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In this paper, we argue that in order to get a fuller understanding of the complexity of conflict in democratic pedagogies in online and blended learning settings, it is important to know not only how to manage or resolve it, but also how it is triggered and can be avoided. The emancipatory nature of democratic pedagogies fosters differences, and differences provide the basis for the emergence of conflict among learning community members. Much has been written on certain aspects of conflict, such as conflict management or effects of conflict; however, these studies are frequently disparate and fragmented. Conflict has a cyclical dynamic and the main purpose of this study has been to experimentally build an analytical model of this cyclical dynamic of conflict, drawing on both literature and research data. We believe that such a model might empower practitioners and designers of democratic pedagogies to embrace and work with the differences that lead to conflict, as a way to support collaborative learning and action. The model of conflict which emerged at the end of the study is supported by illustrative qualitative evidence and constituted in a diagrammatic depiction of analytic themes that illustrate the connections between these themes, and the values ascribed to them. The outcomes of this study have implications for developing learning strategies for distance and blended learners.

Energy efficiency is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. In agricultural production, not only solar energy is used efficiently in the photosynthesis process, but also energy is used directly as fuel or electricity and indirectly due to energy consumption in the production processes of agricultural machinery, fertilizers or pesticides. The energy consumption per unit production area by the tractor and irrigation pump engines used during agricultural production processes is calculatedregarding the diesel fuel and engine oil consumptions. During the operation of tractors and other engine-powered equipment, carbon (C) in the fuel is converted into carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the engine exhaust. The fuel-based CO2 emission calculation method is the preferred approach, as data on fuel consumed is generally more reliable. In this study, the methods used to determine energy consumption and CO2 emissions related to fuel consumption in agricultural mechanization applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is examined that the specific measures for energy saving in soil tillage applications. The fuel consumption can be reduced by 39% for stubble processing, basic and secondary processing and also sowing, if the method is changed from conventional cultivation with a plough to mulching including soil loosening. By combining single working operations the number of operations can be reduced. The requirement for energy and therefore also the fuel consumption are fluctuating by about 30% depending on the working intensity. An increasing driving speed for reaching a higher power output is definitely responsible for higher fuel consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The histopathological subtyping and grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma are well established in human medicine, but there are currently no standard classification and grading schema used for oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats. In this study, it was aimed to investigate different subtypes and grades of feline oral squamous cell carcinoma and the possible role of the papillomavirus infection in the progression of this tumor by using the methods of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Out of the 32 tissue samples, conventional (14/31; 43.75%), verrucous (8/32; 25%), papillary (5/32; 15.62%), acantholytic (3/32; 9.37%), and adenosquamous (2/32; 6.25%) subtypes of the tumor were determined in the affected cats. Grading of the tumor was performed according to Anneroth's and Bryne's systems and revealed that there was no relationship between histopathological subtypes and grades of the cases. Histopathologic findings suggestive of papillomavirus infection were determined not only in verrucous and papillary subtypes as seen in human medicine, but also in different other subtypes of the tumor. Moreover, immunopositivity for papillomavirus was obtained from the conventional, acantholytic, and adenosquamous subtypes of the tumor. In conclusion, the relationship between grading and subtypes of oral squamous cell carcinoma observed in this study showed differences in comparison with the human counterparts. The effect of papillomavirus infection in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma remained uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the Salmonella typhimurium orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase) has been solved to high resolutions as its enzyme OMP and enzyme PRPPorotate. The position of the reactive C1 of the ribose shifts by 7 angstroms between the PRPP and OMP substrates. The structure of the enzyme shows a relatively solvent-exposed active site.

The three-dimensional structure of Salmonella typhimurium orotate phoshoribosyltransferase (OPRTase) in complex with the ribose 5-phosphate donor alpha-D-5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) was solved and refined to 2.3 angstroms by enzymatic reaction in the crystal. The position of the bound PRPP was ascertained by analysis of diffraction data to 2.1 angstroms obtained from a crystal of apo-OPRTase soaked in PRPP.

The results of mutagenesis and substrate analog investigation of the lysine (Lys) residues in Salmonella typhimurium is reported. The mutation of Lys-19 to glutamine had little effect on enzyme activity. Lys-26 forms a hydrogen bond to orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) at the 3'-hydroxyl group. Except for Lys-103, other lysine increased Kcat many fold. Lys-103 produced 600-1000 fold decrease in Kcat indicating an essential role in catalysis.

A study was conducted to characterize and synthesize the new guanosine nucleotide, guanosine 5'-O-(S-(3-bromo-oxopropyl))thiophosphate (GMPSBOP). The new analog is negatively charged at neutral hydrogen-ion concentration and approximates the size of GTP. GMPSBOP was found to react at the GTP-dependent NADH regulatory site of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase and this reaction was not found toaffect the activity of the nucleotide.

The Scottish civil justice system is undergoing its most substantive transformation in over 150 years. This reformation will create new judicial bodies, alter the jurisdictional reach of courts, and drastically unsettle what has been, up to now, a highly stable institutional field. These changes have caused pronounced threats to the status of different groups of actors in the field. Our work examines the impact of these threats, and the varying responses among groups of professional actors. In so doing, we detail how intra-professional status differences and uncertainty hindered attempts to maintain threatened institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the energy consumption is examined in agricultural sector of Turkey. Several indicators are defined to evaluate for energy consumption in agriculture and some considerations are made taking into account these indicators. Energy conservation measures for the agricultural sector and suggestions for energy use are given. Energy used per cultivated area in Turkish agriculture is calculated as 82245.95 TOE/TL in the period of 2000-1010 years. Petroleum and electrical energy consumed per cultivated area in Turkish agriculture was 3996.83 thousand TOE and 4991 GWh respectively, in the period of 2000-2010 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We present a case of dynamic exophthalmos secondary to an orbital varix. Objectives of this paper are to describe this rare entity and review its etiology, diagnosis and treatment options. A 21-year-old woman presented complaining of exophthalmos in the right eye on bending forward. Neuroimaging studies revealed an irregularly shaped mass located in the posterior intra-extraconal region adjacent to the orbital roof. Surgical and interventional endovascular therapies were considered, but due to the complex nature of the lesion the patient was followed-up conservatively. Orbital varix may cause dynamic exophthalmos and most patients may be managed conservatively. Patients harboring non-treatable orbital varix should be advised to avoid any strenuous exercises and postures which may increase intraorbital pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the practical lectures in our department, we encountered an abnormality on the left scapula of an adult human. In this case, an elongated canal was found just posterior and inferior to the coracoid process and the scapular notch was not observed on this bone. Knowing about the anatomic variations of this region may have an importance for the surgeons.