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7. Drawing the COVID-19 pandemic: how do children incorporate the health crisis and its consequences into their everyday thinking?

Author

Idoiaga Mondragon, Nahia, Eiguren Munitis, Amaia, Berasategi Sancho, Naiara, and Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara

Subjects
THOUGHT & thinking, WELL-being, SOCIAL networks, ACTIVITIES of daily living, DRAWING, QUALITATIVE research, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, DATA analysis software, EMOTIONS, STAY-at-home orders, COVID-19 pandemic, CHILDREN
Abstract

The general objective of this research was to explore how children understand and represent COVID-19 health crisis in their everyday thinking. This research is based on a qualitative interpretive research methodology that uses 6-12 years children's drawings from San Sebastian (Basque Country, northern of Spain) to collect data. This technique allows children to visualize how they face this situation through a tool that promotes expression of their feelings and representations. A total of 345 drawings were collected, and 949 elements related to the different coded categories were coded. The themes that have arisen were related to symbols of the pandemic (n = 307, 32.34%), emotions (n = 290, 30.55%), actions carried out (n = 258, 27.18%) and socialization (n = 94, 9.90%). No differences by age-range were found. Children have a realistic representation of the COVID-19 virus and its consequences, which closely resembles the representation shown by the media and society. The children show a good understanding of the new measures and social rules associated with the pandemic. They are also very aware of the need to support their emotions by different spheres (family, educational and social context). Alternative play activities and art-based education must be promoted, avoiding the abuse of screens to reinforce their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis and intervention approaches to ensure mental health and well-being

Author

Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Naiara, Legorburu Fernandez, Idoia, Idoiaga-Mondragon, Nahia, Olaya, Beatriz, Cornelius-White, Jeffrey H. D., and Santabárbara, Javier

Abstract

Background: Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, many measures have been taken to prevent the spread of the virus. Consequently, many minors have been confined to their homes and have had to subsequently adapt to countless protocol changes. These factors appear to have contributed to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in many children. Materials and Methods: The authors searched Medline through PubMed and other databases for studies published from 1 December 2019 to 31 December 2021 on the prevalence of PTSD in schoolchildren. The authors used a random-effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence of PTSD. Results: A total of six studies were included in this review. Our results show a pooled prevalence of PTSD of 14% in children and adolescents. Subgroup analyses identify a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD for studies conducted in China and a higher prevalence in boys. The prevalence of PTSD appeared independent of child age or the methodological rigor of the study. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a large number of children may be suffering from PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Public health measures are thus needed to improve children’s mental health during and after the pandemic, so that the suffering is mitigated to prevent long-lasting effects.

Published
2023

18. The well-being of children in a full lockdown and partial lockdown situation: a comparative perspective.

Author

Idoiaga Mondragon, Nahia, Berasategi Sancho, Naiara, Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Naiara, and Dosil Santamaria, Maria

Subjects
WELL-being, STAY-at-home orders, COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract

From 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world as we knew it. In the interest of stopping the spread of the pandemic, lockdown periods and social distancing measures were established in many countries at the beginning of that year and these restrictions continued for the following months and years. Moreover, schools from all over the world closed their doors. In this context, the objective of this research was to compare the well-being of children in Spain during full lockdown and partial lockdown periods, as measured by physical, emotional, social, and academic indicators. The 'Well-being of Children in Lockdown' (WCL) scale (Berasategi et al. 2020) was used to measure the well-being of children using these parameters. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the general well-being of children and also in terms of emotions, addictions and playful and creative activities, with greater levels of well-being in these domains being evident in the full lockdown period compared with the partial lockdown period. In contrast, during the partial lockdown period, levels of physical and academic well-being were higher in comparison with those reported during the full lockdown phase. Finally, some theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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22. Calidad de vida y personalidad en las personas mayores que estudian en la universidad

Author

Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Jiménez Etxebarria, Eneritz, Pikaza, Maitane, Idoyaga Mondragón, Nahia, Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Jiménez Etxebarria, Eneritz, Pikaza, Maitane, and Idoyaga Mondragón, Nahia

