficiente de correlación entre el descenso de la saturación de oxígeno y la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar el cual fue de 0,11. Conclusión: La variación de la saturación de oxígeno durante la caminata de 6 minutos tiene una sensibilidad aceptable para la detección de hipertensión pulmonar probable en ecocardiograma transtorácico, la caída de la saturación de oxígeno sería una alternativa a tener en cuenta para sospechar hipertensión pulmonar.

El estrés oxidativo en la fisiopatología del síndrome metabólicoOxidative stress in the pathophy-siology of meta-bolic syndrome ResumenEsta revisión tiene como objetivo describir el papel del estrés oxidativo (eo) en la fisiopatología del síndrome metabólico (sm). El eo es causado por un desequilibrio entre los oxidantes y los antioxidantes, a favor de los oxidantes. Se ha implicado al eo en la fisiopatología de numerosas enfermedades, ya que las espe-cies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs) afectan múltiples tejidos. El smes un grupo de alteraciones metabólicas que incluyen resistencia a la insulina, hiperglucemia, obesidad abdominal, dislipidemias e hipertensión arterial. Estas alteraciones contribuyen a la disfun-ción celular y al aumento de EROs, que favorecen la progresión del ambiente oxidativo, mediante la producción de biomoléculas dañadas altamente reactivas para el organismo. Las EROs gene-radas en el sm estimulan la producción de citocinas (interleucina 6 y 8, factor de necrosis tumoral alpha, entre otras), que inician una respuesta inflamatoria y con ello la alteración del metabolismo de hidratos de carbono, lípidos y proteínas favoreciendo el desarrollo de patologías asociadas al sm, como diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular. En conclusión, el eo puede ser la clave en la gene-ración de resistencia a la insulina, hiperinsulinemia, hiperglucemia, hipertrigliceridemia y disfunción endotelial, por lo que se puede considerar al sm como una enfermedad oxidativa

El principal objetivo del sistema respiratorio es permitir un adecuado aporte de oxígeno y remoción del dióxido de carbono. Para esto, debe ocurrir una adecuada difusión de gases en la membrana alvéolo-capilar, proceso pasivo en el que el oxígeno se mueve hacia el capilar y el dióxido de carbono hacia el alveolo. La ley de Fick establece los determinantes de la difusión, los que están dados por propiedades de la membrana alvéolo-capilar y de los gases. Las características únicas de la membrana alvéolo-capilar favorecen la difusión de gases, pero es el gradiente de presión parcial de los gases el principal determinante. El oxígeno pasa fácilmente por la membrana alvéolo-capilar y se une rápidamente a la hemoglobina, saturándola, cuando se iguala la presión parcial de oxígeno alveolar y la capilar se detiene la difusión de este gas; por lo que la difusión de oxígeno en reposo está limitada por perfusión. El dióxido de carbono difunde 20 veces más rápido que el oxígeno en la membrana alvéolo-capilar, y aunque su gradiente de presión sea menor, el equilibrio se logra aproximadamente en el mismo tiempo. La difusión del oxígeno es más lenta que la del dióxido de carbono debido a su menor solubilidad. En condiciones patológicas tanto el oxígeno como el dióxido de carbono pueden ser limitados por difusión. Para medir la capacidad de difusión la técnica más utilizada es la capacidad de difusión de monóxido de carbono, ya que este gas solo está limitado por difusión.

Introduction: In Panama, as in other parts of the world, Special Respiratory Care Units were created to provide non-invasive support to patients with respiratory failure due to SARS-COV-2 pneumonia. In this work, the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients who used non-invasive ventilation and/or high-flow cannula are described. Material and method: The study design was prospective, observational and descriptive in two Reference Hospitals in Panama. The patients signed an informed consent and proceeded to fill out a daily questionnaire on demographic characteristics and daily clinical variables. Results: We included 173 patients, 60.69% were male and had a mean age of 59 years, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension. In the evaluation of the risks, the 88.75% had a NEWS 2 above 5 that indicated greater vigilance due to the medium risk of a critical patient, both NIV and HFC had good results in 60% and 80% respectively. Conclusion: Our study sheds light on the characteristics of patients with respiratory failure who required non-invasive devices and allows us to observe their evolution in a context where resources are limited for intensive care therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objetivos: Conocer las acciones del oxígeno a alta concentración en cámara hiperbárica (CH) sobre la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo óseo en líneas celulares osteoblásticas y hueso trabecular humano. Material y métodos: Se analizó la expresión diferencial de varios genes relacionados con el metabolismo óseo (SOST, RUNX2, MMP14, OPG, HIF-1α y SIRT1) en dos líneas celulares osteoblásticas humanas (Saos y Super-Saos) y en fragmentos de hueso trabecular humano sometidos a una, tres o cinco sesiones de CH (90 minutos, oxígeno 100%; 2,3 atmósferas). En cada experimento se utilizó un control que no recibió CH. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias significativas tras la CH en la expresión de los genes estudiados, ni en las células ni en hueso trabecular. Solo en la línea celular Super-Saos la expresión de OPG tras 5 sesiones de CH descendió 6 veces con respecto a la del grupo control (2-ΔCt de 72; p=0,01). Conclusiones: El oxígeno a alta concentración en cámara hiperbárica no parece tener influencia en la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo óseo.

