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O objetivo do artigo é descrever como os arranjos institucionais, atores e espaços de governança atuam na condução do processo inovativo e na apropriação de benefícios decorrentes da implementação da Indicação Geográfica (IG) para o mel “Oeste do Paraná”. O delineamento da pesquisa é caracterizado como pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa e estudo de caso. Como instrumento de pesquisa foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e pesquisa documental. Os resultados mostram que os vínculos entre os diferentes atores dos arranjos institucionais evidenciaram um processo interativo e de aprendizagem entre as organizações, uma vez que o processo não é linear, mas evolui de acordo com ensaios e experiências econômicas, técnicas, sociais ou legais, contribuindo, assim, para o processo inovativo e na apropriação econômica de seus resultados em decorrência da implementação da IG. Os resultados mostram que a IG para o mel “Oeste do Paraná” é uma construção institucional, conectando a qualidade específica e a reputação dos produtos à uma região. Contudo, essa construção, precisa ser fortalecida ou, de fato, estimulada, pela proteção legal da IG com uma intervenção coletiva e de políticas públicas, inclusive para preservação natural dos recursos locais. Concluiu-se que a IG “Oeste do Paraná” é um instrumento de Propriedade Intelectual que estimula processos inovativos, mas, no momento, ainda é ativo complementar insuficiente para a apropriação econômica. Abstract The aim of this article is to describe how institutional arrangements, agents and governance bodies act in the conduction of the innovation process and in the appropriation of benefits arisen from the implementation of the Geographical Indication (GI) for the “Oeste do Paraná” honey. The research design is characterized as exploratory, qualitative, documentary and case study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out as a research instrument. The results show that the bonds among the different agents of the institutional arrangements pointed out an interactive and learning process among the organizations, since the process is not linear, but it evolves according to economic, technical, social or legal experiences and trials, contributing, this way, to the innovation process and to the economic appropriation of its result due to the implementation of the GI. The results show that the GI for the “Oeste do Paraná” honey is an institutional construction, connecting the specific quality and the reputation of the products to a region. However, this construction needs to be strengthened or, indeed, stimulated by the legal protection of the GI, with a collective intervention and public policies, even for the natural preservation of local resources. It was concluded that the “Oeste do Paraná” GI is an instrument of Intellectual Property that stimulates innovation processes, but which, at the moment, is still an insufficient complementary asset for economic appropriation.

Contribution: While research indicates usefulness of remote laboratories in teaching of digital hardware systems, their main application is to complement stationary classes. This work presents a low-cost, scalable architecture that supports rapid transformation of teaching to a model based solely on remote access mechanisms. Background: Adaptation of online laboratory solutions from the literature to en-masse teaching of digital circuits is time-consuming and expensive. Solutions that permit cheap and rapid conversion of courses to remote environments seem to be of high value, especially when social distancing renders direct teaching impossible. Intended Outcomes: Demonstration of a flexible and cheap architecture that permits rapid transformation of digital circuits laboratories to the remote environment. Validation of system's performance and usefulness on a large group of students. Application Design: Remote digital circuits laboratories from the literature are designed to complement stationary classes. For successful teaching during pandemic, a low-cost, flexible, and efficient solution to online laboratory based on commonly available technologies is required. Findings: The proposed remote laboratory architecture enables rapid conversion of on-site teaching to online model, while supporting in-situupgrades and functionality enhancements. The presented solution proved to be a convenient substitute for conventional laboratories during pandemic.

Fueled by support from the National Cancer Institute’s “Cancer Moonshot” program, the past few years have witnessed a renewed interest in the canine spontaneous cancer model as an invaluable resource in translational oncology research. Increasingly, there is awareness that pet dogs with cancer provide an accessible bridge to improving the efficiency of cancer drug discovery and clinical therapeutic development. Canine tumors share many biological, genetic, and histologic features with their human tumor counterparts, and most importantly, retain the complexities of naturally occurring drug resistance, metastasis, and tumor-host immune interactions, all of which are difficult to recapitulate in induced or genetically engineered murine tumor models. The utility of canine models has been particularly apparent in sarcoma research, where the increased incidence of sarcomas in dogs as compared to people has facilitated comparative research resulting in treatment advances benefitting both species. Although there is an increasing awareness of the advantages in using spontaneous canine sarcoma models for research, these models remain underutilized, in part due to a lack of more permanent institutional and cross-institutional infrastructure to support partnerships between veterinary and human clinician-scientists. In this review, we provide an updated overview of historical and current applications of spontaneously occurring canine tumor models in sarcoma research, with particular attention to knowledge gaps, limitations, and growth opportunities within these applications. Furthermore, we propose considerations for working within existing veterinary translational and comparative oncology research infrastructures to maximize the benefit of partnerships between veterinary and human biomedical researchers within and across institutions to improve the utility and application of spontaneous canine sarcomas in translational oncology research.

