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The first laparoscopic colectomy was performed almost 30 years ago, its expansion has been slow and it did not have the explosive development that laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy had, despite sharing its benefits such as lower pain, hospital stay and early recovery. This is explained, in part, by the initial fear of implants at trocar sites and the lack of oncological safety. Randomized clinical trials confirmed the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery with short-term and oncological results, comparable to open surgery. The slow learning curve, given by technical complexity, has encouraged learning supervised by an expert coach in the context of subspecialty training programs. Our aim is to review the short-term and oncological results, some general considerations and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a severe complication in colorectal surgery, its incidence ranges from 2 to 19%. In international literature, we found numerous studies on the identification of risk factors (RF), while in the national there are only two series that analyze this complication. Aim: Perform a descriptive characterization of institutional results and establish the AL rate, its associated risk factors and mortality. Materials and Method: Non-concurrent series of cases, whose sample is consecutive patients operated for colorectal pathology with primary anastomosis with or without a derivative ostoma between 2004 and 2016. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression model was performed. Results: There were 748 patients, 50.5% women, mean age was 56.2. The most frequent surgical indications were colorectal cancer in 381 (50.9%) patients and diverticular disease in 163 (21.8%). The AL was 5.6% (42/748) and the mortality was 2% (15/748), being 1% for the electives (7/681). In the univariate analysis, we found that the RF that had statistical significance were albumin (p < 0.001), anastomosis height (p < 0.001), transfusion (p < 0.001), location (right colon > left) (p = 0.011), while that in the multivariate analysis were albumin (p = 0.002) with an OR 3.64 (IC 95% 1.58-8.35) and transfusion (p = 0.015) with an OR 7.15 (IC 95% 1.46-34.91). Conclusion: Our series is the largest reported in Chile, with similar results to international and national studies. We establish that hypoalbuminemia and the presence of intraoperative transfusions are associated with a high rate of AL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Burnout Syndrome (SBO), corresponds to a response to chronic work stress conformed by negative attitudes and feelings. It is characterized by the presence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal fulfillment. Objective: To evaluate the presence of SBO in residents of general surgery in Chile. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional study, with an invitation to answer an anonymous online survey. The instrument used was the Maslach Burnout Inventory of 22 questions, which is divided into 3 subscales, emotional exhaustion (AE), depersonalization (D) and low personal fulfillment (RP). These in turn are divided into low, moderate or high. SBO is defined by high grade in AE or D, or low grade of RP. Results: 103 complete answers were obtained, of which 72.8% met SBO criteria on at least one subscale. In the multivariate logistic regression model, age appears as a protective factor with an OR 0.8 (95% CI 0.64-0.99) and having children as a risk factor with an OR 4.94 (95% CI 1.03-23.52). In the AE subscale, women presented a higher risk of developing SBO RRR 5.32 (95% CI 1.10-25.66), while in the RP subscale, there was an increased risk of developing SBO in those who performed the specialty in metropolitan region RRR 5.43 (95% CI 1.12-26.37). Conclusions: The prevalence of SBO in residents of general surgery in Chile is 72.8%, mainly in young people, with children, women and the metropolitan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anastomotic filtration increases morbidity and mortality in colorrectal surgery. Identification of risk factors and creation of a predictive model would help the decision of creating a defunctionalizing ostoma, that currently is taken by the surgeon. Dekker created de Colon Leakege Score (CLS) with objective criteria. Objective: Establish CLS in patients that underwent left colon and rectum surgery with cancer diagnosis in Clinica INDISA, define the local cutting value, it's specificity and sensibility. Patients and Methods: Corresponds to a diagnostic test's study, that intervention is CLS application, comparing with the presence of anastomotic filtration (gold standard), defined by clinical and radiologic criteria. For the analysis, ROC curves, Youden's index and logistic regression. Results: From 180 patients, anastomotic filtration was present in 12 (6.6%). Average CLS score in patients with anastomotic filtration was 11.5 and in those without anastomotic filtration was 6.9 (p = 0.0001). Area under the