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Abstract Background Notwithstanding the strong epidemiological impact of the Chikungunya in the Colombian Caribbean, in 2014, not the entire population were affected in the same way. This study describe the demographic, socio-economic, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the de Chikungunya in Ovejas and Corozal, two neighboring municipalities with high vulnerability in health in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in February 2015. A convenience sampling was carried out in 971 families affected with chikungunya. Also, a socio-demographics, clinical and epidemiological questionnaire was carried out for people who met the definition of suspected Chikungunya clinical case. For the statistical analysis, data and variables, frequencies, proportions and means were compared in the two municipalities studied. A logistic regression model was constructed to explain the effect of factors studied on the risk of family infection (RFI) or likelihood of contagion within each household. Was used the software EpiInfo 7.2.2.2 and a significance level with p-value

Abstract Background The Zika virus disease (ZVD) has had a huge impact on public health in Colombia for the numbers of people affected and the presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly cases associated to ZVD. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was carried out, we analyze the epidemiological situation of ZVD and its association with microcephaly and GBS during a 21-month period, from October 2015 to June 2017. The variables studied were: (i) ZVD cases, (ii) ZVD cases in pregnant women, (iii) laboratory-confirmed ZVD in pregnant women, (iv) ZVD cases associated with microcephaly, (v) laboratory-confirmed ZVD associated with microcephaly, and (vi) ZVD associated to GBS cases. Average number of cases, attack rates (AR) and proportions were also calculated. The studied variables were plotted by epidemiological weeks and months. The distribution of ZVD cases in Colombia was mapped across the time using Kernel density estimator and QGIS software; we adopted Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) and the Gaussian Kernel to estimate the number of Guillain Barre cases given the number of ZVD cases. Results One hundred eight thousand eighty-seven ZVD cases had been reported in Colombia, including 19,963 (18.5%) in pregnant women, 710 (0.66%) associated with microcephaly (AR, 4.87 cases per 10,000 live births) and 453 (0.42%) ZVD associated to GBS cases (AR, 41.9 GBS cases per 10,000 ZVD cases). It appears the cases of GBS increased in parallel with the cases of ZVD, cases of microcephaly appeared 5 months after recognition of the outbreak. The kernel density map shows that throughout the study period, the states most affected by the Zika outbreak in Colombia were mainly San Andrés and Providencia islands, Casanare, Norte de Santander, Arauca and Huila. The KRR shows that there is no proportional relationship between the number of GBS and ZVD cases. During the cross validation, the RMSE achieved for the second order polynomial kernel, the linear kernel, the sigmoid kernel, and the Gaussian kernel are 9.15, 9.2, 10.7, and 7.2 respectively. Conclusions This study updates the epidemiological analysis of the ZVD situation in Colombia describes the geographical distribution of ZVD and shows the functional relationship between ZVD cases and GBS.

Se presentan en el siguiente trabajo los resultados de un experimento donde hablantes de español L1 juzgaron oraciones en alternancia de código entre un sujeto -en las distintas personas- en inglés y un verbo en español y viceversa. La idea era constatar las preferencias en cuanto al sujeto pronominal y las preferencias de número y persona. Como se esperaba, el sujeto en español fue el preferido en la alternancia. En cuanto a preferencias por la persona, cuando el sujeto estaba en inglés, la tercera persona singular fue preferida sobre la primera y segunda. Sin embargo, cuando el sujeto estaba en español y la tercera persona singular tenía morfología, esta opción fue preferida sobre las otras personas, resultado no esperado porque la tercera persona en inglés tiene un morfema de persona.

In the absence of studies on the social evolution of engineering in Venezuela from its origins to the present day, we present an outline of this historical process as a first step towards a study of wider dimensions. This initial publication has meant: the search for and selection of source material; ordering the data collected; and the creation of a preliminary model. This model not only provides a framework for a coherent overvicw of engineering in Venezuela as history, but also adds analytical and interpretative comments. The outline is divided into four phases: I. Engineering in the pre-petroleum era: A long and languid prologue (from the mid-eighteenth century to the second decade of the twentieth); II. Engineering and pre-democratic modernization: The petroleum awakening (1919 - 1958); III. Engineering and democratic modernization: Growth without development (1958 - 1983); and IV. Engineering artd the crisis of the petroleum-dependence model (1983 to the present). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]