O presente estudo avaliou o perfil de atendimento de pacientes que procuram as Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPAs) em um município do oeste do Paraná, segundo o Protocolo de Manchester. Com isso, objetivou-se caracterizar a demanda de usuários que buscam suporte na Atenção Secundária e identificar se o uso desses serviços ocorre conforme é determinado pela Política Nacional de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências (PNAU). Trata-se de uma pesquisa retrospectiva e transversal de abordagem quantitativa. Para determinação de resultados foram selecionadas pessoas, de todas as idades, atendidas em 2 UPAs do município durante o período de janeiro até dezembro de 2019. A amostra válida do estudo foi de 144.459 atendimentos realizados e classificados de acordo com a classificação de risco. Constatou-se que a maioria dos atendimentos prestados foram classificados como verde e amarelo, diferentemente do que é proposto pela lei.

Objetivo: Avaliar as características diferenciais entre os hospitais envolvidos no atendimento aos pacientes acometidos por COVID-19 no estado do Paraná, comparando o número de internamentos com a letalidade verificada no ano de 2020. Métodos: Foram avaliadas as fichas de notificação dos casos confirmados de COVID-19 no estado do Paraná, durante o ano de 2020, descrevendo o número de casos com internamentos e de óbitos conforme o hospital, cidade e regional de saúde. Foram inseridos na análise as 22 cidades sedes das regionais de saúde do estado do Paraná e as cidades com mais de 50 casos de internamentos, preservando o maior número de casos possíveis para garantir a representatividade das notificações. Resultados: Foram notificados 14.352 casos e 4.870 óbitos distribuídos em 181 hospitais e centros de emergência durante o período avaliado. A maioria dos hospitais selecionados tiveram uma alta taxa de letalidade no primeiro ano da pandemia do COVID-19, apresentando uma média de letalidade em 34%. Os municípios com a menor e maior taxa de letalidade foram Maringá e Apucarana, 21% e 74%, respectivamente. Como se tratam de municípios vizinhos, as diferenças de taxas de letalidades hospitalar por Covid-19 parece não haver relação com a localização geográfica. Conclusão: Como se trata de um estudo em andamento, os resultados sugerem que a estrutura hospitalar teve impactos no índice de letalidade, necessitando de pesquisa qualitativa para avaliar outros fatores que impactam no desfecho do internamento, como número de leitos de UTI, recursos humanos especializado e comorbidades dos pacientes.

A Revista Eletrônica História em Reflexão (REHR) é um periódico semestral editado por discentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UFGD (Mestrado e Doutorado) com o apoio do Programa de PósGraduação em História, da Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação e da Associação dos Pós-Graduandos em História da UFGD. A revista é indexada no Sistema Regional de Informação em Linha para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, o Caribe, Espanha e Portugal (Latindex) e no Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT).

The Revista Eletrônica História em Reflexão (REHR) is a biannual journal edited by students from the UFGD History Post-Graduate Program (Master and Doctorate) with the support of the Post-Graduate Program in History, from the Dean of Research and Post-Graduate Studies Graduation and the Association of Graduate Students in History at UFGD. The journal is indexed in the Regional Online Information System for Scientific Journals of Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal (Latindex) and in the Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology (IBICT).

This study compares the strength of the native bone-cement bond and the old-new cement bond under cyclic loading, using third generation cementing technique, rasping and contamination of the surface of the old cement with biological tissue. The possible advantages of additional drilling of the cement surface is also taken into account. Femoral heads from 21 patients who underwent a total hip arthroplasty performed for hip arthritis were used to prepare bone-cement samples. The following groups of samples were prepared. A bone-cement sample and a composite sample of a 6 weeks old cement part attached to new cement were tested 24 hours after preparation to avoid bone decay. Additionally, a uniform cement sample was prepared as control (6 weeks polymerization time) and 2 groups of cement-cement samples with and without anchoring drill hole on its surface, where the old cement polymerized for 6 weeks before preparing composite samples and then another 6 weeks after preparation. The uniaxial cyclic tension-compression tests were carried out using the Zwick-Roell Z020 testing machine. The uniform cement sample had the highest ultimate force of all specimens (n = 15; Rm = 3149 N). The composite cement sample (n = 15; Rm = 902 N) had higher ultimate force as the bone-cement sample (n = 31; Rm = 284 N; p