curve for anastomotic filtration prediction using CLS was 0.829 (CI 95% 0.69-0.96) with a cutting value of 11, 67% of sensibility and 89% of specificity. Logistic regression analysis, OR for anastomotic filtration prediction using CLS was 1.48 (CI 95% 1.22-1.79 p < 0.001). Conclusion: CLS is a tool that permits predicting anastomotic filtration risk in patients that underwent left colon and rectum surgery. With a CLS value equal or more than 11, we should create a protective ostoma, generating a clinical practice local change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Right hemicolectomy with ileocolic anastomosis is a frequent surgery with many ways to perform it. Objective: To evaluate which is the best ileocolic anastomosis in terms of morbidity and mortality and to make a comparative evaluation of the postoperative clinical evolution according to the type of anastomosis. Patients and Method: Analytical observational study, with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables to be studied are divided into two groups, those related to the surgical technique and its anastomotic configuration, and the variables related to the results of the surgical intervention, creating a contingency table that crosses the data. Data analysis with STATA 13.0. Results: 216 patients with ileocolic anastomosis, highlighting statistical significance when crossing: A) reoperation and type of suture (p = 0.044), with UN or 3.4 (95% CI 0.94 to 18.6), being of greater risk the mechanics; B) mortality and urgency (p = 0.001) with an OR 7.76 (95% CI 1.56-49.29), with emergency surgery being of greater risk. Isoperistaltic anastomosis with gas elimination (p < 0.001), intestinal transit (p = 0.009) and solid intake (p = 0.005) earlier. There is earlier expulsion of gases in the laparoscopic approach, manual suture, end-to-side and isoperistaltic of the anastomosis and elective surgery. Conclusion: There is great variability of techniques to perform the ileocolic anastomosis. Manual anastomosis is less likely to require surgical reoperation, elective surgery has a lower mortality than that of emergency surgery. We suggest performing it laparoscopically, with manual suture, lateral term, isoperistaltic and electively, for having a shorter recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The effectiveness of colonoscopy depends on multiple factors, being two of the most important ones an adequate bowel preparation and the patient's tolerability to the preparation. Objectives: Compare effectiveness and tolerability of two bowel preparation agents, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (SPMC). Patients and Methods: Randomized clinical trial on outpatients that went into colonoscopy in INDISA Clinic. We evaluated effectiveness and tolerability with Boston Bowel Preparation Score (BBPS) and Lawrence questionnaire [composed by Likert scale, two qualitative questions and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain], respectively. Results: 189 patients, 123 were randomized to PEG and 66 to SPMC. BBPS average in patients in the PEG branch was 7.51 (SD 1.66) and for SPMC 7.12 (SD 1.71) (p = 0.111). Likert scale for evaluating tolerability average for PEG was 0.94 (SD 0.68) and for SPMC 0.63 (SD 0.61) (p = 0.0004). VAS scale for PEG had an average of 7.68 (SD 2.4) and for PSCM 9.04 (SD 1.59) (p < 0.0001). When we asked for workplace absenteeism, there were no significant differences between both groups and when we asked about using the same intestinal preparation in a future colonoscopy there was statistical significance in favor to SPMC (p = 0.026). Conclusions: No differences were noted on effectiveness between the PEG and SPMC bowel preparations. Nevertheless, SPMC appeared to be better tolerated by patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the absence of studies on the social evolution of engineering in Venezuela from its origins to the present day, we present an outline of this historical process as a first step towards a study of wider dimensions. This initial publication has meant: the search for and selection of source material; ordering the data collected; and the creation of a preliminary model. This model not only provides a framework for a coherent overvicw of engineering in Venezuela as history, but also adds analytical and interpretative comments. The outline is divided into four phases: I. Engineering in the pre-petroleum era: A long and languid prologue (from the mid-eighteenth century to the second decade of the twentieth); II. Engineering and pre-democratic modernization: The petroleum awakening (1919 - 1958); III. Engineering and democratic modernization: Growth without development (1958 - 1983); and IV. Engineering artd the crisis of the petroleum-dependence model (1983 to the present). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactions of triorganogermanyl(IV) chlorides and diorganogermanyl(IV) dichlorides with sodium salts of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde oxime and 2-acetylpyridine oxime, respectively, in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratio produced organogermanyl(IV) oximates. All the derivatives have been characterized by spectroscopic techniques and tetrahedral structures have been proposed on the basis of spectroscopic data and molecular orbital calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The reactions of R2GeCl2 and R3GeCl with 9,10-phenanthrenequinone dioxime in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios to form a series of organogermanium complexes of the general formula R2GeL and (R3Ge)2L [R=Me, Et, Ph] have been investigated. The physical and spectral properties of all derivatives are described. In addition, the nature of Ge─O bond has been studied by using the DFT/B3LYP method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Colombian Caribbean has emerged Linogeraeus capillatus becoming important in the corn agroecosystem reported in the municipalities of Codazzi-Cesar in 1975, in San Onofre-Sucre and in the municipalities of Montería, Cereté, Ciénaga of Oro, San Carlos, San Pelayo, Cotorra, Lorica, Chima in the department of Córdoba. The objective of this research was meeting its aspects bioecological covering the life cycle and morphological characterization of the instars, for this is counted 350 larvae discriminated in different instars. Newly emerged pairs were confined in entomological cages 50x50 cm completely healthy corn plants and confirmed by destructive sampling density of larvae present. Under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 29,23°C, the egg had a life period of 5,3 days, the larvae 158,2 days and the pupa 34,44 days. The number of eggs by oviposition ranges 22 to 24 eggs (4,4 to 4,8 eggs / plant), with average length of 1 mm. The larvae have five instars, which develop within the plant. Sorghum halepense weeds and Dichanthium aristatum were the main host plants for adult L capillatus. As natural enemies of adult of L capillatus predators were recorded in the order Araneae families represented by Dipluridae and Lycosidae, while the depredations of the larval stages the ants of the genus Solenopsis exercised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the optimum level of factors or parameters that affect the energy absorption of conoidal structures by grey relational examination. To optimize crashworthiness parameters of conical structures, the L9 orthogonal array has been adopted to design the experiments. The tailor-made thin-walled conical structures were fabricated by three most important factors, such as base diameter, height, and thickness, as design variables, and they were subjected to axial compression in a quasi-static method. The important responses of crashworthiness indicators such as the mean crushing force and specific energy absorption (SEA) were calculated with the help of a load-displacement curve. Experimental results showed that the crushing behaviours of conical structures were fairly significant. Grey relational analysis (GRA) and analysis of variance are used toobtain the optimal levels of parameters. From the results, the optimum levels of parameters are found to be a base diameter of 180 mm, a height of 120 mm, and a thickness of 1.5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tissue inflammatory response induced by calcium hydroxide pastes, with or without paramonochlorophenol and camphor. Methodology Isogenic BALB/c mice were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue with either 0.1 mL of a suspension of Calen, Calen with camphorated paramonochlorophenol, Calen with paramonochlorophenol, Calasept paste or phosphate‐buffered saline (control). After 6, 12 and 24 h and 2, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days, three animals in each group were sacrificed and the excised lesions processed for histopathological evaluation of the inflammatory response. Events monitored and graded included the assessment of vascular congestion, oedema, haemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis and tissue repair. Results The pastes induced an inflammatory response at every observation period, although the intensity, duration and extension of inflammation varied. Calen paste always produced an initial short‐term inflammatory response whilst the other pastes produced extended reactions. All pastes allowed repair to take place by the end of the experimental period, although the speed of this process varied between the materials. Calen presented the best biocompatibility; the phenolic compound caused greater tissue response, which was even more severe in the absence of camphor. Calasept paste was damaging and the repair process slower. Conclusions All calcium hydroxide formulations caused an inflammatory response. The severity and longevity of the responses varied between pastes as a result of the various antiseptic agents. Although irritating, repair was apparent with all formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history of professional social work education, the liberal arts have been regarded as not simply the most