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13. Natural Hazards Governance in Turkey

Author

H. P. Gülkan

Subjects
Corporate governance, Natural hazard, Business, Environmental planning
Abstract

The current outlook in disaster risk management in Turkey is examined in its historic context in this article. Policies, legislation, and specific responsive actions have culminated in 2009 in the formation of a nationwide Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (“Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı” or AFAD in Turkish) that reports directly to the prime minister. Earthquakes are the principal drivers for disaster management in Turkey. The assessment of the system in effect in Turkey from a management science viewpoint is summarized. The chronological description of the Turkish system has been linked to major disaster occurrences and consequent legislative changes.

Published
2018
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14. Impaired endothelial function irrespective of systemic inflammation or atherosclerosis in mastocytosis.

Author

Öztop, Nida, Özer, Pelin Karaca, Demir, Semra, Beyaz, Şengül, Tiryaki, Tarık Onur, Özkan, Gülkan, Aydogan, Mehmet, Bugra, Melike Zehra, Çolakoglu, Bahauddin, Büyüköztürk, Suna, Nalçacı, Meliha, Yavuz, Akif Selim, Gelincik, Aslı, Oztop, Nida, Ozer, Pelin Karaca, Beyaz, Sengul, Ozkan, Gulkan, Colakoglu, Bahauddin, Buyukozturk, Suna, and Nalcacı, Meliha

Published
2021
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19. Damage assessment and seismic response of steel buildings during the Kahramanmaraş, Turkey earthquakes of February 6, 2023

Author

Tapia-Hernández, Edgar, Geneş, Mehmet Cemal, and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

On February 6, 2023, two earthquakes (Mw7.8 and 7.5) occurred in Turkey. Notably, 10 provinces in Turkey and several others in Syria were subjected to severe ground shaking, resulting in a high number of casualties following the total and partial collapse of many reinforced concrete buildings. Although moderate damages in non-structural elements were identified in the very few steel buildings that existed, negligible structural damage was generally identified during field inspections. The notable exception was a 7-story steel building in Antakya that partially collapsed. The behavior of the building is examined in detail from the design project report and a previous study of real-time monitoring. Nonlinear analyses were carried out under the accelerograms recorded by the closest stations. The investigation aims to enrich the present knowledge of the structural performance of steel structures under extreme seismic demands.

Published
2024
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20. Impact of Joint Modeling Approach on Performance Estimates of Older-Type RC Buildings

Author

Bayhan, Beyhan, Özdemir, Gökhan, and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

The behavior of beam-column connections has usually been ignored in the modeling process due to its complexity and relatively recent awareness of its possible impact on response. This study presents the features of modeling unreinforced beam-column joints in estimating seismic demands. A representative RC frame is subjected to strong ground motions. Through nonlinear dynamic analyses, base shear, roof displacement, inter-story drift and joint rotation are noted. The dynamic analyses are performed comparatively through two analytical models with rigid and flexible joint assumptions. In the flexible joint model, shear deformation at the beam-column joint and bond-slip deformation at the beam-column interface are simulated through a previously verified analytical representation. Results indicate that introducing unreinforced beam-column joint behavior to the model may lead to almost two times larger seismic demands compared to those obtained from rigid connection assumption. Thus, the performance assessment of such buildings may conclude erroneously with underestimated seismic demands and damage levels when inelastic actions in the joints are ignored. However, in some cases, lower seismic demands can also be obtained for the flexible joint model.

