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RESUMEN Introducción: Los líquenes son asociaciones simbióticas mutualistas entre un hongo y una o más algas verdes o cianobacterias. Actualmente se han reportado interacciones entre los líquenes y bacterias no fotosintéticas, sin embargo, no se conoce a detalle cómo ocurren, y la diversidad y potencial de esta relación aún no han sido explorados completamente. Con el uso de nuevas herramientas moleculares y nuevos métodos de cultivo, fueron detallándose las funciones de las bacterias no fotosintéticas relacionadas con los líquenes y, por lo tanto, fue posible analizar su asociación simbiótica. Por ello, esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la diversidad de bacterias no fotosintéticas y los procesos metabólicos de éstas que permiten la supervivencia de los líquenes. Metodología: A partir de la búsqueda y análisis de trabajos recientes (2015-2020) se obtuvo información sobre los filos de bacterias no fotosintéticas presentes en líquenes y se analizaron los procesos metabólicos de estas bacterias en relación con la supervivencia de los líquenes en los que se encontraban. Resultados: Los filos bacterianos frecuentemente encontrados en líquenes son Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria y Thermus. Discusión: Estos grupos de bacterias llevan a cabo procesos como la fijación de nitrógeno, producción de hormonas, pigmentos y vitaminas que contribuyen con la nutrición, protección y regulación del crecimiento del liquen. Conclusión: Los líquenes pueden considerarse como un micro-ecosistema que cuenta con interacciones simbióticas mutualistas entre varios organismos y su estudio es importante ya que permite comprender con mayor profundidad su importancia ecológica. ABSTRACT Introduction: Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic associations between a fungus and one or more green algae or cyanobacteria. Interactions between lichens and non-photosynthetic bacteria have currently been reported, however, it is not known in detail how they occur, and the diversity and potential of this relationship have not yet been fully explored. With the use of new molecular tools and new culture methods, the functions of non-photosynthetic bacteria related to lichens were detailed and, therefore, it was possible to analyze their symbiotic association. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the diversity of non-photosynthetic bacteria and their metabolic processes that allow the survival of lichens. Methodology: From the search and analysis of recent works (2015-2020), the phyla of non-photosynthetic bacteria present in lichens were obtained and the metabolic processes of these bacteria were analyzed in relation to the survival of the lichens in which they were found. Results: The bacterial phyla frequently found in lichens are Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria y Thermus, Discussion: These groups of bacteria carry out processes such as nitrogen fixation, production of hormones, pigments and vitamins that contribute to the nutrition, protection and regulation of the growth of the lichen. Conclusion: Lichens can be considered as a micro-ecosystem that has mutualistic symbiotic interactions between various organisms and their study is important since it allows us to understand their ecological importance in greater depth., {"references":["Asplund, J., & Wardle, D. A. How lichens impact on terrestrial community and ecosystem properties. Biological Reviews 2017; 92(3): 1720-1738.","Cernava, T., Berg, G., & Grube, M. High life expectancy of bacteria on lichens. Microbial ecology 2016; 72 (3): 510-513.","Sigurbjörnsdóttir, M. A., Andresson, O.S., & Villhelmsson, O. Analysis of the Peltigera membranacea metagenome indicates that lichen-associated bacteria are involved in phospate solubilization. Microbiology 2015; 161(5): 989-996.","Aschenbrenner, I.A., Cernava, T., Berg, G., & Grube, M. Understanding microbial multi-species