In the current research, 68 specimens of orbital superior and/or medial walls taken from 33 human cadavers (12 females, 21 males) were subjected to uniaxial tension untill fracture. The samples were cut in the coronal (38 specimens) and sagittal (30 specimens) planes of the orbital wall. Apparent density (ρapp), tensile Young’s modulus (E-modulus) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were identified. Innovative test protocols were used to minimize artifacts and analyze the obtained data: (1) grips dedicated to non-symmetrical samples clamping were applied for mechanical testing, (2) non-contact measuring system of video-extensometer was employed for displacement registration, (3) ink imprint technique coupled with CAD analysis was applied to precisely access the cross-sectional areas of tested samples. With regard to a pooled group, apparent density for the coronal and sagittal cut plane was equal 1.53 g/cm3 and 1.57 g/cm3, tensile Young’s modulus 2.36 GPa and 2.14 GPa, and ultimate tensile strength 12.66 MPa and 14.35 MPa, respectively. No significant statistical differences (p > 0.05) were found for all the analyzed parameters when comparing coronal and sagittal plane cut groups. These observations confirmed the hypothesis that direction of sample cut does not affect the mechanical response of the orbital wall tissue, thus suggesting that mechanical properties of orbital wall bone show isotropic character.

ABSTRACT Studies show that aquatic plants are an efficient alternative to minimize the harmful effects of wastewater. Two species of aquatic macrophytes (Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) were chosen to evaluate the temperature effect on the performance of these macrophytes species in a post-treatment system of swine wastewater. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Toledo, Paraná State, Brazil. For the experimental system, 24 concrete tanks with 80 L capacity were used, each measuring approximately 1.5 m in length, 0.25 m in width and 0.16 m deep. Wastewater characteristics and variables hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured weekly. After, we analyzed the aquatic macrophytes and centesimal composition. The use of aquatic macrophytes was efficient for final swine wastewater polishing. Nitrogen removal showed higher efficiency in the summer period for both species studied. The abiotic variables (pH and EC) presented better results during the winter for both species evaluated. Air and wastewater low temperatures did not influence these variables. Dissolved oxygen presented better results in the summer period for E. crassipes species. There was a significant increase in N and P contents in the plant tissue. This fact proves that the use of aquatic macrophytes is an interesting alternative for swine wastewater treatment.

This study was designed to compare compressive strength of cancellous bone retrieved from the femoral head in a specimen with and without guide wire hole, with comparison to synthetic bone samples. Femoral heads retrieved from 33 patients who sustained femoral neck fractures and underwent hip arthroplasty were cut into cuboids leaving two matching samples from the same femoral head. Similar samples were prepared from synthetic femurs. One of the matching samples was chosen at random and was drilled with a guide wire for cancellous screws. The uniaxial compression tests of bone blocks were carried out using the Zwick-Roell Z020 strength testing machine. The mean loss of sample cross section area due to drilling was 24%. The force at failure in drilled specimens was significantly smaller by 18% in human (median: 26%) and by 25% in synthetic bone (median 27%). The strength of human specimens was almost 2 times greater, and their stiffness nearly 4 times greater than in synthetic samples. The study shows that the weakening of the bone after drilling is roughly proportional to the loss of sample cross section area. The percentage decrease in strength was similar in human and artificial bone, but human samples were stronger and stiffer. The comparison shows that forces measured in biomechanical studies on artificial bone cannot be directly attributed to humans, but the relative differences in mechanical properties of synthetic samples after some damage may be accurate and resemble that of human bones.

Direct volume rendering based on projective methods works by projecting, in visibility order, the polyhedral cells of a mesh onto the image plane, and incrementally compositing the cell's color and opacity into the final image. Crucial to this method is the computation of a visibility ordering of the cells. If the mesh is ''well-behaved'' (acyclic and convex), then the MPVO method of Williams provides a very fast sorting algorithm; however, this method only computes an approximate ordering in general datasets, resulting in visual artifacts when rendered. A recent method of Silva et al. removed the assumption that the mesh was convex, by means of a sweep algorithm used in conjunction with the MPVO method; their algorithm is substantially faster than previous methods for general meshes. In this paper we propose a new technique, which we call BSP-XMPVO, which is based on a fast and simple way of using binary space partitions on the boundary elements of the mesh to augment the ordering produced by MPVO. Our results are shown to be orders of magnitude better than previous methods of sorting cells