Published
2017
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21. Scaling Legitimacy for Design of Lead Rubber Bearing Isolated Structures Using a Bounding Analysis

Author

Özdemir, Gökhan and Gülkan, H. Polat

Abstract

In dynamic analyses, although there is no limitation for scale factors, the customary values vary from 0.25 to 4. However, these values are based on subjective judgments rather than a quantitative evaluation. This study focused on scaling legitimacy of acceleration time series to be used in dynamic analyses performed during the design of lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolated structures, to obtain a limit for scale factors. For this purpose, several dynamic analyses are performed with the parameters, namely, isolation period, peak ground velocity, and site class. In the analyses, a recently proposed deteriorating hysteretic bilinear representation is used to model the behavior of LRBs. Limitation for scale factors is discussed through the concept of bounding analysis that intends to provide design envelopes for response quantities of isolated structures. As a result, limits for scale factors, providing that the bounding analysis fulfills its intended purpose in design of LRBs, are proposed.

Published
2016
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22. High-velocity impact of large caliber tungsten projectiles on ordinary Portland and calcium aluminate cement based HPSFRC and SIFCON slabs. Part II numerical simulation and validation.

Author

Gülkan, P. and Korucu, H.

Subjects
PORTLAND cement, CALCIUM aluminate, CONCRETE slabs, NUMERICAL analysis, DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics)
Abstract

We present the numerical implementation, simulation, and validation of the high-velocity impact experiments that have been described in the companion article. In this part, numerical investigations and simulations performed to mimic the tests are presented. The experiments were analyzed by the explicit integration-based software ABAQUS for improved simulations. Targets were modeled with a damaged plasticity model for concrete. Computational results of residual velocity and crater dimensions yielded acceptable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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23. Reassessment of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard in the Marmara Region. .

Author

Kalkan, Erol, Gülkan, Polat, Yilmaz, Nazan, and Çelebi, Mehmet

Subjects
EARTHQUAKE hazard analysis, EARTHQUAKE prediction, PROBABILITY theory, GEOLOGIC faults, EARTHQUAKES, SHEAR (Mechanics)
Abstract

In 1999, the eastern coastline of the Marmara region (Turkey) witnessed increased seismic activity on the North Anatolian fault (NAF) system with two damaging earthquakes (M 7.4 Kocaeli and M 7.2 Düzce) that occurred almost three months apart. These events have reduced stress on the western segment of the NAF where it continues under the Marmara Sea. The undersea fault segments have been recently explored using bathymetric and reflection surveys. These recent findings helped scientists to understand the seismotectonic environment of the Marmara basin, which has remained a perplexing tectonic domain. On the basis of collected new data, seismic hazard of the Marmara region is reassessed using a probabilistic approach. Two different earthquake source models: (1) the smoothed-gridded seismicity model and (2) fault model and alternate magnitude-frequency relations, Gutenberg-Richter and characteristic, were used with local and imported ground-motion-prediction equations. Regional exposure is computed and quantified on a set of hazard maps that provide peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration at 0.2 and 1.0 sec on uniform firm-rock site condition (760 m/sec average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m). These acceleration levels were computed for ground motions having 2% and 10% probabilities of exceedance in 50 yr, corresponding to return periods of about 2475 and 475 yr, respectively. The maximum PGA computed (at rock site) is 1.59 along the fault segments of the NAF zone extending into the Marmara Sea. The new maps generally show 10% to 15% increase for PGA, 0.2 and 1.0 sec spectral acceleration values across much of Marmara compared to previous regional hazard maps. Hazard curves and smooth design spectra for three site conditions: rock, soil, and soft-soil are provided for the Istanbul metropolitan area as possible tools in future risk estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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24. Seismic Testing of SingleStory Masonry Houses: Part 2

Author

Clough, Ray W., Gülkan, Polat, Manos, George C., Mayes, Ronald L., Clough, Ray W., Gülkan, Polat, Manos, George C., and Mayes, Ronald L.

Abstract

This paper describes the performance of a series of singlestory masonry houses observed during a shaking table test program carried out at the University of California Earthquake Engineering Research Center EERC, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD. The design of the test structures and the conduct of the tests on the earthquake simulator are described in a companion paper. In evaluating the observed performance, the intensity of the test motions was characterized by the measured effective peak acceleration EPA so that they could be related to Uniform Building Code seismic zone 2. Based on the observed behavior, it is recommended that zone 2 be divided into subzone 2A for EPA values up to 0.1 g and subzone 2B for values between 0.1 g and 0.2 g. The observed results demonstrate that masonry houses without reinforcement may be permitted in both parts of zone 2 provided that the design guidelines recommended for each subzone are followed.