Copyright of Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Neumologia y Cirugia Toracica (SEPAR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Septic shock represents a complex disease that consumes many resources, it causes a very high death rate and it must be managed in a critical care unit. However, in many cases there is no physical space in these units and the invasive technology necessary for monitoring this type of patients is not available in the general hospitalization rooms. For this reason, a minimum invasion monitoring approach to the patient's bedside is proposed. This monitoring is based on clinical and non-invasive hemodynamic aspects and an adequate interpretation of both arterial and venous gases. Likewise, the concept of oxygen debt and the practical form of its treatment are reinforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La cicatrización es un proceso complejo, cuyas múltiples etapas fueron analizadas en artículo anterior publicado en CIRUCIA. El presente trabajo pretende actualizar las alteraciones observadas en las deficiencias nutricionales y en las hipovitaminosis, al igual que en algunas entidades clínicas, como diabetes mellitus, alcoholismo crónico, insuficiencia renal, ictericia, hipo e hipertiroidismo, etc. También se revisan los trastornos asociados a la administración de numerosas drogas y a la utilización de radioterapia.

Mi propósito es defender que la noción de cambio perceptual empleada por Thomas Kuhn para explicar el cambio científico no resulta eficaz en el caso del descubrimiento del oxígeno. La perspectiva de Kuhn asigna un rol central a la percepción en la revolución química y postula un alto grado de discontinuidad entre los procedimientos experimentales asociados al descubrimiento del oxígeno y los que desarrollaban los químicos del flogisto. En oposición a esto, buscaré mostrar que la percepción no jugó un papel relevante en el debate Priestley-Lavoisier, y que existe un grado significativo de continuidad entre las prácticas químicas previas y posteriores al descubrimiento del oxígeno.

BACKGROUND: Type 3 surfactant deficiency interstitial lung disease is an alteration caused by pathogenic variants of the ABCA3 gene, which alters surfactant metabolism and is associated with respiratory stress syndrome in term newborns. CLINICAL CASE: A 19-year-old primiparous patient with gestational diabetes and fullterm pregnancy, in adequate control, who had a male neonate with Apgar 9/10 and adequate weight for gestational age. The echocardiogram showed no alterations and the chest X-ray and tomography showed ground-glass opacity. Due to clinical and imaging progression corticosteroids and clarithromycin were indicated on suspicion of a congenital surfactant deficiency. The molecular study was requested to detect genetic variants. Two heterozygous variants of the ABCA3 gene were identified. The first consisted of a nonsense change in exon 30 (c.4681C> T, p.Arg1561Ter, rs780852398): "pathogen", according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. The second variant is a missense change located in exon 22 (c.3199G>A, p.Gly1067Arg, rs768754320): variant of unknown significance. At two months old, the patient died with refractory hypercapnia and hypoxemia. CONCLUSIONS: Type 3 surfactant deficiency interstitial lung disease can appear as a diffuse lung disease in children under 2 years of age, forming part of the chILD syndrome (infantile interstitial lung disease); therefore, it must be suspected for its correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Determinar los factores predictivos de mortalidad en los pacientes con shock que habitan en gran altura a más de 3250 m s.n.m. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, y analítico, entre diciembre de 2015 y marzo de 2016, en dos Hospitales de Huancayo, Perú. Se incluyeron 46 pacientes con diagnóstico de shock distributivo, hipovolémico o cardiogénico. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue un cuestionario. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó la regresión logística binaria y múltiple. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados. La edad promedio fue 67 +/-18 años (rango: 9 a 95); 25 (54,3 %) fueron varones y 21(47,3 %) mujeres. Fallecieron 32 (69,5 %) pacientes. El promedio de edad de fallecidos fue 70,3 +/- 9,6 años y de sobrevivientes 50,4 +/- 4,2 años; el tipo de shock más frecuente fue el distributivo y las comorbilidades más comunes fueron insuficiencia respiratoria, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus. Los factores predictivos asociados a mortalidad son: sexo femenino (85,7 % vs. 14,3 %; p = 0,02; edad > a 50 años (74,3 % vs. 25,7 %; p = 0,023); tener patología previa (72,7 % vs. 27,3 %; p = 0,013); Saturación Venosa Central de Oxigeno, SVCO2 menor de 70 % (73,1 % vs. 26,9 %; p = 0,023), presentar APACHE II > a 11 puntos y SOFA > a 3 puntos, estuvieron asociados a una alta mortalidad. Conclusión. Los factores de predicción asociados a mortalidad fueron: sexo femenino, edad > 50 años, tener patología previa, SVCO2

The reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are molecules that are generated from the physiological cellular metabolism. However, when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant mechanisms, oxidative stress is generated. Oxidative stress has been associated with the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington, given that the onset of oxidative stress is imperceptible and that there are still no laboratory studies that can determine the impact of free radicals in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. It is important to elucidate the role of free radicals in neurodegenerative processes in order to have solid indications about the possible treatment targets and to prevent the progressive damage in this type of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental is the property of Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado e Fundamental Online and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la influencia del Mn en solución sólida sobre la resistencia a la corrosión por picadura de dos aceros inoxidables austeníticos, uno denominado 17Cr6Mn5Ni y un acero comercial UNS S304L utilizado como material de referencia. Fueron usadas soluciones electrolíticas de 0,6M NaCl en tres diferentes condiciones de concentración de oxígeno (solución desaireada, naturalmente aireada y aireada artificialmente). El desempeño de cada condición fue medido a través de ensayos de polarización potenciodinámica y mediante exámenes metalográficos. Se determinaron los potenciales de corrosión (Ecorr) y de picadura (Ep). La concentración de oxígeno en la solución electrolítica influenció el parámetro Ecorr, pero no el Ep.El manganeso en solución sólida beneficia la absorción de iones Cl- en aceros inoxidables austeníticos, ejerciendo por tanto un efecto negativo en cuanto a resistencia a corrosión por picadura. A través de datos experimentales de energía libre de Gibbs de formación de compuestos (∆G°) y de la teoría de absorción competitiva, fue propuesto un mecanismo para explicar este fenómeno.

Background: Coronavirus disease leads to silent hypoxia, ARDS, and organ failure. The saturation and fraction of inspired oxygen have been related to the degree of lung damage, can be considered as a monitoring tool for lung function during hospitalization and a predictor of mortality in patients with pneumonia by COVID-19., Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the oxygen saturation index and fraction of inspired oxygen as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia., Material and Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal, analytical study. Files of eligible patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were admitted to HGR No.2, complete file, recording of oxygen saturation and inspired fraction of oxygen, were included. Patients dependent on supplemental oxygen, who did not require supplemental oxygen during their hospitalization, incomplete records, patients who have died from non-pulmonary causes, were excluded., Results: A sample of 175 files with a diagnosis of pneumonia with SARS-CoV-2 was obtained. A logistic regression model was performed including age over 60 years BE of 2.68, with CI (1.09-6.5), DM2 with a BE of 2.35 with CI (0.99-5.59), HTA with a BE of 0.80, with CI (0.32-2.02), SAFI index less than 310 with a BE of 6.63, with a CI (2.64-16.65), endotracheal intubation with a BE 48.43, and a CI (2.64-16.65)., Conclusion: The SpO2/Fio2 index can be used for continuous monitoring of lung function in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in an accessible, easy and economical way. A relationship with mortality was obtained in patients with SpO2/FiO2 less than 310 associated with other factors., (Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2023 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

INTRODUCTION: Acquired methemoglobinemia is a disorder in which hemoglobin is oxidized by an external agent, blocking transport and delivery of oxygen to tissues. One of the oxidizing agents is phenazopyridine hydrochloride, an aniline with analgesic effect used to treat urinary tract pain. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 12-year-old female patient who swallowed 250 mg of amitriptyline, 1.8 gr of phenazopyridine and 14.5 mg of clonazepam on a suicide attempt, developing metahemoglobinemia that required administration of methylene blue twice. CONCLUSIONS: Methemoglobinemia is an underdiagnosed condition that can lead to serious complications and even death. It is diagnosed by co-oximetry. When this is not available, in addition to the clinical data, the saturation gap and the presence of "chocolate" blood should be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]