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This study investigates whether college students' ethical sensitivity and preferences for inclusion of ethics courses in their curriculum vary by their demographic characteristics such as gender, age, family income, and school status as to college major, grade and school ownership (state/private). Findings are based on responses to a 54-item questionnaire administered in Turkey to 677 college students of various grades (sophomores, juniors and seniors) in various majors, namely, Business Administration, Tourism Administration, Finance & Accounting, Economics, Econometrics, International Relations, Political Sciences and Public Administration. Results reveal significant differences in ethical sensitivity only by gender and college major. Female students have higher ethical sensitivity than their male counterparts. Business students have lower ethical sensitivity than students in other majors. However, students demonstrate no significant difference in ethical sensitivity by age, school grade, family income or school ownership status. Having had an ethics course has led to no significant difference in ethical sensitivity either. As a further note, students with higher ethical sensitivity prefer inclusion of a compulsory ethics course in their curriculum whereas those with lower ethical sensitivity tend to keep ethics course away from curriculum. (Contains 3 tables.)

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the moderating effects of parent-child co-viewing of TV and parents' discussion of content with children in the context of the family's effect on children's skepticism towards TV advertising. Design/methodology/approach - A survey of 296 consumers aged 12 to 16 in Ankara was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Constructs were measured using established scales. Findings - It was observed that the co-viewing of advertisements with parents increased the family effect. On the other hand, discussion of advertising with parents reduced the family effect. The conclusion was that parent-child co-viewing of advertisements can alter the children's perceptions of advertisements through personal assessments. Research limitations/implications - This is an exploratory study and has limited generalizability as it has been conducted solely in one city, Ankara, Turkey. Any further research should include perspectives from other cities in Turkey and from other countries. In addition, frequency of TV viewing has not been taken into account. Further research could investigate gender differences and cohort effects on the issues investigated in this study. Practical implications - The design of advertisements should include perceptions of both parents and children in order to convey meaningful messages in advertising. Furthermore, advertisers should take into account the ecology of viewing in the household where Turkish people in extended families view TV commercials. Originality/value - Although the issue of adolescents and advertising is widely explored in the USA, there has been limited investigation on adolescents' receptivity to advertising in other cultures. Although it is likely that some aspects of adolescent consumer behavior are universal across cultures, studies such as that documented in this paper provide opportunities to investigate what is happening in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Aim: To investigate changes in upper airway volume parameters measured by computerized tomography scans in patients with surgically treated by anterior palatoplasty of whom having pure snoring and mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea., Method: A prospective study on consecutively anterior palatoplasty performed pure snoring and obstructive sleep apnea patients. Computerized tomography scans were obtained preoperatively and following anterior palatoplasty procedure to measure changes in upper airway volume. Patients underwent diagnostic drug induced sleep endoscopy to assess the site of obstruction. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were compared using student's t test and Chi-square test., Results: Twenty-two patients (16 men and 6 women, age 48.22 ± 9.23, body mass index 25.85 ± 2.57) completed the trial. Anterior palatoplasty was associated with an increase in total upper airway volume from 4.81 ± 1.73 cm 3 before treatment to 6.57 ± 2.03 cm 3 after treatment (p < 0.005). Change in soft palate thickness did not vary significantly (p < 0.039). The mean soft palate length has changed from 4.13 ± 0.41 to 3.93 ± 0.51 cm (p < 0.001). The preoperative and postoperative measurements of cross-sectional areas and volumes all showed significant difference except velopharynx minimal lateral airway dimension. The operational procedure increased the total upper airway volume much more in men than in women (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that anterior palatoplasty operation appears to produce significant increase in upper airway volume and cross sectional area. It does not seem to have an effect on lateral airway dimension. Computerized tomography is a quick and noninvasive imaging technique that allows for quantitative assessment of the velopharyngeal patency changes.

To investigate the effect of intranasal splint removal time on patient comfort and possible complications after septoplasty. One hundred and nine patients who had septoplasty operations were included in this study. The patients were divided into three groups. In the 1st group (n = 36), splints were removed on the 3rd day after septoplasty; in the 2nd group (n = 36), splints were removed on the 5th day; and in the 3rd group (n = 37), splints were removed on the 7th day. Pain and nasal fullness were evaluated with visual analog scale. Synechia, perforation, hematoma, infection and hemorrhage were recorded after the removal of the splints (postoperative 1, 8 and 24 weeks). For the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups, respectively, pain score was 1.96, 2.67, and 2.67; and nasal fullness score was 6.23, 6.04, and 5.48. Nasal synechia was detected in two patients in the 1st group and in one patient in the 2nd group. Early hemorrhage was detected in two patients in the 1st group and one patient in the 3rd group. Infection, septal perforation and hematoma were detected in three patients in the 1st group. There was no difference in hemorrhage, hematoma, synechia and perforation rates between the three groups. There are various opinions in the literature about the ideal removal time of intranasal tampons after septoplasty, but there is no consensus on this topic. Our study shows that removal time of intranasal splints has no effect on patient comfort or possible complications.