Published
1990
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25. Seismic Testing of SingleStory Masonry Houses: Part 1

Author

Gülkan, Polat, Clough, Ray W., Mayes, Ronald L., Manos, George C., Gülkan, Polat, Clough, Ray W., Mayes, Ronald L., and Manos, George C.

Abstract

The paper describes the design and testing of a series of singlestory masonry houses in a research program carried out at the University of California, Berkeley, Earthquake Engineering Research Center EERC, with funding from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD. The ultimate purpose of the research was to determine whether partial reinforcement should be required of such structures in order to qualify for HUD insurance, if they are intended to be built in Uniform Building Code Seismic Zone 2 areas of the United States. The test structures were 16ft square in plan dimensions and were assembled from fullsize wallpanel components so that their damage mechanisms would duplicate the seismic behavior of actual houses. The excitations, applied by the 20ft square EERC Earthquake Simulator to the test structure were based on records obtained during several earthquakes in the western U.S., and were increased gradually in successive tests until significant damage had occurred. The results demonstrated that properly constructed houses with plain masonry walls are capable of resisting quite severe earthquake motions without developing an unacceptable degree of damage.

Published
1990
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26. Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the Antakya–Maras Region (SERAMAR): Empirical Studies on the Basis of EMS-98

Author

Abrahamczyk, Lars, Schwarz, Jochen, Langhammer, Tobias, Genes, M. Cemal, Bikçe, Murat, Kaçin, Selcuk, and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

The main objective of the SERAMAR project has been to utilize current tools for earthquake risk assessment and to establish a unique partnership between universities, professional associations, and local governments, which might serve as a model for similar future activities in Turkey and adjacent areas. In order to reach this goal, a thorough microzonation survey program combined with vulnerability and social preparedness studies in anticipation ofa damaging seismic event were conducted. The paper is focused on activities related to surveying building stock and classifying and evaluating through the use of different levels of consideration. Empirical risk scenarios and casualty estimations are carried out for different levels of consideration under scenario earthquakes similar in size to historic events. Preliminary findings of the pilot phase are reported in terms of credible building performance and casualty estimates. For empirical studies, the building vulnerabilities are expressed in terms of vulnerability classes of EMS-98.

Published
2013
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27. Monocyte heterogeneity in myocardial infarction with and without ST elevation and its association with angiographic findings

Author

Arslan, Uur, Kocaolu, brahim, Balci, Mustafa M., Gülkan, Birsen, Falay, Mesude Y., and Temizhan, Ahmet

Abstract

Monocytes and mature macrophages play significant roles after myocardial infarction. Here, our aim is to investigate the monocyte heterogeneity in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI separately and determine any possible relationships between monocyte heterogeneity and coronary angiographic characteristics.

Published
2013
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28. Deformation Limits for Structural Walls with Confined Boundaries

Author

Kazaz, İlker, Gülkan, Polat, and Yakut, Ahmet

Abstract

For accurate analytical assessment of performance and damage in reinforced concrete members, well-defined deformation limits at particular damage states are required. With advanced and computationally intensive finite element analyses, we establish deformation limits at yield and ultimate limit states for adequately confined rectangular reinforced concrete structural walls in terms of drift ratio, plastic rotation, and curvature. To investigate the deformation limits of structural walls, a parametric study on isolated cantilever wall models is performed. The primary variables of the parametric study are the shear-span-to-wall-length ratio, wall length, axial load ratio, normalized shear stress, the amount of horizontal web reinforcement, and the amount of longitudinal reinforcement at the confined boundary of structural wall models. Expressions and limit values are proposed for yield and ultimate deformation capacity of structural walls, based on the most influential parameters. The proposed equations are found to be promising when compared to results of experiments.