Abstract

FUNDAMENTOS // Las universidades de las personas mayores son centros de educación superior en los que dichas personas pueden adquirir nuevos conocimientos, promoviéndose así la participación activa de las personas retiradas. La participación en estas universidades permite el aprendizaje y las personas que acuden consideran que su salud es mejor porque son más activas y tienen la motivación de aprender, favoreciendo una imagen positiva de sí mismos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar por un lado si las personas que asistían a este tipo de universidad presentaban una buena calidad de vida. Por otro lado, qué factores de personalidad podían estar relacionados con una buena calidad de vida en estos estudiantes. MÉTODOS // La calidad de vida se midió con el cuestionario World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) en 54 estudiantes universitarios mayores de España. Además, también se evaluaron los tipos de personalidad de los estudiantes utilizando el cuestionario Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) de Eysenck. Finalmente, se estudió la relación entre las diferentes dimensiones de la personalidad y la calidad de vida. Los análisis estadísticos que se realizaron fueron la media y desviación estándar por un lado y la prueba T para comparar las medias independientes, además de las correlaciones de Pearson para correlacionar las dimensiones de la extraversión, el neuroticismo y el psicoticismo. RESULTADOS // Este estudio demostró que la Universidad de las personas mayores es una experiencia que está ligada a una buena calidad de vida, siendo las puntuaciones de WHOQOL-BREF superiores a 60. También un alto nivel de neuroticismo y psicoticismo son factores relacionados con una mala calidad de vida (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES // De este estudio se puede concluir que los estudiantes de la Universidad para mayores tienen, por un lado, un alto nivel de satisfacción con su calidad de vida global, su salud general, su estado de salud física, su e, BACKGROUND // Universities of the older population are centres of higher education where older people can acquire new knowledge, focusing on promoting the active participation of retired people. Participation in these universities enables learning and people who attend consider their health to be better because they are more active and motivated to learn, and have a positive self-image. This research aimed to explore on the one hand whether people attending this type of university have a good quality of life. On the other hand, what personality factors could be related to a good quality of life in these older adult students. METHODS // Quality of life was measured with the World Health Organization Quality of Lif-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire in 54 older university students in Spain. In addition, students’ personality types were also assessed using Eysenck’s Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised EPQ-R questionnaire. Finally, the relationship between the different dimensions of personality and quality of life was studied. The statistical analyses performed were, in addition to the mean and standard deviation, the T-test to compare independent means as well as Pearson’s correlations to correlate the dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. RESULTS // This study showed that the University of the older population is an experience that is linked to a good quality of life with WHOQOL-BREF scores above 60. Also a high level of neuroticism and psychoticism are factors related to a poor quality of life (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS // From this study we can conclude that students at the University for Older Adults have, on the one hand, a high level of satisfaction with their overall quality of life, their general health, their physical health status, their psychological health status, their social relationships and their environment. On the other hand, they have a specific personal profile that scores relatively low in neuroticism and within the average popu

Published
2022

34. Estado emocional del profesorado de colegios y universidades en el norte de España ante la COVID19

Author

Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Dosil Santamaria, Maria, Idoyaga Mondragón, Nahia, Berasategi Santxo, Naiara, Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Dosil Santamaria, Maria, Idoyaga Mondragón, Nahia, and Berasategi Santxo, Naiara

Abstract

Background: Since the start of non face-toface learning classes in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers have been accumulating stress. Since then, the teaching staff have had to adapt to the new telematic classes, and in September 2020 they have had to return to faceto- face classes, taking different hygiene measures to prevent contagion. The changes in teaching methods and the lack of guidelines for the new teaching challenges have created a lot of uncertainty in this sector. The aim of the present study was to measure the levels of stress, anxiety and depression of teaching staff in the face of the reopening of schools and universities after 6 months of absence from face-to-face classes. Methods: A total of 1,633 teachers from the Department of Education of the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) took part, all of them professionals working in different educational centres, from early childhood education to university studies. The questionnaire, DASS-21, was applied to measure the symptomatology presented by the teaching staff in relation to the reopening of the centres. Results: The results show that 32.2% of the participants had symptoms of depression, 49.4% had symptoms of anxiety and 50.6% had symptoms of stress. Conclusions: The results show that teachers have symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression. Therefore, it is important to take care of the mental health of teachers in order to take care of the mental health of students and the quality of teaching., Fundamentos: Desde que en marzo de 2020 comenzaron las clases no presenciales a causa de la pandemia de la COVID-19, el profesorado está acumulando estrés. Desde entonces, el profesorado se ha tenido que enfrentar a la adaptación a las nuevas clases telemáticas, y en septiembre del 2020 han tenido que volver a las clases presenciales tomando diferentes medidas de higiene para prevenir contagios. Los cambios de modalidad de docencia y la falta de directrices ante los nuevos retos docentes han creado mucha incertidumbre en este sector. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir los niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión del profesorado ante la reapertura de los colegios y universidades tras 6 meses de no presencialidad. Métodos: Han participado un total de 1.633 profesores y profesoras del Departamento de Educación de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (CAV), todos ellos profesionales que trabajan en diferentes centros educativos, desde educación infantil hasta estudios universitarios. Se ha aplicado el cuestionario, DASS-21 para medir la sintomatología que presenta el profesorado ante la reapertura de los centros. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el 32,2% de los participantes tuvieron síntomas de depresión, el 49,4% síntomas de ansiedad y, el 50,6% síntomas de estrés. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que el profesorado tiene síntomas de estrés, ansiedad y depresión. Por lo tanto, es importante atender la salud mental de los profesores para cuidar así la salud mental del alumnado y la calidad de la docencia.