Background: The etiology and the effects of the maxillary accessory ostium (MAO) are not well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between septal deviation (SD) and the presence of an MAO., Methods: Paranasal computed tomography (CT) scans of 1104 adult patients were studied retrospectively. Patients with chronic sinusitis, acute sinusitis, nasal polyposis, allergic rhinitis, paranasal sinus tumors, septal perforation, and unilateral or bilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia/aplasia, as well as patients who had previously had nasal surgery or a history of nasal trauma, were not included in the study. Eight-hundred and seven patients were found to meet the criteria and were included in the study. CT scans were examined to note the presence of SD and MAO and the side of both diseases., Results: A total of 807 patients were evaluated. SD and MAO were detected in 572 (70.9%) and 299 (37.1%) patients, respectively. A statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of SD and MAO, regardless of side of the disease (p = 0.002). The side of MAO showed a significant correlation with the direction of SD (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Our results revealed a link between SD and MAO. This relationship was correlated with the side of occurrence of the disease., (© 2015 ARS-AAOA, LLC.)

Unlabelled: The nasolabial cyst also known as Klestadt's cyst is a rare non-odontogenic soft tissue lesion of the nasal alar region. Aetiopathogenesis of the nasolabial cysts is controversial. Embryonic and developmental theories were considered at pathogenesis of the nasolabial cyst. In addition, surgical or non-surgical trauma is one of the possible theories. This paper reports a case of a 33-year-old male patient that presented with bilateral nasolabial cysts after rhinoplasty and alar base reduction., Level of Evidence V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

The aim of this study is to investigate the thyroid functions and its correlation with polysomnography findings in obstructive sleep apnea patients. This study was conducted on 203 patients evaluated with the complaints of snoring, witnessed apnea and daytime sleepiness and established polysomnography (PSG) indication between May 2008 and August 2011. All patients' nocturnal PSG recordings were carried out. The thyroid function was classified as euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism and clinical hypothyroidism after analyzing serum TSH and free T4 values. The correlation between the data obtained from PSG records and thyroid function values was statistically compared. Apnea hypopnea index obtained from PSG was in the range of 5.4-132.9/h, and mean value was 32.7/h. The lowest oxygen saturation level was in the range of 20-92 %, and the mean value was 76.4 %. According to PSG results, 55 patients (27.09 %) had mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), 48 patients (23.65 %) had moderate OSAS and 100 patients (49.26 %) had severe OSAS. On evaluation of the thyroid function test results, 10.8 % (n = 22) of the patients were defined to have subclinical hypothyroidism and 1.97 % (n = 4) clinical hypothyroidism. We found a total of 12.77 % subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism in patients with OSAS. Though the incidence of hypothyroidism was pretty high in patients with OSA, there was no statistically significant correlation between thyroid functions and polysomnography findings. We suggest that evaluation of the thyroid functions is important and necessary in patients with OSAS. Polysomnography findings do not correlate statistically with thyroid function tests, addressing the need for thyroid screening for all OSAS patients.

The importance of clinical assessment and its contribution to the diagnosis of neck masses was investigated in patients presenting with a neck mass. In our study, we collected the medical history of a total of 127 patients, including 66 males and 61 females, who presented with a neck mass. Physical exams, endoscopic examinations, laboratory tests, a variety of imaging studies, and fine-needle aspiration biopsies were performed. The relationship between age, duration and location of the neck mass, FNAB results, and definitive histopathological diagnosis were investigated as well as the correlation between the consensus diagnosis reached after the evaluation of the medical history, physical examination and imaging studies, and definitive histopathological diagnosis. A strong and positive relationship (p < 0.01) was found between patients' ages and the definitive diagnosis established by histopathological examination. There was no statistically significant relationship (p > 0.05) between the duration and location of the neck mass and definitive diagnosis established by histopathological examination. And no statistically significant relationship (p > 0.05) was found between FNAB results and definitive histopathological diagnosis. Although no statistically significant relationship was found between the characteristics of neck masses and age, duration and location of masses and FNAB results, there was a statistically significant correlation between the pre-diagnosis estimated by ENT specialists and definitive diagnosis established by histopathological examination. A strong and positive relationship (p < 0.01) was found between clinical pre-diagnosis and definitive diagnosis established by histopathological examination. In patients presenting with a neck mass, the diagnosis should be made based on the medical history, physical examination, radiologic imaging and FNAB results, treatment decisions should be based on those findings.

