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While much is known about product bundles comprised of different items, much less is known about multipacks—a product set comprised of multiple identical items (e.g. a 4-pack body washes). Using the context of multipacks, the authors propose a novel price divisibility effect, which suggests that a multipack's price that is easily divisible (vs. non-divisible) by the number of component items in the multipack will increase its purchase likelihood. For example, purchase likelihoods of a four-pack body wash multipack will be higher when its price is $16 (easily divisible by 4) versus $15.30 (non-divisible by 4). This occurs because a divisible versus non-divisible price shifts consumers' attention to the unit and creates a belief that each unit item in the multipack will be consumed quickly, which, in turn, helps justify purchasing multiple units. The authors report findings from 15 studies (including a field experiment), where they demonstrate the effect and its underlying mechanism and delineate several moderators and boundary conditions. This research contributes to several literature streams, including those on product bundling, multiple-unit pricing, product consumption, and numerical cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging waste makes up more than 10% of the landfilled waste in the United States. While consumers often want to make environmentally friendly product choices, we find that their perceptions of the environmental friendliness of product packaging may systematically deviate from its objective environmental friendliness. Eight studies (N = 4,103) document the perceived environmental friendliness (PEF) bias whereby consumers judge plastic packaging with additional paper to be more environmentally friendly than identical plastic packaging without the paper. The PEF bias is driven by consumers' "paper = good, plastic = bad" beliefs and by proportional reasoning, wherein packaging with a greater paper-to-plastic proportion is judged as more environmentally friendly. We further show that the PEF bias impacts consumers' willingness to pay and product choice. Importantly, this bias can be mitigated by a "minimal packaging sticker" intervention, which increases the environmental friendliness perceptions of plastic-only packaging, rendering plastic-packaged products to be preferable to their plastic-plus-paper-packaged counterparts. This research contributes to the packaging literature in marketing and to research on sustainability while offering practical implications for managers and public policy officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in Finland developed a new smart label for intelligent packaging and conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate its environmental impacts. Intelligent packaging technologies improve product safety and [...]

This work uses supervised learning to optimize the package design with validated experimental results for piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) to increase and alter the sound pressure level (SPL). Advancements as compared to the state-of-art include: (1) a neural network model to achieve a mean squared error of less than 0.65 dB2 post 100 epochs; (2) increased vibration amplitude by 17.9 dBV at the first-mode resonance frequency of 33.5 kHz; and (3) SPL enhancements below the 20 kHz frequency range such as the magnitude increases of more than 60 dBV at 5 kHz. As such, the package design shifts the emitting acoustic energy from the ultrasound to audio range in favor of various applications, including audio speakers.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) incorporated bio-composite films (unplasticized and plasticized) were prepared from pregelatinized maize starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PMS/PVA) blends by solution casting method. 10% boric acid (BA) was used as crosslinker. The physico-mechanical properties (tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (%EB), water solubility and moisture uptake) of the bio-composite films were studied. The thermo-chemical stability of the biofilms was studied by FT-IR, TGA and DSC analysis. TS, %EB, water solubility and moisture absorbency of 10% HPMC containing unplasticized films were found 38.1 MPa, 8.5%, 61% and 32.3%, respectively, however, the films were hard and brittle. On the contrary, TS, %EB, water solubility and moisture absorbency of 10% HPMC plasticized films were found 19.2 MPa, 28.5%, 62.2% and 57.3%. The biofilms exhibited relatively low water solubility and moisture uptake compared to higher HPMC containing composite. The thermo-chemical analysis revealed that the HPMC incorporated plasticized film was more thermally stable compared to pure PMS, PVA, HPMC and other bio composite films due to strong hydrogen bonding interaction with BA. The biodegradability of HPMC incorporated plasticized films was confirmed by soil burial test (anaerobic condition, RH 98%, 3 months). Therefore, the plasticized biofilm would be considered an alternative approach for biocompatible packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial thermally conductive dielectric materials used in electronic packaging typically exhibit thermal conductivities (κ) ranging from 0.8 to 4.2 W m−1 K−1. Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) flakes are promising thermally conductive materials for the thermal management of next‐generation electronics. These electrically insulating yet thermally conducting h‐BN flakes can be incorporated as thermal fillers to impart high κ to polymer‐based composites. A cellulose‐based composite embedded with few‐layer h‐BN (FLh‐BN) flakes, achieving a κ ≈ 21.7 W m−1 K−1, prepared using a cost‐effective and scalable procedure is demonstrated. This value is >5 times higher than the κ observed in composites embedded with bulk h‐BN (Bh‐BN, κ ≈ 4.5 W m−1 K−1), indicating the benefits of the superior κ of FLh‐BN on the κ of h‐BN polymer composites. When applied as a paste for thermal interface material (TIM), the FLh‐BN composite can reduce the maximum temperature (Tmax) by 24.5 °C of a heating pad at a power density (h) of 2.48 W cm−2 compared to Bh‐BN composites at the same h‐BN loading. The results provide an effective approach to improve the κ of cellulose‐based thermal pastes for TIMs and demonstrate their viability for heat dissipation in integrated circuits (ICs) and high‐power electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the novel effect of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) optical purity on PLA/liquid natural rubber (LNR) blend films fabricated by solution casting. An investigation was conducted to examine how different levels of PLA optical purity affect the mechanical, structural, morphological, thermal, and barrier properties of PLA/LNR films. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the D‐isomer content of PLA significantly affected the chemical interactions between the LNR and PLA. The favorable chemical interaction between the LNR and PLA with a high D‐isomer content also increased the elongation at break by 300%. Morphological investigations proved that the chemical interaction also improved the dispersion and reduced the size of the LNR droplets formed in the PLA matrix. Notably, while low D‐isomer PLA blends showed decreased crystallinity (Xc) upon LNR addition, high D‐isomer PLA blends exhibited increased Xc by 460%, leading to a 42% increase in oxygen transmission rate. Additionally, hydrolytic degradation of high D‐isomer PLA increased by 259% with increasing LNR content. Overall, optical purity of PLA plays an important role in determining the properties of PLA blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of visualization of impact damage of fruit under different thicknesses of buffer materials can provide more efficient transportation and packaging solutions, and thus the economic losses caused by fruit damage can be reduced. Pearl cotton (EPE) is commonly used as a buffer material in the market, and the impact damage behavior of honey peaches under different thicknesses of EPE buffer material was studied by using the finite element method. Firstly, the damage area, maximum contact force and damage volume during the collision of honey peaches with EPE materials of different thicknesses (2, 4, and 6 mm) were obtained by the single pendulum device, and then the Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of peach flesh were obtained by compression test. Finally, the finite element model of honey peach was built and the collision simulations were performed. The results of the study showed that the values of mechanical parameters of honey peach decreased with the increase of the thickness of the buffer material. When the collision angle was below 60°, the honey peaches were not damaged in the collision with the EPE material with a thickness of 4 mm or more. By comparing the tested values with the simulated values, it was found that the errors of the damage area, damage volume and maximum contact force were less than 19.71%, 26.82%, and 25.88%, respectively. The study not only proves the possibility of the finite element method in the quantitative prediction of honey peaches damage but also provides rational support for the packaging design of honey peaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To characterize regulatory practices related to nonmedical cannabis warning labels in states across the United States that have legalized retail nonmedical cannabis. Methods. In March 2024, we conducted a content analysis of regulations for nonmedical cannabis warning labels required on product packages in 20 states where, as of March 2024, adults could legally purchase nonmedical cannabis in retail environments. For each state, we examined requirements related to warning label content and characteristics. Results. Required warning label content and characteristics varied widely across states. Only 2 states required a warning about mental health risks (10%) and 2 states required a warning for high potency products on risk of psychosis (10%). No states required front-of-package warning placement, only 2 states required rotating warnings (10%), and 4 states required contrasting colors (20%). Warnings were often verbose (mean = 57 words), vague, and had small or no minimum font size. Conclusions. Opportunities exist for states to improve the alignment of their nonmedical cannabis warning label regulations with evidence that has been generated so far in cannabis effects, cannabis warning efficacy, and warning label design. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S681–S684. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307722) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, firstly, the optimal performance ratio of potato starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was selected, and then the sustainable high-grade food packaging film was developed by adding different amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% based on the starch mass) of functional additive lignin into the starch - PVA film matrix. Starch - PVA based films with different amounts of lignin were studied from the aspects of morphology, physical and chemical properties, barrier properties, mechanical properties and antioxidant properties. Mechanical tests showed that lignin significantly improved the tensile strength (TS) of the film and effectively blocked the passage of water vapor. Lignin, starch and PVA were linked by hydrogen bond to form polymer network structure, which improved the interfacial compatibility between polymers. The interaction between polymer molecules and the distribution of lignin particles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high content of phenolic hydroxyl in lignin undergoes proton coupled electron transfer mechanism, which endows the composite film with high antioxidant activity, which is proved by DPPH radical scavenging activity experiment. At the same time, it also gives the film excellent UV barrier and antibacterial properties. The introduction of lignin in this study provides a valuable way for the preparation of multifunctional composite films using biomass as raw materials, and has a potential application