suitable basis for professional education but as the essential basis. As undergraduate programs developed more fully, liberal arts content inevitably decreased. Also, because graduate programs rely increasingly on undergraduate programs for students, the need to define clearly the nature and purpose of liberal education for social work students has become even more apparent. This article addresses the purposes of liberal education and the "content" versus "perspective" controversies and their relation to social work reparation. The premise is that social work has::a natural alliance with the liberal arts, For one reason, social work is a complex set of "ideals" reflecting many ideas that have had currency over the century in the literature, politics, economics, history, philosophy, and the human and natural sciences that compose the liberal arts. Social work is not so much "technology of intervention" or science, as it is applied humanistic value. As such, the relationship of social work to the liberal arts is one of intertwined strands. This article proposes that social work education emphasize the ideas, assumptions, and events that have shaped, and are shaping, the Profess ion, and in so doing, recast and strengthen its relationship with the liberal arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about redistribution of income in the U.S. Most peoples of the world regard Americans as exceedingly rich people. Indeed the typical American, as revealed in census statistics, is remarkably well off, but median income figures and the distribution of families in income categories do not tell all. There are many Americans who are not well off in any sense of the term, and in particular there are multitudes whose relative share of the total national income is quite low. A review of the literature in economics about income distribution reveals that distribution theory is in fact price theory, which holds that the interaction of supply and demand determines the value of resources. Since most individual income is in the form of wages and salaries, distribution theory turns mainly on the value of occupational resources. The distribution of wages and salaries does conform roughly to the general pattern of income distribution. The data provide clear evidence that the mal-distribution of wealth is not the only factor in the mal-distribution of American income. The income inequalities within the wage and salary structures are also substantial.

To compare diagnostic yield of significant findings rate and safety of screening colonoscopies in two groups of elderly patients. Materials and Method: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent screening colonoscopies at INDISA Clinic, from November 2017 to March 2019. Exclusion criteria were those with "alarm" symptoms according to Rome IV criteria, emergencies and therapeutic colonoscopies were excluded. Comparison groups were patients between 70-79 years old (Grupo I), and those over 80 years old (Grupo II). The primary outcome was the diagnostic yield of screening colonoscopy, defined as its capacity to identify adenomas, high-grade dysplasia, and colorectal cancer. Secondary outcomes were morbidity and mortality of the procedure. Statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential. Results: A total of 125 patients met our inclusion criteria; Grupo I: 70 and Grupo II 55 patients. Significant findings were observed in 27.1% in Grupo I and 30.9% in Grupo II (p = 0.675). No differences in bowel prep quality or procedure-related complications were observed between both groups. Discussion and Conclusion: Screening colonoscopies for colorectal cancer are well tolerated in patients over 80 years of age, with equivalent diagnostic rates compared with the younger patient group. Given the increasing life expectancy worldwide, it is recommended to continue checking for colorectal cancer with screening colonoscopies in octogenarians, particularly healthy ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have recently shown that spiral density waves propagating in accretion disks can undergo a parametric instability by resonantly coupling with and transferring energy into pairs of inertial waves (or inertial-gravity waves when buoyancy is important). In this paper, we perform inviscid three-dimensional global hydrodynamic simulations to examine the growth and consequence of this instability operating on the spiral waves driven by a Jupiter-mass planet in a protoplanetary disk. We find that the spiral waves are destabilized via the spiral wave instability (SWI), generating hydrodynamic turbulence and sustained radially alternating vertical flows that appear to be associated with long wavelength inertial modes. In the interval , where Rp denotes the semimajor axis of the planetary orbit (assumed to be 5 au), the estimated vertical diffusion rate associated with the turbulence is characterized by . For the disk model considered here, the diffusion rate is such that particles with sizes up to several centimeters are vertically mixed within