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A utilização de substratos e ambientes é importante fator a ser analisado na determinação da qualidade de germinação e crescimento de mudas de espécies de fisális. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar a germinação e o crescimento inicial de duas espécies não convencionais de fisális, submetidas a diferentes ambientes e substratos. Conduziu-se dois experimentos simultâneos no período de março a maio/2014, na Unioeste, PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x3 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 3 ambientes: ambiente protegido com cobertura plástica de 150 µm; telado com 50% de sombreamento e pleno sol), contendo 3 repetições e 50 sementes por parcela experimental. O delineamento do segundo experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x4 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 4 substratos: vermiculita expandida de textura média + Latossolo; Húmus Fértil® + Latossolo; areia lavada de textura fina + Latossolo e Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, na proporção 1:1 v:v), contendo 3 repetições e 32 sementes por parcela experimental. Monitorou-se os experimentos por 22 dias, para obtenção do índice de velocidade de emergência. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura avaliou-se a altura das plântulas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, biomassa fresca e seca das plântulas. Estufa agrícola e telado propiciam índice de velocidade de emergência de sementes de Physalis ixocarpa e Physalis mínima, sem distinção entre esses ambientes. Mudas de P. ixocarpa devem ser produzidas em estufa, utilizando-se como mistura de substrato, Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, ou Latossolo + vermiculita. Mudas de P. minima devem ser produzidas em mistura de Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita, sob estufa ou telado.

The present issue of the Revista Eletrônica História em Reflexão is composed of articles with a free theme, written by authors in different training stages (graduates, specialists, masters and doctors), linked to different educational institutions. On the cover, the painting O Walker on the Sea of Fog, by the German artist Caspar David Friedrich, seeks to demonstrate the researcher's position today: analyzing, beyond the fog, the possibilities of the research horizon.

Aimed to evaluate the effect of three volumes monthly milk sales, months of year, types of coolers and milking systems on the freezing point of milk, fat percentage, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial count Total (CBT) milk come from producers that sell to a dairy of Western of Paraná. We evaluated twelve months for volume, fat, freezing point, SCC and TBC with a total of 7,105 records. Samples for analysis were collected by milk transporters. The information was classified by monthly volume purchased from each producer (up to 4,500 gallons between 4,500-15,000 liters and more than 15,000 liters), by milking systems (manual, bucket foot, piped and protractor) and types of coolers (immersion , bulk and freezer) used by each producer. The milk got of producers with volumes exceeding fifteen thousand liters per month has a freezing point and fat content lesser, but have a better CBT and CCS. There were seasonal variations of freezing point, fat, CBT and CCS. Variations of CBT during periods of the year are lower in milk derived from bulk cooling and milking piped system. There are factors related to handling and cleaning of milking equipment and cooling that need to be worked with the milk producers.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a redução da proteína bruta em rações sobre o balanço de nitrogênio, pH urinário e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos na fase inicial. O peso médio inicial dos animais foi de 18,5 ± 0,73kg. Foram realizados dois experimentos de digestibilidade, sendo um em condições de ambiente de estresse (28,77?C) e outro conforto térmico (18,13?C). Em ambos os experimentos os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro níveis de proteína bruta (20,5; 19,4; 18,3 e 17,2%) e quatro repetições, totalizando 16 unidades experimentais em cada experimento, sendo cada uma representada por um animal, totalizando 32 animais. A metodologia utilizada foi a coleta total de fezes, e a urina coletada e filtrada diariamente. Para avaliar os parâmetros sanguíneos, as amostras foram obtidas mediante punção na veia jugular. Os parâmetros avaliados foram nitrogênio ingerido, excretado nas fezes e na urina, absorvido, retido, retido/absorvido, excreção total, utilização líquida de proteína, pH da urina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, uréia e creatinina no plasma sanguíneo. Conclui-se que a redução do nível de proteína da dieta, de 20,5 a 17,2%; é uma alternativa eficiente para reduzir a quantidade de nitrogênio excretado pelos suínos em condição de estresse térmico. Para condição de conforto térmico os suínos apresentaram maiores concentrações de creatinina e colesterol plasmático.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and electrolyte balance (EB) of the feed of broilers. 480 male broiler of Cobb 500 strain were fed in the period 36 to 42 days of age with two basal diets, one with EB 200 and another with 240 mEq. kg-1, combined with CP levels of 18.00, 17.28, 16.56 and 15.84%. The reduction in CP levels had growing linear effect (P

This study aims to evaluate the bioaccumulation of macronutrients and heavy metals in the golden mussel according to its collection site and seasonality in the aquaculture area of the reservoir from April/2009 to March/2010. There is no difference (p > 0.05) in the concentration of metals with respect to the point of collection. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb were higher (p < 0.05) in spring and summer than in fall and winter. Values of the heavy-metal pollution index (MPI) for collection point and seasonality indicate environmental contamination in the aquaculture area.