To our knowledge, no studies up to date have investigated the correlation of rapid eye movement (REM) dependent obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and Muller maneuver. The aim of this study is to investigate whether REM-dependent OSAS is predicted by the findings of the Muller maneuver. The study was conducted on 149 patients with witnessed apnea and daytime sleepiness. Muller maneuver was performed to all patients and the obstruction site was determined using a five-point scale. Then, polysomnography of the patient was obtained and the apnea-hypopnea indexes were determined in total sleep time, REM-dependent sleep and non-REM-dependent sleep. The correlations between the Muller maneuver findings and polysomnographic data were analyzed. The ages of the patients included in the study ranged between 25 and 73 years with a mean age of 49.3 ± 10.1 years. Their mean body mass index was 30.8 ± 5.1 kg/m(2) (range 21.9-55.4 kg/m(2)). The patients' mean apnea-hypopnea indexes in total sleep time was 28.1 and ranged between 5.4 and 124.3. REM-dependent OSAS was determined in 49 patients. When the data were analyzed, it was determined that there were no statistically significant correlations between tongue base or lateral pharyngeal band obstruction at the level of hypopharynx and the REM-dependent OSAS. At the level of the soft palate, the obstruction caused by the lateral pharyngeal bands or soft palate and REM dependency did not show any statistically significant correlation (p > 0.05). In conclusion, Muller maneuver does not provide useful data to predict REM dependency of OSAS.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the site of obstruction detected on Müller's maneuver and the polysomnography findings in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. This study is a prospective cohort study in a setting of Tertiary referral center. The study was performed on 87 patients (59 males and 28 females) with a mean age of 50 ± 10.34 years (range 20-83 years) who presented with the complaints of snoring, apnea, witnessed apnea and daytime sleepiness. The height and body weight of the enrolled patients were measured and the body mass indexes were calculated. The obstruction degrees of the soft palate and lateral pharyngeal walls at the level of the soft palate and the obstruction degrees of the tongue base and lateral pharyngeal walls at the level of the tongue base were determined using the Müller's maneuver. All patients underwent whole-night polysomnography at our hospital's Sleep Center. The apnea-hypopnea index values of the patients increased as their ages and body mass index values increased. There was a highly statistically significant correlation between apnea-hypopnea index and the obstruction degree of the lateral pharyngeal walls at the level of the tongue base on Müller's maneuver (p < 0.01). We found that the apnea-hypopnea index increased as the obstruction degree of the lateral pharyngeal walls increased on Müller's maneuver. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, a high apnea-hypopnea index can be predicted if the obstruction degree of the lateral pharyngeal walls is high at the level of the tongue base on Müller's maneuver.

Hemolacria is a very rare entity which literally means "bloody tears". Conjunctivitis, capillary hemangioma, conjunctival telangiectasia, trauma, retrograde epistaxis and nasal and paranasal neoplasms may play a role in its etiology. In our case report, a 11-year-old female patient who presented with the complaint of bilateral epistaxis accompanied by bloody tears that had been present for 2 years and whose endoscopic examination revealed hyperemia and increased vascularity in the nasal cavity mucosa was discussed together with a review of the literature., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives/hypothesis: To electrophysiologically and histomorphologically demonstrate the effects of intratympanic corticosteroids administered following an acoustic trauma on cochlear hair cells., Methods: The trial was performed on 16 Wistar albino rats. The rats underwent distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measurement before the acoustic trauma, and subsequently rats were exposed to noise. Following acoustic trauma, the otoacoustic emission measurement was repeated. The rats were divided into two groups, a study group and a control group. The study rats were injected with methylprednisolone via the intratympanic route throughout the study. In the control group, the rats were injected daily with saline. After performing repeated otoacoustic emission measurements, one rat in each of the groups was sacrificed and their cochleae isolated., Results: The histological investigation performed after the 1st week revealed a statistically significantly higher rate of apoptotic cells in the inner and particularly the outer hair cells of the rat cochleae in the control group compared to the study group. Early measurement of DPOAE within the 1st week demonstrated significantly better amplitudes in the study group compared to controls. The otoacoustic emission assessment performed on the 14th day demonstrated statistically similar DPOAE values between the two groups., Conclusions: Intratympanic methylprednisolone injection administered following an acoustic trauma appears to reduce cochlear outer hair cell loss. The impact on hearing loss is less certain. Early measurement of DPOAE within the 1st week shows significantly better amplitudes in the study group compared to controls. However at 2 weeks, there is no statistically significant difference in DPOAE amplitudes between the study and control group., (Copyright © 2012 The American Laryngological, Rhinological, and Otological Society, Inc.)

The ossicles may be affected through the mass effect of the pathological tissue in chronic otitis media. Ossicular reconstruction may be accomplished using the patients' own ossicles or with alloplastic materials. Glass ionomer ossiculoplasty is a fast, efficient, safe and cost-effective method and it has been used more frequently in recent years. Forty-six patients who had surgery for chronic otitis media were included in this study. All patients had an incus long process defect and a normal stapes superstructure. Ossicular reconstruction was performed using glass ionomer cement (GIC) (Ketac-Cem, Espe Dental AG, Seefeld, Germany) in 23 patients (group 1), while incus interposition was performed in other 23 patients (group 2). Preoperative and postoperative air pure tone averages of the group 1 patients were 42.8 and 35.2 dB, respectively (p < 0.01). These values were 42.9 and 34.5 dB in group 2 (p < 0.01). Two groups were similar with respect to postoperative hearing gain (p > 0.05). The air bone gap of group 1 was 27 dB preoperatively and 20.7 dB postoperatively. These values were 28.7 and 20.2 dB, respectively, in group 2. The closure of air bone gap was statistically significant in both the groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). The comparison of the mean gains of the air bone gap revealed no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the use of both GIC ossiculoplasty and incus interposition are efficient methods for reconstruction of incus long process and one is not superior to the other. A larger study population may be useful for comparison of these methods.