the first pressure scale height. This suggests that the instability of spiral waves launched by a giant planet can significantly disperse solid particles and trace chemical species from the midplane. In planet formation models where the continuous local production of chondrules/pebbles occurs over Myr timescales to provide a feedstock for pebble accretion onto these bodies, this stirring of solid particles may add a time constraint: planetary embryos and large asteroids have to form before a gas giant forms in the outer disk, otherwise the SWI will significantly decrease the chondrule/pebble accretion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results from a suite of three-dimensional global hydrodynamic simulations that shows that spiral density waves propagating in circumstellar disks are unstable to the growth of a parametric instability that leads to break down of the flow into turbulence. This spiral wave instability (SWI) arises from a resonant interaction between pairs of inertial waves, or inertial-gravity waves, and the background spiral wave. The development of the instability in the linear regime involves the growth of a broad spectrum of inertial modes, with growth rates on the order of the orbital time, and results in a nonlinear saturated state in which turbulent velocity perturbations are of a similar magnitude to those induced by the spiral wave. The turbulence induces angular momentum transport and vertical mixing at a rate that depends locally on the amplitude of the spiral wave (we obtain a stress parameter α ∼ 5 × 10−4 in our reference model). The instability is found to operate in a wide range of disk models, including those with isothermal or adiabatic equations of state, and in viscous disks where the dimensionless kinematic viscosity ν ≤ 10−5. This robustness suggests that the instability will have applications to a broad range of astrophysical disk-related phenomena, including those in close binary systems, planets embedded in protoplanetary disks (including Jupiter in our own solar system) and FU Orionis outburst models. Further work is required to determine the nature of the instability and to evaluate its observational consequences in physically more complete disk models than we have considered in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis darwinii Hook is a species that inhabits southern Chile and Patagonia, used by the Mapuche ethnic group for the treatment of inflammatory processes, febrile states and stomach pain. The purpose of the following study was to evaluate in vitro the properties of the total extract and alkaloids of the root of B. darwinii on cell viability and the translocation of the nuclear factor NF-kB in cell line RAW 264.7. It was observed that the extracts did not negatively affect the viability in the cells and inhibited the translocation of the nuclear factor NF-kB associated with the modulation of inflammation only against the total extract. These results indicate that B. darwinii could inhibit some specific mechanisms of cell defense by modulating the translocation of NF-kB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diastereomeric epoxycyclohexenols 3a/b(obtained via a Wharton rearrangement of a bis-epoxycyclohexanone precursor) were shown to undergo interconversion via a facile vinylogous Payne rearrangement. Mechanistic issues were probed; the doubly O-deuterated analogues underwent this equilibration more slowly than the parent dihydroxy compounds. It was possible to kinetically resolve the mixture of 3a/bunder equilibrating conditions by use of Amano PS. This DKR is additionally noteworthy because it sets four stereocenters in a single event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated yield-reliability model for integrated circuits allows one to estimate the yield, following both wafer probe and burn-in testing. The model is based on the long observed clustering of defects and the experimentally verified relation between defects causing wafer probe failures, and defects causing infant mortality failures. The 2-parameter negative binomial distribution is used to describe the distribution of defects over a semiconductor wafer. The clustering parameter a, while known to play a key role in accurately determining wafer probe yields, is shown, for the first time, to play a similar role in determining burn-in fail-out. Numerical results indicate that the number of infant mortality failures predicted by the clustering model can differ appreciably from calculations that ignore clustering. This is particularly apparent when wafer probe yields are low, and clustering is high. Burn-in, clustering, defect, infant mortality, negative binomial distribution, reliability, yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diverting loop ileostomy (LI) is commonly performed to protect a distal anastomosis after a low anterior resection. Aim: To investigate the frecuency and clinical features of ileostomic dysfunction (ID) and, eventually, to define a profile of patients at risk of this complicaction. Materials