symbioses. Frontiers in Microbiology 2016; 7: 180.","Grube, M., Cernava, T., Soh, J., Fuchs, S., Aschenbrenner, I., Lassek, C., et al. Exploring functional contexts of symbiotic sustain within lichen-associated bacteria by comparative omics. The ISME journal 2015; 9(2): 412-424.","Leiva, D., Clavero-León, C., Carú, M., & Orlando, J. Intrinsic factors of Peltigera lichens influence the structure of the associated soil bacterial microbiota. FEMS microbiology ecology 2016; 92(11).","Cernava, T., Müller, H., Aschenbrenner, I.A., Grube, M., & Berg, G. Analyzing the antagonistic potential of the lichen microbiome against pathogens by bridging metagenomic with culture studies. Frontiers in microbiology: 2015; 6:620.","Hodkinson, B. P., & Lutzoni, F. A microbiotic survey of lichen-associated bacteria reveals a new lineage from the Rhizobiales. Symbiosis 2009: 49(3): 163-180.","Cardinale, M., Puglia, A. M., & Grube, M. Molecular analysis of lichen-associated bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2006; 57(3): 484-495.","Biosca EG, Flores R, Santander RD, Díez-Gil JL & Barreno E. Innovative Approaches Using Lichen Enriched Media to Improve Isolation and Culturability of Lichen Associated Bacteria. PLos ONE 2016; 11(8).","Sierra, M.A., Danko, D.C., Sandoval, T.A., Pishchany, G., Moncada, B., Kolter, R., et al. The microbiomes of seven lichen genera reveal host specificity, a reduced core community and potential as source of antimicrobials. Frontiers in microbiology 2020; 11: 398.","Sigurbjörnsdóttir, M. A., & Vilhelmsson, O. Selective isolation of potentially phosphate-mobilizing, biosurfactant-producing and biodegradative bacteria associated with a sub-Arctic, terricolous lichen, Peltigera membranacea. FEMS microbiology ecology; 2016; 92(6).","Parrot, D., Antony-Babu, S., Intertaglia, L., Grube, M., Tomasi, S., & Suzuki, M. T. Littoral lichens as a novel source of potentially bioactive Actinobacteria. Scientific Reports 2015; 5: 15839.","Garg, N., Zeng, Y., Edlund, A., Melnik, A. V., Sánchez, L. M., Mohimani, H., et al. Spatial molecular architecture of the microbial community of a peltigera lichen. Msystems: 2016, 1(6).","Erlacher, A., Cernava, T., Cardinale, M., Soh, J., Sensen, C. W., Grube, M., et al. Rhizobiales as functional and endosymbiontic members in the lichen symbiosis of Lobaria pulmonaria L. Frontiers in microbiology 2015; 6: 53.","Cernava, T., Erlacher, A., Aschenbrenner, I. A., Krug, L., Lassek, C., Riedel, K. et al. Deciphering functional diversification within the lichen microbiota by meta-omics. Microbiome: 2017; 5(1): 1-13.","Cernava, T., Vasfiu, Q., Erlacher, A., Aschenbrenner, I.A., Francesconi, K., Grube, M., et al. Adaptations of lichen microbiota functioning under persistent exposure to arsenic contamination. Frontiers in microbiology 2018; 9: 2959","West, N. J., Parrot, D., Fayet, C., Grube, M., Tomasi, S., & Suzuki, M. T. Marine cyanolichens from different littoral zones are associated with distinct bacterial communities. PeerJ 2018; 6.","Kim B, Han SR, Lamichhane J, Park H & Oh TJ. Draft Genome Analysis of Antimicrobial Streptomyces Isolated from Himalayan Lichen. J. Microbiol Biotechnol: 2019; 29: 1144-54.","Spribille, T., Tagirdzhanova, G., Goyette, S., Tuovinen, V., Case, R., & Zandberg, W. F. 3D biofilms: in search of the polysaccharides holding together lichen symbioses. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2020; 367(5).","Hawksworth, D. L., & Grube, M. Lichens redefined as complex ecosystems. New Phytologist 2020; 227 (5), 1281."]}