prospect in food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual reality (VR) platforms can simulate the real world, whereas online surveys are efficient settings for assessing and testing information. In this study, the effects of presenting health warning labels (HWLs) on hookah venue menus were compared between these two message-testing settings. Methods: Separate studies were conducted in VR (n = 96) and online survey (n = 213) settings. Participants in both studies were randomly assigned to view menus with or without HWLs. This secondary data analysis compared outcomes between settings after propensity score weighting to account for differences in age, race, marital status, and education between studies. Results: Significant between-study differences were noted for the effects of HWLs on people's perceptions of the absolute harm of hookah smoking (p = 0.0363), the relative harm of hookah compared to cigarettes (p < 0.001), the absolute addictiveness of hookah (p < 0.001), and the relative addictiveness of hookah compared to cigarettes (p = 0.0352). When outcome variables differed significantly between the HWL and control conditions in only one of the two studies, smaller p-values were identified for the online survey setting than for the VR setting. Conclusions: This study represents the first direct comparison of the effects of hookah HWLs between two message-testing settings. HWLs tested in the online survey setting were associated with larger shifts in attitudes and beliefs than those tested in the VR setting, suggesting that the effectiveness of hookah HWLs on attitudes and beliefs may be moderated by the message-testing platform. Additional real-world experiments remain necessary to determine whether either setting can accurately assess the effectiveness of HWLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linkers are pivotal to meliorate the attributes of the biopolymers, which are exploited in the biomedical industries, and also those intended as packaging supplies. Genipin (GN) is an efficacious cross-linker. Moreover, being naturally procured, biodegradable and biocompatible makes it an auspicious candidate for the biomedical and food industries. Accordingly, we attempted to provide a comprehensive review on GN as an efficient cross-linker for biopolymers. Initially, we presented the chief botanical sources of GN. The GN extraction strategies, which adopted safe solvents, were then discussed while highlighting their realized yields. The proposed GN structures, its possible modes of action, and the factors affecting its interactions, such as pH, temperature, and GN concentration were also reviewed. Afterward, the GN applications that mainly involved cross-linking biopolymers and biopolymers containing materials were discussed. These included tissue engineering, wound dressings, drug delivery, and packaging applications. GN capability to activate biopolymers, such as chitosan and gelatin, into covalently reactive enzyme immobilizers was also discussed. Moreover, other important GN applications, such as exploiting it as a colorant for foods and textiles and incorporating it in altered biosensors, were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, replacing plastic packaging materials with biobased alternatives has been trending in the field of food packaging. The role of food packaging materials is to contain and protect the product throughout the supply chain, and the most used materials for this are polyolefins due to their functionality and affordability. However, environmental awareness and the new regulations and restrictions have been strong drivers to push the development towards biobased materials. In this study, the feasibility and potential of biowaxes used as a dispersion barrier coating formulation material were examined. Four commercial biowaxes were selected for the study, and their nano‐ and crystalline structures were determined by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS). The biowaxes were melted and dispersed into a stable water‐based dispersion. Barrier coating formulations were prepared using two different polymer dispersions mixed with the waxes and additives. A fibre substrate was coated with the prepared formulations, and their barrier properties were studied. The properties of biowax‐containing coatings showed similar or minor improvements compared to the reference. However, foldability was especially improved in the biowax sample. Interestingly, this sample contained wax, which was structurally most stable, presenting an orthorhombic phase in all studied states. Based on our results, introducing biowax materials is a viable solution to replace part of the formulation materials and adjust the barrier performance of existing dispersion polymers. Our results also suggest that the nanostructure of waxes might play a role in an optimal solution. However, all these observations deserve more studies, and the share of biowax in barrier coatings will need further optimisation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cacao pod husk (shell), serves as the tough outer layer of the cacao pod, and this by-product of cacao processing is typically disposed of once the cacao beans have been removed. They contain a variety of compounds and can be repurposed to reduce waste and generate added value. This article offers an extensive and in-depth analysis of the possibility of utilizing cacao pod husk (CPH) as an environmentally friendly packaging material. It meticulously investigates the composition, properties, pre-treatment and extraction methods, and versatile uses of CPH. Particularly, this paper extensively examines the physical and barrier properties that are crucial for packaging, highlighting attributes like durability, pliability, and resistance to moisture, and focuses on how these properties can effectively maintain product freshness and enhance the suitability of CPH for different food items. In addition, the article provides a thorough examination of the various ways in which CPH can be utilized, such as in the creation of antimicrobial coatings, the production of paper that can naturally