and Method: 103 consecutive patients operated on for rectal cancer were included. ID is defined when the maxime output was more than 1,5 lt/day for three or more consecutive days with biochemical disturbances, associated to abdominal distension and the inability to tolerate oral feeding without postoperative severe complication. Patients with ID were compared with noID group. Results: ID developed in 15 patients, lasting between 12 and 70 days (50% for more then 30 days), the readmission rate was 27% without reoperation in this group. Except for inhospital time and readmission rate, no other difference between both groups were founded. Discussion: ID is a kind of paralitic ileus of variable intensity with paradox high output ileostomy leading to depletion of water and electrolyte imbalance. ID requires reposition of high volumen of fluids and electrolytes and sometimes parenteral nutrition with full recovery in variable periods without invasive treatment. In this study it was not possible to define a patient profile at risk or predictive factores of this complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the management challenges facing social work in an era of diminishing federal government's responsibility in the United States. The progressive movement emerged in the United States during the late 19th century. Progressives promoted a rational, public, social sciences-based government response to social problems that emphasized economic regulation, meritocracy, social insurance, and other protections, as well as the "professionalization" of services. Progressives were optimistic and humane, and they promoted an environmental view of human behavior that was in contrast to the 19th century view of individual character and will as explanations of the shortcomings of society. The progressive view helped create the context for the development of social work as a profession and established the American social policy agenda for the 20th century. In response to the Great Depression of the 1930s, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal federalized many progressive-initiated state-level social programs. As a result, a new scope of pro- grant construct was created through federal legislation with significant implications for program funding and responsibility.

Protoplanetary disks (PPDs) are believed to accrete onto their central T Tauri star because of magnetic stresses. Recently published shearing box simulations indicate that Ohmic resistivity, ambipolar diffusion (AD) and the Hall effect all play important roles in disk evolution. In the presence of a vertical magnetic field, the disk remains laminar between 1–, and a magnetocentrifugal disk wind forms that provides an important mechanism for removing angular momentum. Questions remain, however, about the establishment of a true physical wind solution in the shearing box simulations because of the symmetries inherent in the local approximation. We present global MHD simulations of PPDs that include Ohmic resistivity and AD, where the time-dependent gas-phase electron and ion fractions are computed under FUV and X-ray ionization with a simplified recombination chemistry. Our results show that the disk remains laminar, and that a physical wind solution arises naturally in global disk models. The wind is sufficiently efficient to explain the observed accretion rates. Furthermore, the ionization fraction at intermediate disk heights is large enough for magneto-rotational channel modes to grow and subsequently develop into belts of horizontal field. Depending on the ionization fraction, these can remain quasi-global, or break-up into discrete islands of coherent field polarity. The disk models we present here show a dramatic departure from our earlier models including Ohmic resistivity only. It will be important to examine how the Hall effect modifies the evolution, and to explore the influence this has on the observational appearance of such systems, and on planet formation and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this prospective, open-label, single-arm, Phase III study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Privigen®, the first 10% liquid intravenous immunoglobulin stabilized with L-proline, in patients with primary immunodeficiency. As part of a larger study, 19 children (3–11 years) and 12 adolescents (12–15 years) received Privigen 200–741 mg/kg intravenously for 12 months at a maximum infusion rate of 8 mg/kg/min. Thirteen patients received infusions at up to 12 mg/kg/min as part of an extension study. The primary endpoint was the annual rate of acute serious bacterial infections (aSBIs) per patient. Privigen was effective, as indicated by the annual rate of aSBI of 0.12 per patient (upper 1-sided 99% CI 0.499) in 3- to 11-year-olds and 0.10 (CI 0.642) in 12- to 15-year-olds. Three patients experienced 1 aSBI each, but did not discontinue treatment. The annual rate of all infections (including aSBIs) per patient was 4.63 in children and 2.42 in adolescents. The annual rate of days missed