Resumen. La cuantificación de microorganismos es fundamental para entender como estos seres diminutos interaccionan con sus hospederos y en los ambientes donde se desarrollan. Para la química clínica la cuantificación de microorganismos es muy importante para conocer el grado de infección de un microorganismo, sin embargo, no se llevan a cabo como prueba de rutina debido al tiempo que los métodos consumen. En estudios de Ecología Microbiana también es importante conocer el número de microorganismos que se asocian con distintos hospederos, conocer sus dinámicas de población, así como, determinar el número de microorganismos que están colonizando un ambiente. Hay diversas formas para cuantificar a los microorganismos, muchos de ellos muy modernos y requieren de equipo especializado que está fuera del alcance de las posibilidades económicas de laboratorios de diagnóstico e incluso de laboratorios de investigación de Universidades Públicas promedio de México, América Latina y laboratorios modestos de otras partes del mundo. Sin embargo, hay métodos económicos y sencillos, con ventajas y desventajas, que podrían implementarse aún en laboratorios de escasos recursos, pero que darían resultados tan precisos como los métodos modernos. En este capítulo se describirán algunos de los métodos económicos para la cuantificación de microorganismos cultivables y algunos ejemplos., {"references":["Amann R.I., W. Ludwig, K.-H. Schleifer, Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation, Microbiological Reviews 59 (1995), 143-169.","Baena-Ruano S., C. Jiménez-Ot, I.M. Santos-Dueñas, D. Cantero-Moreno, F. Barja, I. García-García, Rapid method for total, viable and non-viable acetic acid bacteria determination during acetification process, Process Biochemistry 41 (2006), 1160–1164.","Baranyi J., C. Pin, Estimating bacterial growth parameters by means of detection times, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999), 732–736.","Bashan Y., H. Levanony, An improved selection technique and médium for the isolation and enumeration of Azospirillum brasilense, Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31 (1985), 947–952.","Bouvier T., P.A. del Giorgio, Factors influencing the detection of bacterial cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): a quantitative review of published reports, FEMS Microbiology Ecology 44 (2003), 3–15.","Cavalcante V.A., J. Döbereiner, A new acid-tolerant nitrogen fixing bacterium associated with sugarcane. Plant and Soil, 108 (1988), 23–31.","Chen C. Y., G.W. Nace, P.L. Irwin, A 6X6 drop plate method for simultaneous colony counting and MPN enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 55 (2003), 475–479.","Corral-Lugo A., Y. E. Morales-García, L. A. Pazos-Rojas, A. Ramírez-Valverde, R. D. Martínez-Contreras, and J. Muñoz-Rojas, Cuantificación de bacterias cultivables mediante el método de Goteo en Placa por Sellado (o estampado) Masivo, Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 14 (2012), 147–156.","Döbereiner J., V.L.D. Baldani, Como isolar e identificar bacterias diazotróficas de plantas, EMBRAPA, Itaguaí, RJ: EMBRAPA-CNPAB, Brasília-DF, 1995.","Figueroa-López A., J.D. Cordero-Ramírez, J.C. Martínez-Álvarez, M. López-Meyer, G.J. Lizárraga-Sánchez, R. Félix-Gastélum, C. Castro-Martínez, I.E. Maldonado-Mendoza, Rhizospheric bacteria of maize with potential for biocontrol of Fusarium verticillioides, SpringerPlus 5 (2016), 330.","Fisher R.A., H.G. Thornton, W.A. Mackenzie, The accuracy of the plating method of estimating the density of bacterial populations, Annals of Applied Biology 9 (1922), 325–359.","Flores-Alfaro E., I. Parra-Rojas, A. Jiménez-Acevedo, G. Fernández-Tilapa, Pruebas presuntivas del análisis de orina en el diagnóstico de infección en vías urinarias entre diabéticos tipo 2, Salud Pública de México 47 (2005), 376–380.","Galindo J., N. González, D. Delgado, A. Sosa, Y. Marrero, R. González, A.I. Aldana, O. Moreira, Efecto modulador de Leucaena leucocephala sobre la microbiota ruminal, Zootecnia Tropical 26 (2008), 249–252.","González A., N. Hierro, M. Poblet, A. Mas, J.M. Guiallamón, Enumeration and detection of acetic bacteria by real-time PCR and nested PCR, FEMS Microbiology Letters 254 (2006), 123–128.","Herigstad B., M. Hamilton, J. Heersink, How optimize the drop plate method for enumerating bacteria, Journal of Microbiological Methods 44 (2001), 121–129.","Hoben