Two aviary sheds were used, the shed 1 (AECS) equipped with an adiabatic evaporative cooling system and the shed 2 (AECS + ESPB) equipped with an adiabatic evaporative cooling system together with an evaporative system of perforated bricks in the front and side of the shed. The temperature and the relative humidity of the air were assessed with automated devices (datalogger), together with the Environmental Thermal Index of Productivity for meat chicken (ETIPmc). Nine hundred and sixty male chickens from the Cobb strain were used, fed with isoproteic diets, except for the energy levels, which varied from 3,100 to 3,400 kcal. The use of the AECS was more efficient when associated to the ESPB. The AECS + ESPB provided a more comfortable and homogeneous environment, reflected on the productive parameters and favoring food conversion. Although the sheds exhibited moderately comfortable environments, according to the ETIPmc obtained, the AECS + ESPB showed a better balance of the environmental conditions between the sessions. The energy levels did not influence the variables analyzed, with the exception of the deposition of abdominal fat. Foram utilizados dois galpões aviários, sendo o galpão 1 (SRAE) equipado com um sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo e o galpão 2 (SRAE+SETV) equipado com um sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo associado a um sistema evaporativo de tijolos vazados, instalado frontal e lateralmente a este galpão. Foram avaliadas a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar por meio de equipamentos automáticos (datalogger), juntamente com o Índice Térmico Ambiental de Produtividade para frangos de corte (IAPfc). Utilizou-se 960 aves, machos, da linhagem Cobb, sendo as rações experimentais isoprotéicas, com exceção dos níveis energéticos, que foram de 3100, 3200, 3300 e 3400 kcal. A utilização do sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo SRAE foi mais eficiente quando associado ao sistema evaporativo de tijolos vazados SETV. O SRAE+SETV proporcionou um ambiente mais confortável e homogêneo mostrando efeito sobre os parâmetros produtivos, favorecendo a conversão alimentar. Mesmo os galpões apresentando ambientes moderadamente confortáveis, segundo os valores do IAPfc obtidos, o SRAE+SETV mostrou melhor equilíbrio nas condições ambientais entre as sessões. Os níveis de energia influenciaram apenas a deposição da gordura abdominal.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen fertilization in the form of swine deep bed in the properties of a quartz-sand neosol. The organic compound used was the deep bed made with rice hulls, from a commercial swine finishing system farm. Deep bed samples have been collected at various points in the installation in order to obtain a representative composite sample which has been fractionated in a 2.0 mm sieve and submitted to a 50-day maturation period. Then, agronomic value analyses were done. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted of 0; 75; 150 and 300 mg dm-3 of N doses of deep bed as well as an additional treatment with ammonium sulfate at a 150 mg dm-3 of N. The experimental period in the greenhouse was 45 days, where the soil was cultivated with maize. After the experiment completion, further soil properties analyses were done. From the results, it was noted that the organic fertilization with deep bed provided a significant increase in the levels of potassium, in the sum of the bases, in the effective CEC, in the CEC at pH 7.0 and in the percentage of saturation.Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada na forma de cama sobreposta de suíno sobre os atributos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico. O composto orgânico utilizado foi a cama sobreposta, feita com casca-de-arroz, proveniente de uma granja comercial de suínos em sistema de terminação. As amostras de cama sobreposta foram retiradas em vários pontos da instalação, visando a obter-se amostra composta representativa, após o que foi fracionada em peneira de 2,0 mm e submetida a uma compostagem adicional de 50 dias. Na sequência, foram realizadas análises de valor agronômico. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos constituíram-se das dosagens de 0; 75; 150 e 300 mg dm-3 de N na forma de cama sobreposta, bem como um tratamento adicional com sulfato de amônio na dose de 150 mg dm-3 de N. O período experimental em casa de vegetação foi de 45 dias, onde se cultivou o solo com milho. Finalizado o experimento, procedeu-se a nova análise dos atributos do solo. Pelos resultados obtidos, notou-se que a adubação orgânica com cama sobreposta proporcionou aumentos significativos nos teores de potássio, na soma de bases, na CTC efetiva, na CTC a pH 7,0 e na porcentagem de saturação por bases.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of light intensities upon the initial development of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings. The study was conducted inside a preservation area around a drinking water well used to supply Marechal Cândido Rondon residents from September 11th to November 20th, 2007. The seeds collected from mature leucaena trees located on an adjacent county (Toledo) went through break dormancy in vases, in water at 80 Celsius degrees and sown by using 10 units per vase. The vases were distributed in the area obeying an entirely randomized design with 13 light intensities (treatments) and 10 replications (vases), adding up to 130 vases. Five and two seedlings per vase were left after thinning executed 10 and 20 days after the sowing, respectively. Sixty days after the sowing, the seedlings were collected for the measurements of the stem diameter, the plant height, the number and area of leaves as well as the root, the stem and the leaf biomasses. Results indicated that there is a polynomial relationship of the fourth order between biometric parameters and light intensity; the highest significances were calculated for intensities of 643 and 2273 Lux indicating that leucaena can be considered pioneering and tolerant to direct sunlight.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of light intensities upon the initial development of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings. The study was conducted inside a preservation area around a drinking water well used to supply Marechal Cândido Rondon residents from September 11th to November 20th, 2007. The seeds collected from mature leucaena trees located on an adjacent county (Toledo) went through break dormancy in vases, in water at 80 Celsius degrees and sown by using 10 units per vase. The vases were distributed in the area obeying an entirely randomized design with 13 light intensities (treatments) and 10 replications (vases), adding up to 130 vases. Five and two seedlings per vase were left after thinning executed 10 and 20 days after the sowing, respectively. Sixty days after the sowing, the seedlings were collected for the measurements of the stem diameter, the plant height, the number and area of leaves as well as the root, the stem and the leaf biomasses. Results indicated that there is a polynomial relationship of the fourth order between biometric parameters and light intensity; the highest significances were calculated for intensities of 643 and 2273 Lux indicating that leucaena can be considered pioneering and tolerant to direct sunlight.

Objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar a eficiência energética na secagem de café (Coffea arabica L.) em secador de camada fixa, empregando-se diferentes combinações de tempo de revolvimento. O experimento foi realizado no mês de julho de 2004, no município de Jesuítas – Estado do Paraná. O secador, dotado de um sistema mecânico com pás, promovia o revolvimento rotatório do produto a diferentes intervalos de tempo. A temperatura do ar de secagem foi de 75 ± 5ºC. A ventilação e a secagem mantiveram-se contínuas no teste. Observou-se que a eficiência energética média foi de 12,3 MJ kg-1, nãosendo verificadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Para o modelo de secador utilizado recomenda-se a utilização do sistema de revolvimento com intervalos de 3h e secagem contínua.This study aimed to evaluate the energetic efficiency in coffee drying (Coffee arabica L.) with different combinations of revolving time in a fixed-bed coffee dryer. The experiment was conducted in July 2004 in Jesuítas – Paraná state/Brazil. The dryer featured a mechanic system with rotating blades to revolve of the product at different intervals. The drying air temperature was 75°C ± 5ºC. The ventilation and drying was kept constant during the tests. It was observed that the average energy efficiency was 12.3 MJ kg-1 and there was no significant difference between the treatments. For theadopted dryer model, the revolving system is recommended with three-hour intervals and continuous drying.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a redução da temperatura nas partes externas de um secador de camada fixa para café, mediante diferentes combinações de tempo de revolvimento, utilizando-se termômetro sem contato. O experimento foi desenvolvido no mês de junho de 2004 em uma propriedade localizada em Jesuítas, Estado do Paraná. Foi utilizado café (Coffea arabica L.), variedade IAC 81. O secador utilizado foi o modelo de camada fixa, com câmara de secagem metálica, de formato cilíndrico, com um sistema de revolvimento de grãos adaptado. Observou-se que houve, em média, uma redução térmica de 156,7ºC (79,1%) no sistema que vai da fornalha até a câmara desecagem. A combinação que proporcionou menor redução da temperatura foi a com ventilação contínua e revolvimento de 40 min. a cada 3h até o fim do processo. A combinação que proporcionou maior redução de temperatura foi a com revolvimento contínuo, com redução de 81,09% na temperatura superficial do produto.This study aimed to evaluate the temperature reduction in the external parts of a fixed-bed coffee dryer, by means of different combinations of revolving times, using a noncontact thermometer. Theexperiment was developed in the month of June 2004 at a farm located in Jesuítas, Paraná State, Brazil. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) variety IAPAR 59 was used. The dryer used was of the fixed-bed model, with metallic drying chamber, with cylindrical format, with an adapted grain revolving system. It was observed that there was a thermal reduction of 156.7ºC (79.1%) in the system going from the furnace to the drying chamber. The combination that provided smaller reduction of temperature was with continuous ventilation and 40 minutes revolving interval at every 3 hours until the end of the process.The combination that provided the greatest reduction in temperature was with continuous revolving, with a reduction of 81.09% in the surface temperature of the product.

