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The Jason-1 verification phase has proven to be a unique and successful calibration experiment to quantify the agreement with its predecessor TOPEX/Poseidon. Although both missions have met prescribed error budgets, comparison of the mean and time-varying sea surface height profiles from near simultaneous observations derived from the missions' Geophysical Data Records exhibit significant basin scale differences. Several suspected sources causing this disagreement are identified and improved upon, including (a) replacement of TOPEX and Jason project POE with enhanced orbits computed at GSFC within a consistent ITRF2000 terrestrial reference frame, (b) application of waveform retracking corrections to TOPEX significant wave height and sea surface heights, (c) resultant improved efficacy of the TOPEX sea state bias estimation from the value added sea surface height, and (d) estimation of Jason-1 sea state bias employing dual TOPEX/Jason crossover and collinear sea surface height residuals unique to the vali...

Methods are presented for mathematically determining dispersal of a vapor in still air, in turbulent air of zero average velocity, and in turbulent or laminar air currents of constant, nonzero average velocity. The methods are combined with several assumptions about insect behavior to derive an insect attraction model that predicts: (1) In a warehouse a searching insect is likely to be attracted to a calling insect if it comes within an attraction sphere, 0.4–2.5 m in radius. (2) The attraction spaces of typical sex pheromone-baited traps that emit pheromone at rates greater than 0.01 ng/sec extend beyond the boundaries of a 10 × 10 × 10-m warehouse. (3) The searching behavior of an attracted insect is likely to be altered from an extensive to an intensive pattern if it comes within an altered-behavior sphere, 6–60 cm from a calling insect or within 10 m of a trap emitting 0.76 ng/sec. (4) Pheromone does not sink unless it is emitted along with a large amount of a high-vapor pressure solvent. The model is used in support of several hypotheses, including: (1) The effect of an adsorptive surface on the vapor concentration after an extended period of emission is negligible except at positions near the surface. (2) Sex pheromone-baited traps with sources of small dimensions have greater trapping efficiency than otherwise identical traps with sources of large dimensions.

Data on quiet-time ionospheric fluctuations on scales from 1 km to thousands of kilometers are reviewed. The effect of the fluctuations on satellite altimeter measurements are discussed, and corrections for both small scale and large-scale fluctuations are given. Large scale changes are considered to be those on scales greater than 500 km or 1 hr. Temporal changes were found to occur on solar, seasonal, and diurnal scales. Spatial variations include the equatorial anomaly and the mid-latitude trough. The correlation distance of the ionosphere (70 percent correlation) was approximately 2500-3000 km east-west and 1600 km north-south. It is shown that small scale flutuations can be described by a power law spectrum with a one-dimensional index of -1.5 to -2.0. The observed spectrum of density flutucations gave a vertical line-of-sight path-length fluctuation of 1-40 mm, on a horizontal scale of 1-500 km, for a radio signal at 13.7 GHz.

The exchange of angular momentum between the solid earth and the atmosphere from January 1976 through March 1982 is investigated using estimates of the earth's rotation from optical astrometry and lunar laser ranging and meteorological estimates of the atmospheric angular momentum M(atm). The physics of the earth's angular momentum budget is described, and earth rotation measurements are related to changes in the angular momentum of the fluid parts of the earth. The availability and reliability of earth rotation and M(atm) data are reported, and the possibility of estimating the exchange of angular momentum with the oceans and with the core is examined. Estimates of the power spectrum, cospectral coherence, and linear transfer functions and an analysis of the unmodeled part of the angular momentum budget are presented and discussed. The amplitude and phase of the semiannual, monthly, and fortnightly tidal variations in the length of day are estimated after removing observed atmospheric excitation.

Detection of moths and plants by infrared radiation (IR) is possible by night-flying moths. The thermal radiation emissivity of green plants is high (0.96) and that of a plowed field low (0.28). Four elements of the biosphere, temperature, atmospheric moisture, CO2 and O3 could hinder transmission.Corn earworm flight temperatures rise 3°C above ambient and at 25°C it would be broadcasting a chopped IR frequency of approximately 31 tetracycles. Water vapor is the principal attenuator of IR radiation. Data shows that moth activity decreases sharply with increases in actual water content of the air. Optimum temperatures and humidity are most likely to occur in spring and early summer between 21:00 and 04:00 hr. This coincides with the period of maximum corn earworm activity. Data indicates an inverse relationship between 03 and insect activity. Data from 4 sequentially programmed light traps indicate that flight behavior of insects is timed for the period of optimum reception by insect sensors.

Adult of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hµbner) and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) were irradiated with 28, 118, and 337 µm laser emissions, and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) with the 337 µm emission. When the laser radiation was directed along the longitudinal axis of a plastic tube containing 10 pairs of insects there resulted no significant increase or decrease in the number of insects in the quarter-section of the tube nearest the laser during the 1-h treatment period. Also, pairs of corn earworm maintained in 337 µm radiation displayed mating percentages similar to control groups.

A set of experiments in the use of Differential Very Long Baseline Interferometry for spacecraft navigation have been completed. Data using both Voyager spacecraft and a single quasar were acquired during the Jupiter encounter time period. The data were processed and analyzed in order to assess the navigation accuracy of Differential Very Long Baseline Interferometry. The paper focuses on the data reduction and techniques for assessing data quality and consistency.

I HAVE earlier postulated1,2 a completely new concept of the insect environment based on infra-red frequency transmission through infra-red atmospheric windows. This concept involves the utilization of such transmitted frequencies in the life cycle and behaviour of night-flying moths. I postulated that moths may locate their mates, chemical releasers (scents), and host plants by means of infra-red frequency detection and that the night-adapted eye of nocturnal moths shifts slowly from the short-wave visible spectrum of daylight to the longer and longer infra-red frequencies as it becomes night-adapted. When totally dark-adapted, it attains the configuration of a mosaic optic-electromagnetic thermal radiometer for night-time detection of infra-red frequencies. I further postulated that the antennal spines may be resonant cavities for infra-red detection. Laithwaite3 has postulated a similar theory for the assembling of moths. In testing the validity that a moth might locate its mate by thermal far infra-red, the following experiments were performed

Turbulence in the solar wind near the sun is investigated using records of changes in the integrated electron columnar content along the line of sight to Mariners 6, 7, and 9. The comoving turbulence spectrum is found to be well represented by a power law with an index of about 3.9. The turbulence is shown to decline with heliocentric distance, and the data suggest a region of enhanced turbulence near the sun. The Mariner-9 spectral amplitudes are found to correspond with Zurich sunspot numbers. Implications of the present observations are discussed for contemporary theories on solar-wind heating.

Several species of insects were subjected to far infrared (IR) radiation from a Glagolewa-Arkadiewa "mass IR radiator." All insects responded to the radiator with antennae movement, antennae cleaning behavior, or oviposition. In antennectomized male corn earworm moths, Heliothis zea (Boddie), significant differences in mating success were related to the length of antennae removed. This indicates that the antennal sensilla, whose pattern is repeated on each segment, and not the total antenna, is responsible for far IR detection.