Published
2012
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29. Site-Structure Resonance as a Proxy for Structural Damage

Author

Lang, Dominik H., Schwarz, Jochen, and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

Since 1992, the reconnaissance teams of the German Task Force for Earthquakes have undertaken numerous field missions to disaster areas after strong earthquakes worldwide. During these missions, a unique database of damage cases has been collected, which serves as the basis for examining whether site-structure resonance effects contribute to building damage. The selected buildings that partly experienced slight to moderate damage during a recent major event have been experimentally tested in order to identify their structural parameters and to allow a calibration of the structural building models. In addition, instrumental noise recordings were made directly at the building sites to derive the ranges of predominant site periods. By correlating the ranges of predominant site periods with the building's capacity curves, representing the inelastic displacement behavior under lateral effects, a quick survey procedure has been developed to estimate the impact of agreements between periods of the site and the structure contributing to structural earthquake damage.

Published
2011
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30. Buildings Subjected to Recurring Earthquakes: A Tale of Three Cities

Author

Bayhan, Beyhan and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

Three different buildings built according to the same design have experienced three different near-field strong ground motions over a period of 11 years in three different cities in Turkey. The input motion was known for each because strong-motion sensors were located adjacent or close to the buildings. We examine the performance of the five-story, reinforced concrete-frame buildings. Bidirectional nonlinear time history and nonlinear static analyses on 3-D analytical models are performed. The principal focus is to assess whether the analytical model of the buildings could indicate column-beam damage consistent with that observed at the sites after the earthquakes. Results illustrate that nonlinear time history analyses are capable of indicating the occurrence of shear failure in captive columns; however, they overestimate the global damage. The overestimation is greater where the building sustained a pulse-type motion without significant distress. It appears that difference between visual observations and analytical results persists.

Published
2011
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31. A critical reevaluation of stresses generated during vertical and lateral condensation of gutta-percha in the root canal.

Author

Telli, Cüneyt, Gülkan, Polat, and Günel, Halis

Subjects
FINITE element method, CUSPIDS, PHYSIOLOGICAL stress, CONDENSATION, GUTTA-percha, DENTAL pulp cavities, ROOT canal treatment
Abstract

The finite element method was used to calculate the stresses in a maxillary canine tooth produced during lateral and vertical condensation. Description of the biological domain to be analyzed, and conversion of the manual operations of the endodontist to realistic load representation are intricate problems which must be overcome before stresses are recovered and plotted. The stresses in dentin are in general of comparable magnitudes during lateral or vertical condensation, but these magnitudes generally remain much below those presented in a previous study. From these calculations it appears that root fractures reported by some investigators may be explained in terms of stress concentrations and local irregularities of the samples tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1994
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33. Biocompatibility of ceramic scaffolds for bone replacement made by 3D printing

Author

Leukers, B., Gülkan, H., Irsen, S. H., Milz, S., Tille, C., Seitz, H., and Schieker, M.

Abstract

Bone replacement materials used in tissue engineering require a high degree of safety and biological compatibility. For these reasons synthetic bone replacement materials based on calcium-phosphates are being used more widely. To mimic natural bone, rapid prototyping processes and especially 3D printing are favourable. Using 3D printing, complex 3 dimensional structures can be made easily. In this study we successfully performed biocompatibility tests with a Hydroxyapatite test structure (HA-S) made by 3D printing. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out according to DIN ISO 10993-5 in static and dynamic cultivation setups. To estimate cell proliferation and analyze morphology, histological evaluation was done. In summary, good cell viability as well as good proliferation behaviour were found. Moreover, these results show that the 3D printing process in combination with the suitable material presented in this study is well suited for fabricating scaffolds for TE in the required accuracy and biological compatibility.