Principalmente em regiões de clima quente, a produção bovina sob condições de pasto pode ser melhorada com o uso de sombra natural para minimizar o estresse por calor. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico por meio de índices de conforto térmico na produção bovina sob diferentes condições de sombreamento natural. Este estudo foi conduzido na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2007. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos constituídos de árvores formando pequenos bosques, árvores isoladas e condição não sombreada. A cada um desses tratamentos foi submetido um grupo de dez animais da raça Nelore (repetições). Os valores diários de velocidade do vento, temperatura de globo negro, temperatura de bulbo seco e temperatura de bulbo molhado foram registrados a cada três horas a partir de 9 às 18 h. A temperatura da superfície corporal animal foi registrada com a mesma frequência. Para cada tratamento, com base nessas medidas, foram calculados o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e a carga térmica de radiação (CTR). Os valores de ITU variaram de 70 a 87, os de ITGU entre 73 e 93 e os de CTR entre 450 e 672 W m-2. O ambiente que proveu melhores condições térmicas para os animais foi constituído por pequenos bosques de árvores de Guajuvira.Mainly in hot climate conditions, the beef cattle production under pasture can be improved with the use of natural shade to minimize the heat stress. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the thermal stress using thermal comfort indexes on the beef cattle production under different conditions of natural shade. This study was carried out in the West region of the State of Paraná in January and February 2007. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments constituted of trees forming small forests, isolated trees and not shaded condition. Each one of these treatments was submitted a group of ten animals of the Nelore breed (replications). The daily values of wind speed, black globe, dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature were registered every each three hour, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. The temperature of the animal body surface was also registered with the same frequency. For each treatment, based in these measured, the temperature and humidity index (THI), black globe and humidity index (BGHI) and the radiant heat load (RHL) were calculated. The THI values varied from 70 to 87, from 73 to 93 for the BGHI and from 450 to 672 W m-2 for the RHL. The environment that provided the best thermal conditions for the animals was constituted by small forests of Guajuvira trees.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência em relação ao método de FAO Penman- Monteith. Os dados meteorológicos utilizados foram coletados na estação meteorológica da rede do Iapar, instalada em Palotina, Estado do Paraná. Os dados utilizados, nas estimativasde evapotranspiração de referência, corresponderam ao período de 1994 a 2003. A evapotranspiração de referência foi estimada pelos métodos de Thornthwaite, Camargo e Hargreaves-Samani, sendo seu desempenho comparado ao método de FAO Penman- Monteith. As médias diárias da evapotranspiração de referência variaram entre 2,58 e 3,62mm dia-1. Os resultados indicaram que, para a escala diária, os métodos avaliados apresentaram bom ajuste, quando comparados ao método de FAO Penman-Monteith, com coeficientes de correlação (r) variando entre 0,85 e 0,86. O coeficiente de exatidão ou deconcordância (d) apresentou valores que variaram entre 0,82 e 0,85. Em relação ao método de FAO Penman-Monteith, os métodos de Hargreaves-Samani, Thornthwaite e Camargo apresentaram bom desempenho, quando avaliados pelo índice “c”.The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of three estimate methods for reference evapotranspiration in comparison with the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. Meteorological data used in this study were collected from the IAPAR meteorological station, located in Palotina, Paraná State, Brazil. In order to estimate the referenceevapotranspiration, data available from 1994 to 2003 were used. The performance of the Thornthwaite, Camargo and Hargreaves-Samani methods were compared to the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. The average of daily reference evapotranspiration ranged from 2.58 to 3.62 mm day-1. The results indicated that the evaluated methods showed good adjustment when compared to the FAO Penman-Monteith method, according to the daily scale. The correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.85 to 0.86. The coefficient of accuracy or agreement (d) presented values that ranged from 0.82 to 0.85. In comparison to the FAO Penman-Monteith method, the Hargreaves-Samani, Thornthwaite and Camargo methods demonstrated good performance, when evaluated by the index (c).

This paper presents Distance Learning Platform used by Silesian University of Technology. Distance Learning Platform is based on modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment, represents LMS (Learning Management Systems) technology, a software package designed to help educators create quality online courses. Currently on Distance Learning Platform at Silesian University of Technology are available over 520 online courses created for students of twelve University's faculties. Number of Distance Learning Platform users exceeds 12000. Distance Learning Platform works as typically asynchronous e-learning service, but in the future more synchronous e-learning services will be added. Distance Learning Platform has great potential to create a successful elearning experience by providing a plethora of excellent tools that can be used to enhance conventional classroom instruction, in hybrid courses, or any distance learning arrangements.