Published
2021

35. Hábitos de consumo de drogas en la comarca de las Encartaciones, Bizkaia

Author

Bahón, Ariadna, Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Pikaza, Maitane, Bilbao, Naiara, Bahón, Ariadna, Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Pikaza, Maitane, and Bilbao, Naiara

Abstract

Background: Despite the fact that the awareness of drug use is growing, in the Basque territory of Encartaciones (Biscay, Spain) there is still a lot of progress to be made. Few investigations have been carried out to find out about the consumption of the population of Encartaciones and, consequently, to carry out an intervention that responds to their needs. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to fill this gap by understanding the reality of psychoactive substance consumption in the population of Encartaciones. Methods: This research has involved 479 people from the population of Encartaciones. A descriptive study has been carried out on the sociodemographic variables, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, marijuana or cannabis consumption and consumption of other psychoactive substances in the community of Encartaciones. Results: The results reflect that the consumption of legal drugs is much higher than the consumption of illegal drugs. In addition, it has been concluded that in general men have a higher consumption than women. Conclusions: The need to carry out prevention programs in Encartaciones is defended., Fundamentos: Pese a que la concienciación entorno al uso de drogas cada vez es más extensa, en el territorio vasco de las Encartaciones (Vizcaya, España) todavía queda mucho en lo que avanzar. Pocas han sido las investigaciones que se han llevado a cabo para conocer el consumo de la población encartada y, en consecuencia, realizar una intervención que dé respuesta a sus necesidades. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es llenar ese vacío conociendo la realidad del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la población de las Encartaciones. Métodos: En esta investigación han participado 479 personas de la población de las Encartaciones. Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo sobre las variables sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco, consumo de alcohol, consumo de marihuana o cannabis y consumo de otras sustancias psicoactivas en la mancomunidad de las Encartaciones. Resultados: Los resultados reflejan que el consumo de drogas legales es mucho mayor que el consumo de drogas ilegales. Además, se ha concluido que en general los hombres tienen un mayor consumo que las mujeres. Conclusiones: Se defiende la necesidad de realizar programas de prevención en las Encartaciones.

Published
2021

37. Coping with COVID-19: social representations underlying blaming processes and fear.

Author

Idoiaga Mondragon, Nahia, Berasategi Sancho, Naiara, Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Naiara, and Alonso Saez, Israel

Subjects
FEAR, STAY-at-home orders, PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation, SOCIAL attitudes, ANGER, EMOTIONS, COVID-19 pandemic, MENTAL fatigue, PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience
Abstract

Objective. This study examines how people socially represent the COVID-19 pandemic in the early stage of the health crisis in Europe. Specifically, this research analyses the days before and immediately after the declaration of the state of emergency in Spain, which resulted in the entire population being placed in lockdown. Design. For this purpose, we used the Grid Elaboration Method for free association elicited by the word "coronavirus". This exercise was completed by 1037 people from Spain. Main Outcome Measures. Responses were analysed using Iramuteq software for lexical analysis. Results. Before the state of emergency and lockdown, there was a repeat of many of the emotional and cognitive patterns seen in previous pandemics such us upward and downward blaming or feelings of anger and emotional fatigue. However, outward blaming patterns towards peers also emerged. Moreover, in the period following lockdown, we noted the emergence of new representations and emotions such as paralyzing distrust or resilience. Similarity analysis revealed that the "fear of pandemic" hides a wide variety of emotions. Conclusion. Understanding the blaming and fear processes that are linked to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain offers us practical implications for coping with the challenge of this new crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain

Author

Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Naiara, Dosil-Santamaria, Maria, Picaza-Gorrochategui, Maitane, and Idoiaga-Mondragon, Nahia

Subjects
Confinamiento Controlado, Chronic Disease, COVID-19, Trastorno de Estrés Traumático, Confinamento Controlado, Traumatic Stress Disorders, Controlled Confinement, Trastornos de Ansiedad, Transtornos de Estresse Traumático, Anxiety Disorders, Enfermedad Crónica, Transtornos de Ansiedade, Doença Crônica
Abstract