Published
2005
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34. Site-Dependent Spectra Derived from Ground Motion Records in Turkey

Author

Kalkan, Erol and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

The current spectral shapes in the Turkish Seismic Code(TSC) are based on broadly described geological conditions, ignoring fault distance or magnitude dependencies on spectral ordinates. To address this deficiency, a data set created from a suite of 112 strong ground motion records from 57 earthquakes that occurred between 1976 and 2003 has been used to develop horizontal attenuation relationships for Turkey. This way it is possible to construct hazard-consistent design spectra for any national seismic region. The results are compared with the site-dependent spectral shapes of the Uniform Building Code(UBC) and the current TSC. It is shown that corner periods are consistent with those of UBC. TSC yields wider constant spectral acceleration plateau. Design spectra in both of these documents are conservative if the ground motion library that we used in deriving the spectral shapes is taken as representative. The results of this study enable site-distance–magnitude-specific design spectra suitable as a tool both for deterministic (scenario earthquakes) and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments.

Published
2004
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35. Empirical Attenuation Equations for Vertical Ground Motion in Turkey

Author

Kalkan, Erol and Gülkan, Polat

Abstract

In the aftermath of two destructive urban earthquakes in 1999 in Turkey, empirical models of strong motion attenuation relationships that have been previously developed for North American and European earthquakes have been utilized in a number of national seismic hazard studies. However, comparison of empirical evidence and estimates present significant differences. For that reason, a data set created from a suite of 100 vertical strong ground motion records from 47 national earthquakes that occurred between 1976 and 2002 has been used to develop attenuation relationships for strong ground motion in Turkey. A consistent set of empirical attenuation relationships was derived for predicting vertical peak and pseudo-absolute vertical acceleration spectral ordinates in terms of magnitude, source-to-site distance, and local geological conditions. The study manifests the strong dependence of vertical to horizontal (V/H) acceleration ratio on spectral periods and relatively weaker dependence on site geology, magnitude, and distance. The V/H ratio is found to be particularly significant at the higher frequency end of the spectrum, reaching values as high as 0.9 at short distances on soil sites. The largest long-period spectral ratios are observed to occur on rock sites where they can reach values in excess of 0.5. These results raise misgivings concerning the practice of assigning the V/H ratio a standard value of two-thirds. Hence, nonconservatism of this value at short periods and its conservatism at long periods underline the need for its revision, at least for practice in Turkey.

Published
2004
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36. Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis for Earthquake Damage Mitigation: Evaluating Measures for Apartment Houses in Turkey

Author

Smyth, Andrew W., Altay, Gülay, Deodatis, George, Erdik, Mustafa, Franco, Guillermo, Gülkan, Polat, Kunreuther, Howard, Luş, Hilmi, Mete, Esra, Seeber, Nano, and Yüzügüllü, özal

Abstract

In the wake of the 1999 earthquake destruction in Turkey, the urgent need has arisen to evaluate the benefits of loss mitigation measures that could be undertaken to strengthen the existing housing stock. In this study, a benefit-cost analysis methodology is introduced for the comparative evaluation of several seismic retrofitting measures applied to a representative apartment building located in Istanbul. The analysis is performed probabilistically through the development of fragility curves of the structure in its different retrofitted configurations. By incorporating the probabilistic seismic hazard for the region, expected direct losses can be estimated for arbitrary time horizons. By establishing realistic cost estimates of the retrofitting schemes and costs of direct losses, one can then estimate the net present value of the various retrofitting measures. The analysis in this work implies that, even when considering only direct losses, all of the retrofitting measures considered are desirable for all but the very shortest time horizons. This conclusion is valid for a wide range of estimates regarding costs of mitigation, discount rates, number of fatalities, and cost of human life. The general methodology developed here for a single building can be extended to an entire region by incorporating additional structural types, soil types, retrofitting measures, more precise space- and time-dependent seismic hazard estimates, etc. It is hoped that this work can serve as a benchmark for more realistic and systematic benefit-cost analyses for earthquake damage mitigation.

