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The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the two glyphosate salts: isopropylamine and potassium (contained in preparations Roundup) on the activity of phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase in the soil. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory conditions on two soil types: loamy sand (Corg 8.70 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.39) and sandy loam (Corg 10.90 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.81). Two glyphosate salts (isopropylamine and potassium) in dosage of 0, 1 and 100 mg·kg−1 were applicate into soils. Phosphodiesterase and phospotriesterase activities in soils were determined spectrophotometrically on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. The obtained results were converted with respect to the enzyme activities in the control soil (assuming it to be 100%) and given as percent of inhibition. The results were shown as environmental danger zones graphs. Obtained results showed that glyphosate salts application has primarily resulted in inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, and stimulation of phosphotriesterase activity in soils. Soil type and kind of glyphosate salt affect the interaction of herbicide with phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities. The observed changes in the phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities caused by the addition of both glyphosate salts were located on environmental danger zones graphs in the range of negligible or acceptable values, which may indicate a low impact of herbicide on measured enzymes.

The aim of study was to determine the impact of three different biogas fermentation residues on some chemical and biochemical characteristics in sandy soil. The laboratory experiment was carried out on loamy sand. Residues were added to soil samples in the forms of pulp, drought, and granulate at dosages of 10, 50, and 100 g·kg-1. The reference was the soil sample without residues. On day 28, the content of macroelements and heavy metals was determined. In addition, on days 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56, the content of biomass and the activities of some hydrolases and oxidoreductases were assayed. Results showed that the application of all fermentation residues caused an increase in most of the chemical parameters. The highest impact on pH and the content of Ctot, Ntot, Stot, K, and P was observed in the soil treated with granulate, whereas the increase in the content of heavy metals was the highest after the drought application. The effect of biogas fermentation residues on all hydrolases and o-diphenol oxidase activities was mostly significant, but depended on the kind of residues and the day of experiment. Biomass content and the activity of dehydrogenase were increased in the whole experiment.

This paper assesses the impact of the treatment of soil with NaF and KF on activity of antioxidant enzymes involved in the Halliwell-Asada cycle: glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and antioxidant enzymes that decompose hydrogen peroxide: catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) in winter wheat cv. Skagen seedlings. The fluoride was added to loamy sand at concentrations of 10 mmol/kg DM soil and 30 mmol/kg DM soil. This study demonstrated that soil treatment with fluorine salts caused mainly increase in the activity of the studied enzymes. The highest changes occurred in DHAR and POD activity. The influence of NaF was typically higher than that of KF, while based on η² it was determined that the activity of GR and POD was mostly shaped by the salt concentration added to soil, and those of DHAR, APX, and CAT by the time of measurement after sowing. The conducted principal component analysis demonstrated that the activity of all determined enzymes was negatively correlated with the first principal component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect in sandy soil on the content of two fluoride forms, which are soluble (extracted with CaCl2) and potentially available to plants (extracted with HClO4), and the activity of dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and o-diphenol oxidase of three quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with the [PF6]-anion (tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate [TMA][PF6], tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate [TBA][PF6], and tetrahexylammonium hexafluorophosphate [THA][PF6]) and the inorganic salt ammonium hexafluorophosphate. The results showed an increase in fluoride content, especially in the form potentially available to plants (F-HClO4). An inhibition of dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, and o-diphenol oxidase was observed, while the alkaline phosphatase was stimulated. The highest effect was found after treatment with the highest dosages of QAS. The fluoride content was negatively correlated with the activity of the dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, and o-diphenol oxidase, and was positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of glyphosate and its formulations: Roundup 360 SL (containing isopropylamine salt of glyphosate and polyethoxylated tallow amine) and Roundup TransEnergy 450 SL (containing potassium salt of glyphosate and polyethoxylated ether amine) on inorganic pyrophosphatase activity and available phosphorus content in soil. The experiment was carried out on loamy sand with organic carbon content 10.9 g.kg-1. Glyphosate and its salts amounts added to soil were: 0 (control), 1, 10, 100 mg.kg-1. Samples were adjusted to 60% maximum water capacity and they were incubated in temperature 20°C. Inorganic pyrophosphatase and available phosphorus content were measured on days 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56. The obtained results show that the observed effect of glyphosate and its formulations depended on the dosage and day of experiment. The largest changes of the measured parameters were observed after application of Roundup 360 SL - formulation containing glyphosate isopropylamine salt and polyethoxylated tallow amine. The positive statistically significant correlation between inorganic pyrophosphatase activity and available phosphorus content was reported only in soil treated with Roundup 360 SL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ecological Engineering / Inżynieria Ekologiczna is the property of Polish Society of Ecological Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)