H. J., P. Somasegaran, Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. in inoculants made from presterilized peat, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44 (1982), 1246–1247.","Jure M.A., S. Condori, G.A. Leota, I. Chinen, E. Miliwebsky, C. Allori, O. Aulet, M.C. del Castillo, Detección, aislamiento, y caracterización de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga a partir de carne molida fresca proveniente de carnicerías de Concepción, provincia de Tucumán, Revista Argentina de Microbiología 42 (2010), 284–287.","Leyva-Madrigal K.Y., C.P. Larralde-Corona, M.A. Apodaca-Sánchez, F.R.Quiroz-Figueroa, P.A. Mexia- Bolaños, S. Portillo-Valenzuela, J. Ordaz-Ochoa, I.E. Maldonado-Mendoza, Fusarium species from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex involved in mixed infections of maize in northern Sinaloa, Mexico, Journal of Phytopathology 163 (2015), 486–497.","Matsuki T., K. Watanabe, J. Fujimoto, T. Takada, R. Tanaka, Use of 16S rRNA gene-targeted group-specific primers for real-time PCR analysis of predominant bacteria in human feces, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004), 7220–7228.","Mercier J., S.E. Lindow, Role of leaf Surface sugars in colonization of plants by bacterial epiphytes, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (2000), 369–374.","Molina-Romero D., M.R. Bustillos-Cristales, O. Rodríguez-Andrade, Y.E. Morales-García, Y. Santiago- Saenz, M. Castañeda-Lucio, J. Muñoz-Rojas, Mecanismos de fitoestimulación por rizobacterias, aislamientos en América y potencial biotecnológico, Biológicas 17 (2015), 24–34.","Montañez J.L., J.C. Victoria, R. Flores, M.A. Vivar, Fermentación de los fructanos del Agave tequilana Weber azul por Zymomonas mobilis y Saccharomyces cerevisae en la producción de bioetanol, Información Tecnológica 22 (2011), 3–14.","Morales-García Y.E., D. Juárez-Hernández, C. Aragón-Hernández, M.A. Mascarua-Esparza, M.R. Bustillos- Cristales, L.E. Fuentes-Ramírez, R.D. Martínez-Contreras, J. Muñoz-Rojas, Growth response of maize plantlets inoculated with Enterobacter sp. as a model for alternative agricultura, Revista Argentina de Microbiología 43 (2011), 287–293.","Morales-García Y.E., J. de la Torre-Zuñiga, E. Duque, R. Pérez-y-Terrón, L. Martínez-Martínez, R. Martínez-Contreras, J. Muñoz-Rojas, Aspectos críticos a considerar para el aislamiento de bacterias benéficas. Saberes Compartidos, Revista de Investigación Científica, Tecnológica y Humanística 11 (2013), 54–62.","Morales-García Y.E., J. Hernández-Canseco, G. Ramos-Castillo, R. Pérez y Terron, J. Muñoz-Rojas, Cuantificación de Penicillium sp . por el método de goteo en placa, Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias 3 (2016), 12–19.","Muñoz-Rojas J., J. Caballero-Mellado, Population dynamics of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in sugarcane cultivars and its effect on plant growth, Microbial Ecology 46 (2003), 454–464.","Muñoz-Rojas J., L.E. Fuentes-Ramírez, J. Caballero-Mellado, Antagonism among Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strains in culture media and in association with sugarcane plants, FEMS Microbiology Ecology 54 (2005), 57–66.","Muñoz-Rojas J., P. Bernal, E. Duque, P. Godoy, A. Segura, J.L. Ramos, Involvement of cyclopropane fatty acids in the response of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to freeze-drying, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (2006), 472–477.","Okon Y., Azospirillum as a potential inoculant for agriculture, Trends in Biotechnology, 3 (1985), 223–228. Reis V.M., F.L. Olivares, J. Döbereiner, Improved methodology for isolation of Acetobacter diazotrophicus and confirmation of its endophytic habitat, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 10 (1994), 401–405.","Reis V.M., V.L.D. Baldani, J.I. Baldani, Isolation, Identification and biochemical characterization of Azospirillum spp. and other nitrogen-fixing bacteria, En: Handbook for Azospirillum, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland (2015), 3-26.","Reyes-Darías J.A., V. García, M. Rico-Jiménez, A. Corral-Lugo, O. Lesouhaitier, D. Juárez-Hernández, Y. Yang, S. Bi, M. Feuilloley, J. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Sourjik, T. Krell. Specific gamma-aminobutyrate chemotaxis in pseudomonads with different lifestyle, Molecular Microbiology 97 (2015), 488-501.","Rodríguez-Andrade O., L.E. Fuentes-Ramírez, Y.E. Morales-García, D. Molina-Romero, M.R. Bustillos- Cristales, R.D. Martínez-Contreras, J. Muñoz-Rojas, The decrease of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus population in sugarcane, after nitrogen fertilization, is related to plant physiology in split root experiments, Revista Argentina de Microbiología 47 (2015), 335–343.","Tomé-Sandoval P., L.P. Torres-Arreola, G. Romero-Quechol, H. Guiscafré-Gallardo, Bordetella pertusis en estudiantes adolescentes de la ciudad de México, Revista de Saúde Pública 42 (2008), 679–683.","Tsushima I., T. Kindaichi, S. Okabe, Quantification of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by real-time PCR, Water Research 41 (2007), 785–794.","Vandesompele J., K. De Preter, F. Pattyn, B. Poppe, N. Van Roy, A. De Paepe, F. Speleman, Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes, Genome Biology 3 (2002), research/0034.11.","WHO (World Health Organization), Microbial Aspects. En WHO library cataloguing-in-publication data, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, Third edition. Geneva, pp. 143, 2008a.","WHO (World Health Organization), Surveillance. En WHO library cataloguing-in-publication data. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third edition. Geneva, pp. 84-98, 2008b.","Wuadisirisuk P., R.W. 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A pesar de la importancia para el sostenimiento de la vida de nuestro planeta, en el presente desconocemos a la mayor parte de su diversidad. Muchas bacterias son benéficas para la agricultura, la biomedicina, el medio ambiente y la industria. En la actualidad se tiene especial interés en aislar nuevas especies bacterianas, así como en estudiar la función que desempeñan en sus ambientes. Las metodologías moleculares han permitido elucidar nuevas "Unidades Taxonómicas Organizacionales", no obstante son las metodologías de cultivo las que podrían ayudarnos a explotar el potencial benéfico de las bacterias. En esta revisión se presentan alternativas que se podrían considerar para el aislamiento de diversas bacterias a partir de distintos ambientes y los medios de cultivo que podrían ser utilizados, se destaca la importancia de explorar distintos medios de cultivo para el aislamiento de bacterias a partir de un mismo ambiente., {"references":["Amann, R.I., Ludwig, W., and Schleifer, K. (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol. Rev. 59: 143– 169.","Baker, G.C., Smith, J.J., and Cowan, D.A. (2003) Review and re-analysis of domainspecific 16S primers. J. Microbiol. Methods 55: 5","Donachie, S.P., Foster, J.S., and Brown, M. V (2007) Culture clash: challenging the dogma of microbial diversity. Isme J. 1: 97.","Hughes, J.B., Hellmann, J.J., Ricketts, T.H., and Bohannan, B.J.M. (2001) Counting the uncountable: statistical approaches to estimating microbial diversity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4399 LP-4406.","Lucy, M., Reed, E., and Glick, B.R. (2004) Applications of free living plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 86: 1–25.","Morales-García, Y.E., Juárez-Hernández, D., Aragón-Hernández, C., Mascarua-Esparza, M.A., Bustillos-Cristales, M.R., Fuentes-Ramírez, L.E., et al. (2011) Growth response of maize plantlets inoculated with Enterobacter spp., as a model for alternative agriculture. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 43: 287–293.","Muñoz-Rojas, J., Fuentes-Ramírez, L.E., and Caballero-Mellado, J. (2005) Antagonism among Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strains in culture media and in endophytic association. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 54: 57–66.","Ramos, J.L., González-Pérez, M.M., Caballero, A., and Dillewijn, P. van (2005) Bioremediation of polynitrated aromatic compounds: plants and microbes put up a fight. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16: 275–281."]}