Published
2004
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38. A probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard in Turkey

Author

Erdik, M., Doyuran, V., Akkaş, N., and Gülkan, P.

Abstract

Seismic hazard maps for Turkey are developed by utilizing the current probabilistic procedures. The maps contain probabilistic estimates of the maximum MSK intensity and the maximum horizontal peak ground acceleration for the return periods of 225, 475 and 10,000 years. A modified and updated catalogue for the large and damaging earthquakes affecting Turkey has been prepared to provide a base for the spatial correlation of the seismic activity with the geo-tectonic elements. Brief descriptions of the seismic sources adopted for Turkey for the purpose of seismic source regionalization are given. Recurrence relationship regression constants, maximum magnitudes and intensity attenuation relationships are provided for each seismic source zone. The earthquake phenomenon is based on both the point source model and the fault rupture model depending on the source model. The results are discussed in detail. The study is intended to serve as a reference for more advanced approaches and to stimulate discussion and suggestions on the data base, assumptions and the inputs, and to pave the path for the risk based assessment of the seismic hazard in the site selection and the design of nuclear power plants and in the design of common buildings and engineering facilities.

Published
1985
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39. A Massive Buried Concrete Dome, Turkey

Author

Gülkan, P., Sucuoglu, H., and Citipitioglu, E.

Abstract

The structure described in this paper is a spherical reinforced concrete 'umbrella' cover atop a complex of three-story reinforced concrete panel buildings housing command, control and communications facilities. The dome encloses a large volume. Its analysis, design and construction required procedures which reflected its unusual features. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general profile of this structure with emphasis on its construction. A general description of the dome is provided so that a perspective for its dimensions may be drawn.

Published
1994
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42. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in a Mature Cystic Teratoma

Author

Avcı, Suna, Selcukbiricik, Fatih, Bilici, Ahmet, Özkan, Gülkan, Ayşim Özağarı, Ayse, and Borlu, Fatih

Abstract

Introduction. Malignant transformation in a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is a rare complication. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common transformation. We describe a new case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a mature cystic teratoma. Case Report. A premenopausal 52-year-old female patient is diagnosed with vaginal bleeding. According to examination made on the women and the pelvic scanning, 7 cm mass is found on the right adnexa of the patient. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection, and debulking were the treatments completed on the patient. According to histopathological diagnosis, squamous cell carcinoma arising in a mature cystic teratoma is diagnosed as a reason for the mass in the right adnexa of the patient. Conclusion. The prognosis of the malign transformation of MCT depends on surgery stage; however it is extremely poor. The patient should receive chemotherapy regardless of stage. We have decided to administer second cycle carboplatin and paclitaxel treatments on the patient.

Published
2012
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48. The European-Mediterranean Distributed Accelerometric Data-Base

Author

Xavier Goula, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira, C. Pappaioanou, John Clinton, Philippe Guéguen, Teresa Susagna, A. Roca, Can Zulfikar, S. Godey, Catherine Péquegnat, Institut geològic de Catalunya (IGC), Institut Geològic de Catalunya-IGC, Risques, Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC/CSEM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Ondes et Structures (Isterre), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Depart Civil Engineering and Architecture (IST), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institute of Engineering Seismology& Earthquake Engineering (ITSAK), ITSAK, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI), Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], financement européen, S. Akkar, P. Gülkan, T. van Eck (Eds.), NERIES, European Project: 34012,NERIES, Risques (Risques), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ondes et Structures, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boǧaziçi üniversitesi = Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])