decompose, and its contribution to the advancement of composite materials, delving into the assessment of its environmental impact and presents optimistic prospects for the future of this eco-friendly packaging alternative. This comprehensive and enlightening review is poised to be an invaluable resource for researchers, professionals in the industry, and policymakers who are interested in harnessing the potential of CPH for sustainable packaging, which proposes a wealth of knowledge and practical insights for those seeking environmentally friendly packaging solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimisation of the UHPC granular skeleton shows resistance, durability and environmental gains. However, for the manufacture of UHPC, it is not feasible to sieve the aggregates in order to obtain an optimum curve of granular skeleton. An existing alternative is to mix the aggregates in order to obtain a curve close to the optimal curve. In this sense, the present research presents a methodology to perform mixtures of aggregates by means of matrix analysis combining the packaging models of Andreasen and Andersen modified and of Toufar while analysing the best packaging coefficient to be used with the objective to reduce cement consumption. The results indicate that matrix analysis can be used, leading to a low void rate in the granular mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the issue of plastic waste persisting and the need for more sustainable solutions to the ever‐increasing demand for lightweight and durable plastic products, this review has become imminent and compelling. Poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer with exceptional film‐forming ability resembling those of low‐density polyethylene. PBAT has a huge advantage for packaging applications due to its remarkably high elongation at break, giving it a good processing window for its application in packaging. However, certain defiant intrinsic properties stand in the way of its full commercialization. The development of blends and biocomposites of PBAT has, therefore, become imperative for complementing its properties and producing a superior material. This paper focuses on the recent developments in preparing PBAT‐based blends and biocomposites with superior mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties and, most importantly, has also investigated how the development of these blends and biocomposites impacts the biodegradation rate of PBAT. It also highlights the possible synthesis of bio‐based PBAT and the commercialization, market trends, and prospects of PBAT‐based materials for flexible, rigid packaging, and other industrial applications compared with biodegradable alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a transition technique for converting signals from rectangular waveguide to coupled microstrip lines (CML) is presented, which provides a solution for differential antenna array feeding of automotive radar. The key to the proposed transition structure is to connect the coupling patches together with a short‐bridge structure, thus forming a quasi‐loop structure. Through the short bridge, the radiation efficiency of the antenna is greatly enhanced, and the mode conversion from TE10 of rectangle waveguide to differential mode of coupled microstrip line is realized effectively under the extremely compact size. Finally, the designed transition structure is manufactured and measured. The experimental results show that the back‐to‐back insertion loss is lower than 0.65 dB and the return loss is higher than 16.8 dB in the W‐band (75–110 GHz), which is the best performance and the simplest design among the relevant transition transitions reported so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of papaya tree bast fibers (Carica papaya L) from different portions. Papaya bast fibers (PBFs) were extracted from the boiling process in three different portions of bast (PBF 1, PBF 2, and PBF 3). The physical properties of papaya bast fibers obtained were relative density 820–1130 kg/m3, count 14–22 Tex, diameter 600–767 µm, and wettability 78 to 86°. The mechanical properties were determined by strain (0.8–1.5%), tenacity (10.2–23.1 cN/Tex), tensile strength (4.4–7.8 MPa), Young's modulus (5.2–5.5 MPa) and specific modulus (5–6) through single fiber tensile test. Chemical properties were evaluated using FEG-SEM which showed a strong presence of cells in PBF 1, PBF 2, and PBF 3. FTIR and X-ray analysis proved that PBFs are rich in cellulose with a crystallinity index of 59.2%—67% of PBF 1 to PBF 3. The results revealed variations in the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of PBFs among different portions. The papaya bast fibers showed properties, such as lightweight, porous, and mechanical properties, which are similar to other bast fibers, which are usually used in the manufacture of composites and applied in the packaging (food industry). In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of papaya bast fibers from different portions. These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential applications of papaya bast fibers and serve as a foundation for future research and development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous integration on flexible substrates has been explored in recent years to meet the high‐performance and flexible form factors requirements of several emerging applications. Reliable interconnects, in both 2D and 3D layouts, are critical for the effective use of these systems. But it is challenging to employ conventional bonding and interconnect technology due to considerable mismatches in mechanical and thermal properties. For example, the ultra‐thin chips (UTCs) are too fragile to withstand the static or oscillating forces applied during conventional bonding. In this regard, printing of metal tracks on flexible substrates is a promising alternative to access the contact pads on integrated circuits (ICs), as the interconnects on diverse substrates can be realized at room temperature processing using as much materials as needed. Further, it is easier to attain step coverage. Considering