En marzo de 2020, el virus SARS-CoV-2 procedente de China ha llegado a España y desde el 14 de marzo se ha declarado el estado de alarma en todo el Estado español, llevando al confinamiento a toda la población. La presente investigación se contextualiza en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (situada al norte de España). Se han analizado los niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión a la llegada del virus y se han estudiado los niveles de sintomatología psicológica según edad, cronicidad y confinamiento. Se ha recogido una muestra de 976 personas y la medición de las variables ansiedad, estrés y depresión se ha hecho mediante la escala DASS (Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés). Los resultados demuestran que, aunque los niveles de sintomatología han sido bajos en general al principio de la alarma, la población más joven y con enfermedades crónicas ha referido sintomatología más alta que el resto de población. También se ha detectado un mayor nivel de sintomatología a partir del confinamiento, donde las personas tienen prohibido salir de sus casas. Se prevé que la sintomatología aumentará según vaya transcurriendo el confinamiento. Se defienden intervenciones psicológicas de prevención y tratamiento para bajar el impacto psicológico que pueda crear esta pandemia. Em março de 2020, o vírus SARS-CoV-2, procedente da China, chegou à Espanha e desde 14 de março está declarado estado de emergência em todo o país, forçando toda a população ao confinamento. O presente estudo foi conduzido no País Basco (norte da Espanha). Foram analisados os níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão desde a introdução do vírus e os níveis de sintomas psicológicos segundo idade, comorbidades e confinamento. A amostra foi composta de 976 indivíduos e a medição das variáveis ansiedade, estresse e depressão foi realizada a partir do intrumento DASS (Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse). Os resultados mostram que, ainda que os níveis de sintomas tenham sido baixos no início do confinamento, os indivíduos mais jovens e com comorbidades referiram mais sintomas que o restante da população. Também se detectou maior nível de sintomas desde o confinamento, quando a população foi proibida de sair de suas casas. Se prevê aumento dos sintomas conforme o confimaneto continuar. Intervenções psicológicas de prevenção e tratamento são necessárias para diminuir o impacto psicológico causado pela pandemia. The SARS-CoV-2 virus reached Spain in March 2020, and a nationwide state of alert was declared on March 14th, leading to the confinement of the entire population. The current study was conducted in the Basque Autonomous Community in northern Spain. The authors analyzed stress, anxiety, and depression with the arrival of the virus and the levels of symptoms according to age, comorbidity, and confinement. Levels of anxiety, stress, and depression were measured in a sample of 976 adults, using the DASS scale (Depression Anxiety, and Stress Scale). Although levels of symptoms were generally low at the start of the alert, younger individuals with chronic diseases reported more symptoms than the rest of the population. The study also detected higher levels of symptoms after the stay-at-home order was issued. Such symptoms are predicted to increase as the confinement continues. The authors propose psychological interventions for prevention and treatment in order to mitigate the pandemic’s psychological impacts.

Published
2020

40. Grupos de ocio para adolescentes: educando las habilidades sociales para la promoción de la salud mental positiva

Author

Ozamiz Etxebarria, Naiara, Jiménez-Etxebarria, Eneritz, and Picaza Gorrochategui, Maitane

Abstract

La promoción de la salud mental positiva subraya la importancia de temas como las habilidades sociales, además de las habilidades para manejar los cambios vitales con efectividad. Del mismo modo, se puede decir que la salud mental positiva es la habilidad para influir de manera activa en el entorno. Los indicadores de la salud mental positiva son los siguientes: la autoestima positiva, la asertividad y la habilidad para vivir la vida con alegría aceptando los propios límites. Estas cualidades no son sólo la ausencia de enfermedad, sino que son habilidades para afrontar situaciones cotidianas. El objetivo de la promoción en salud mental positiva es ofrecer actividades, hábitos, jornadas y encuentros para promocionar la salud mental. Teniendo en cuenta que la adolescencia es una etapa de transición en la que se crea la identidad de la persona, en este trabajo se resalta la importancia de desarrollar las habilidades sociales para facilitar la adaptación y la interacción social en dicha etapa. Para ello, se desarrolla una intervención donde se describen los grupos de habilidades sociales que se pueden llevar a cabo a través de la descripción de seis sesiones dentro del marco de tiempo libre educativo (TLE). Se presentan los espacios de TLE impulsados desde las administraciones públicas como posibles vías generadoras de oportunidades para lograr beneficios tanto en el plano personal como en el comunitario. Además, se determina que en la etapa de la adolescencia puede trabajarse el desarrollo personal saludable en el marco del ocio y tiempo libre educativo., Educació social: revista d'intervenció sòcioeducativa, Núm. 73 (2019): Lleure, acció sociocultural i educació

Published
2019
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