Subjects
Ground motion, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Engineering, Peak ground acceleration, NERIES, Database, Distributed database, business.industry, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, computer.software_genre, Base (topology), 01 natural sciences, Set (abstract data type), Data portal, Accelerometric data, business, computer, database, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; We created an archive for European acceleration data, based on distributed database of accelerogram waveforms, accessed through the new European Earthquake Data Portal (http://www.seismicportal.eu). Data are open to the scientific and engineering community. Currently the 6 core partners contribute data from 1,379 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from M1.0 to M7.4. Strong Motion Data are available with epicentral distances up to 1,000 km. Additionally, agencies are encouraged to contribute data. Waveforms included in the database are uniformly processed to create a set of engineering parameters that are used to search the database. In addition to the database, we compiled a survey of the existing accelerometric stations in the Euro-Mediterranean region. We expect this platform to be the basis for growing sharing of European Strong Motion Data in an open environment, in as near to real-time as is possible from network operators.

Published
2011
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49. Distributed Archive and Single Access System for Accelerometric Event Data: A NERIES Initiative

Author

Philippe Guéguen, S. Godey, Catherine Péquegnat, Raphael Jacquot, Laurent Frobert, Ondes et Structures (Isterre), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Risques, Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC/CSEM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), financement européen, S. Akkar, P. Gülkan, T. van Eck (Eds.), NERIES, European Project, Ondes et Structures, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Risques (Risques), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Ground motion, Database server, NERIES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Database, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Reading (computer), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Data portal, Event data, Node (computer science), Accelerometric data, Metric (unit), Timestamp, Data mining, computer, database, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; We developed a common access facility to homogeneously formatted accelerometric event data and to the corresponding sheet of ground motion parameters. This paper is focused on the description of the technical development of the accelerometric data server and the link with the accelerometric data explorer. The server is the third node of the 3-tier architecture of the distributed archive system for accelerometric data. The server is the link between the data users and the accelero- metric data portal. The server follows three main steps: (1) Reading and analysis of the end-user request; (2) Processing and converting data; and (3) Archiving and updating the accelerometric data explorer. This paper presents the description of the data server and the data explorer for accessing data.

Published
2010
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50. Additional studies on the distribution of stresses during vertical compaction of gutta-percha in the root canal.

Author

Telli C, Gülkan P, and Raab W

Subjects
Computer Simulation, Cuspid, Dental Stress Analysis statistics & numerical data, Finite Element Analysis, Humans, Maxilla, Models, Biological, Root Canal Obturation statistics & numerical data, Dental Stress Analysis methods, Gutta-Percha chemistry, Root Canal Obturation methods
Abstract

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of certain pathological alterations of the dental structures (diminishing bone support, internal resorption, root perforation, periapical lesion) on stress distribution during root canal filling procedures by the warm vertical compaction technique., Design: The computer stress analyses were done for a maxillary canine tooth model which was based on dimensions recovered from a human cadaveric maxilla scanned by CT., Methods: The finite element method was used to calculate the stresses generated during root canal filling procedures by warm vertical compaction technique. Patterns of stress distribution associated with various alterations in dental structures were investigated. For this purpose 60 cases were simulated. The hypothetical force of 10 N is taken as a unit representation. For other magnitudes of applied force, the corresponding stresses would be scaled directly because the calculations were made for linear materials., Results and Conclusion: It is found that, when diminishing bone support and internal resorption are concurrently simulated, a marked increase in stress magnitudes occur (maximum von Mises stress 5.37 N/mm2). However, these values still remain much below the most frequently reported tensile strength of dentine (50-100 N/mm2). If dentist's handwork is transformed into equivalent edge tractions on gutta-percha, then stresses in dentine, even when they are corrected for 3-kg applied force, appear to remain below fracture strengths of this material. This result leads us to conclude that when warm vertical compaction technique is skillfully performed and inadvertent undue force is not applied, a premature root fracture in a large rooted maxillary anterior tooth with straight root canal anatomy is not likely to occur, even for the unfavourable conditions simulated in our model. This result, like all results derived from modelling applications, is of course contingent upon agreement between the way in which the clinical operations are performed and the way in which they are mirrored for computer representation. We believe that the approach described here avoids the spurious stresses that have been reported in similar investigations.

Published
1999
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