Os dejetos de suínos são resíduos altamente poluidores, que prejudicam o meio ambiente, em especial a qualidade da água e o desenvolvimento de peixes e outros organismos aquáticos. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil da suinocultura, a análise da adequação das instalações, os sistemas de manejo dos dejetos, bem como a adequação à legislação ambiental das propriedades agrícolas localizadas na microbacia do Córrego Ajuricaba, selecionada e localizada na bacia hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco Verdadeiro, na região Oeste do Paraná. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho referem-se a dez propriedades das 110 analisadas. O perfil da suinocultura é de 80% dos suinocultores com sistema de criação em terminação e 20% em ciclo completo; nenhuma das instalações possui o sistema de lâmina d’água; todas as instalações utilizam o sistema de limpeza por raspagem; a freqüência de limpeza das baias nas instalações é diária e, em 90% das instalações, não foi observado desperdício de ração. O principal problema detectado nas construções foi o acesso das águas da chuva nas canaletas. No aspecto da legislação ambiental, constatou-se que todas as propriedades da microbacia analisada possuem problemas com a mata ciliar.The swine dejections are polluting residues that harm the environment, in special the water quality and the development of fish and other aquatic organisms. The objective of this work was to verify the profile of the swine raise, analysis of the adequacy of the installations, the systems of the dejection handling, as well as the adequacy to the environmental legislation of the agricultural properties located in the microatchment of Ajuricaba stream, selected and located in the hydrographical basin of the São Francisco Verdadeiro River, in the western region of Paraná. The results presented in this work mention ten properties of 110 analyzed. The profile of the swine raise is of 80% of the swine breeder with handling system in termination and 20% in complete cycle; none of the buildings have the thin layer water system; all the installations uses the system of scraping cleanness; the frequency of the cleanness of the bay in the installations is daily; wastefulness of ration in 90% of the evaluated installations was not observed; the main problem of the installations is the access of rain water in the narrow channels and all the properties of the microatchment of the Ajuricaba stream have problems with the clear forest.

A temperatura da água exerce influência sobre o seu consumo pelas aves e sobre a produtividade das mesmas. Entretanto, existe carência de informações comparando a temperatura da água entre os bebedouros mais comumente empregados em aviários de postura no Brasil. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a variação da temperatura da água para dois tipos de bebedouro: "nipple" e calha. O experimento foi conduzido em uma instalação comercial de postura, localizada na região Oeste do Paraná. Para a determinação da temperatura da água, das 8 às 18 h, foram instalados termômetros de mercúrio com o bulbo inserido no interior da água em bebedouros tipo "nipple" e calha, em dois galpões idênticos. Foi estimado o ITGU do ambiente a partir de dados obtidos de termômetros de globo negro instalados em local próximo ao da coleta de temperatura da água, na região central dos galpões. Os maiores valores de temperatura da água foram observados no sistema "nipple", que atingiu 31 ºC às 16 h, em média, enquanto no sistema calha atingiu 26,4 ºC. Observou-se a existência de relação entre a temperatura da água e os valores de ITGU, sendo o maior coeficiente de correlação encontrado para o sistema "nipple", de R² = 0,9040, enquanto para o sistema de calha foi de R² = 0,8424. Desconsiderando o aspecto sanitário, para as condições em que o trabalho foi desenvolvido, pode-se concluir que o melhor sistema, em termos de temperatura da água de bebida, foi o tipo calha.Animal's water consumption and productivity are influenced by the drinking water temperature. However, there is a lack of information comparing water temperature in nipple and continuous drinker systems, commonly employed in Brazilian layer hens housing. In this research, drinking water temperature variation was evaluated considering two waterier systems: nipple and continuous. The trial was conduced in a laying hens commercial housing, located in the West region of Paraná State, Brazil. For the water temperature recording, thermometers were placed inside the water in the nipple and the continuous drinker systems, in two similar buildings, from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM. The BGHI (black globe humidity index) was estimated using the obtained data from black globe thermometers placed near the place where water temperature was recorded, in the central area of the building. The highest water temperature values were observed in the nipple system, that reached 31 ºC at 4:00 PM (average values), while in the continuous system it reached 26.4 ºC. A relation between water temperature and environmental BGHI values was calculated. The highest correlation coefficient was found for the nipple system. Without considering the sanitary aspect for the conditions in which the work was developed, it can be concluded that the best system is the continuous waterier, in terms of drinking water temperature.