from school/day care was 11.5 days in children and 4.8 days in adolescents, consistent with the low annual rate of hospitalization (0.53 days and 0 days, respectively). Privigen administration was well-tolerated even at high infusion rates. The proportion of infusions with temporally associated AEs for the entire pediatric population was 0.18 (upper 1-sided 95% CI 0.221). One patient experienced serious AEs considered related to study drug and was withdrawn. Privigen was effective in sustaining a low incidence of infections, including aSBIs, and showed a good tolerability profile, with adverse events typical of disease and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy is being evaluated as a candidate technology for waterborne pathogen detection. We have investigated the impact of key experimental and background interference parameters on the bacterial species level identification performance of Raman detection. These parameters include laser-induced photodamage threshold, composition of water matrix, and organism aging in water. The laser-induced photodamage may be minimized by operating a 532 nm continuous wave laser excitation at laser power densities below 2300 W/cm2 for Grampositive Bacillus atrophaeus (formerly Bacillus globigii, BG) vegetative cells, 2800 W/cm2 for BG spores, and 3500 W/cm2 for Gram-negative E. coli (EC) organisms. In general, Bacillus spore microorganism preparations may be irradiated with higher laser power densities than the equivalent Bacillus vegetative preparations. In order to evaluate the impact of background interference and organism aging, we selected a biomaterials set comprising Gram-positive (anthrax simulants) organisms, Gram-negative (plague simulant) organisms, and proteins (toxin simulants) and constructed a Raman signature classifier that identifies at the species level. Subsequently, we evaluated the impact of tap water and storage time in water (aging) on the classifier performance when characterizing B. thuringiensis spores, BG spores, and EC cell preparations. In general, the measured Raman signatures of biological organisms exhibited minimal spectral variability with respect to the age of a resting suspension and water matrix composition. The observed signature variability did not substantially degrade discrimination performance at the genus and species levels. In addition, Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy was used to distinguish a mixture of BG spores and EC cells at the single cell level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roaster off-gas systems play an important role in reducing SO2emissions to the atmosphere and in ensuring the satisfactory operation of nickel smelters in accordance with environmental regulations. In this paper, the dynamic models for an industrial roaster off-gas system are developed using mass continuity, momentum, and energy conservation laws. Industrial measured pressure data are compared with the steady-state pressure models that are the special case of the developed dynamic models, and good agreement is obtained. On the basis of the developed dynamic models, the effects of important variables on the dynamics of the off-gas system are studied via simulations. The developed dynamic models provide a necessary basis for high performance control development for roaster off-gas systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planets are born in protostellar disks, which are now observed with enough resolution to address questions about internal gas flows. Magnetic forces are possibly drivers of the flows, but ionization state estimates suggest that much of the gas mass decouples from magnetic fields. Thus, hydrodynamical instabilities could play a major role. We investigate disk dynamics under conditions typical for a T Tauri system, using global 3D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations with embedded particles and a resolution of 70 cells per scale height. Stellar irradiation heating is included with realistic dust opacities. The disk starts in joint radiative balance and hydrostatic equilibrium. The vertical shear instability (VSI) develops into turbulence that persists up to at least 1600 inner orbits (143 outer orbits). Turbulent speeds are a few percent of the local sound speed at the midplane, increasing to 20%, or 100 m s−1, in the corona. These are consistent with recent upper limits on turbulent speeds from optically thin and thick molecular line observations of TW Hya and HD 163296. The predominantly vertical motions induced by the VSI efficiently lift particles upward. Grains 0.1 and 1 mm in size achieve scale heights greater than expected in isotropic turbulence. We conclude that while kinematic constraints from molecular line emission do not directly discriminate between magnetic and nonmagnetic disk models, the small dust scale heights measured in HL Tau and HD 163296 favor turbulent magnetic models, which reach lower ratios of the vertical kinetic energy density to the accretion stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]