RESUMEN Las bacterias sostienen la vida de nuestro planeta y aunque solo se conoce alrededor del 1% de su diversidad, muchas de ellas pueden resultar benéficas para ser utilizadas con fines agrícolas, biomédicos y de biorremediación, entre otros. En la actualidad se tiene especial interés en descubrir tanto a nuevas especies bacterianas, así como en estudiar la función que desempeñan los genes que conforman a algunas bacterias de interés; mediante estrategias de mutagénesis y secuenciación. En ambos casos es necesario contar con métodos de preservación de bacterias adecuados que permitan estudios futuros. En el presente trabajo se discuten varias metodologías para preservar a las bacterias de forma correcta, tomando en consideración que se deben mantener sus características fenotípicas, genotípicas y una alta viabilidad. Estas características también asegurarán el mantenimiento del gran potencial biotecnológico que las bacterias resguardan en sus genomas., {"references":["Acinas SG, Marcelino LA, Klepac-Ceraj V & Polz MF (2004) Divergence and redundancy of 16S rRNA sequences in genomes with multiple rrn operons. J. Bacteriol. 186: 2629-2635.","Aithal HN, Kalra VK and Brodie AF (1975) Alteration of Mycobacterium phlei membrane structure by freezing and thawing: reversal by heating. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 168: 122-132.","Amann RI, Ludwig W & Schleifer K-H (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol. Rev. 59: 143-169.","Arias-Barrau E, Olivera ER, Luengo JM, Fernández C, Galan B, García JL, Díaz E & Miñambres B (2004) The homogentisate pathway: a central catabolic pathway involved in the degradation of L-phenylalanine, Ltyrosine, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate in Pseudomonas putida. J. Bacteriol. 186: 5062-5077.","Bashan Y (1998) Inoculants of plant growthpromoting bacteria for use in agriculture. Biotechnol. Adv. 16: 729-770.","Baker GC, Smith JJ & Cowan DA (2003) Review and re-analysis of domainspecific 16S primers. J. Microbiol. Methods 55: 541-555.","Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A & Hedges SB (2004) A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 44.","Bloemberg GV & Lugtemberg BJJ (2001) Molecular basis of plant growth promotion and biocontrol by rhizobacteria. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 343-350.","Bochmer BC (2009) Global phenotypic characterization of bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 33: 191-205.","Böltner D, Godoy P, Muñoz-Rojas J, Duque E, Moreno-Morillas S, Sánchez L & Ramos JL (2008) Rhizoremediation of lindane by root-colonizing Sphingomonas. Microbial Biotechnol. 1: 87-93.","Bouvier T & Giorgio PA (2003) Factors influencing the detection of bacterial cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): a quantitative review of published reports. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 44:3-15.","Breierová E & Cocková-Kratochvilová A (1992) Cryoprotective effects of yeast extracellular polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Cryobiology 29:385-390.","Broadbent JR, McMahon DJ, Welker DL, Oberg CJ & Moineau S (2003) Biochemystry, genetics, and applications of exopolysaccharide production in Streptococcus thermophilus: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 407-423.","Cardenas E & Tiedje JM (2008) New tools for discovering and characterizing microbial diversity. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19:544- 549.","Chavarri FJ, De Paz M & Nueez M (1988) Cryoprotective agents for frozen concentrated starters from non-bitter Streptococcus lactis strains. Biotechnol. 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