the above attractive features, and the challenges associated with conventional bonding techniques, this article focuses on the development of high‐resolution printing interconnects in both 2D and 3D layouts and explores various printing routes available for high density integration. The article also discusses major conventional interposers/interconnects forming methods and their limitations for flexible hybrid electronics along with few examples of printed interconnects to highlight the opportunities for future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytotoxicity is a critical parameter for materials intended for biological applications, such as food packaging. Shape-memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) have garnered significant interest due to their versatile properties and adaptability in synthesis. However, their suitability for biological applications is limited by the use of aromatic isocyanates, such as methylene diphenyl 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), which are commonly used in SMPU synthesis but can generate carcinogenic compounds upon degradation. In this study, thermo-responsive shape-memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) were synthesized using poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG) and castor oil (CO) as a chain extender with four different isocyanates—aromatic (MDI and TDI), aliphatic (hexamethylene diisocyanate [HDI] and isophorone diisocyanate [IPDI])—to evaluate their impact on polyurethane cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity assays were conducted on the synthesized SMPU samples before and after exposure to light-induced degradation. The results showed that prior to degradation, all samples exhibited cell proliferation rates above 90%. However, after degradation, the SMPUs containing aromatic isocyanates demonstrated a drastic reduction in cell proliferation to values below 10%, whereas the samples with aliphatic isocyanates maintained cell proliferation above 70%. Subsequently, the influence of polyol chain length was assessed using PTMG, with molecular weights of 1000, 650, and 250 g·mol−1. The results indicated that the SMPUs with longer chain lengths exhibited higher cell proliferation rates both before and after degradation. The thermal and mechanical properties of the SMPUs were further characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermomechanical analysis (TMA), providing comprehensive insights into the behavior of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Padang satay is a typical West Sumatran food that is part of Indonesia's traditional heritage. The experiment was carried out to overcome the problem of decreasing the quality of padang satay products. The vacuum and sterilization method utilized retort pouch packaging, which was anticipated to preserve product quality for up to 21 days during storage at both room and cold temperatures. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of retort pouch packaging in maintaining the quality of satay products by examining their physical, chemical, and microbiological properties after being packaged in retort pouches and stored for 21 days. The research employed a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 2 factors and 4 replications.. Replications were taken for each temperature and storage time. The results showed a significant interaction between cold temperature treatment and storage for up to 21 days, maintaining pH values, water activity, and microbiological quality. Furthermore, the interaction between room temperature and cold temperature treatment could not significantly affect antioxidant activity and MDA levels (p<0.05). In conclusion, padang satay packaging using retort pouch could improve and maintain physicochemical quality in pH, water activity, and microbiology. However, it could not increase antioxidant activity or reduce the MDA level of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salak (Salacca edulis Reinw.) in bunch form can be attractive to consumers because its own unique shape. The use of primary and secondary packaging can maintain fruit quality. This study aims to evaluate quality change of salak in bunches including physical damage, mechanical damage, physiological and microbiological damage. Salak bunches were stored for 22 days, with observations every 3 days to analyze fruit damage, TSS, weight loss, and fruit hardness. The study used a single-factor completely randomized design, involving 3 treatments: wooden crates (K1), cardboard without net foam (K2), and cardboard with net foam (K3). Data were analyzed descriptively, analysis of variance, and DMRT at the 5% level. Primary packaging was effective in reducing mechanical damage to fruit after 13 hours of transportation, with mechanical damage reaching 0 (zero) due to net foam. The type of packaging used had a significant effect on quality change of salak during storage, namely physical, physiological and microbiological damage, weight loss, hardness, and TSS. Cardboard packaging with net foam was the best treatment, showing low physiological and microbiological damage until the 16th day of storage, which amounted to 4.05, as well as a low rate of change in quality for 22 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The packaging of genomic RNA (gRNA) into retroviral particles relies on the specific recognition by the Gag precursor of packaging signals (Psi), which maintain a complex secondary structure through long-range interactions (LRIs). However, it remains unclear whether the binding of Gag to Psi alone is enough to promote RNA packaging and what role LRIs play in this process. Using mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), we investigated the effects of mutations in 4 proposed LRIs on gRNA structure and function. Our findings revealed the presence of an unsuspected extended LRI, and hSHAPE revealed that maintaining a wild-type–like Psi structure is crucial for efficient packaging. Surprisingly, filter-binding assays demonstrated that most mutants, regardless of their packaging capability, exhibited significant binding to Pr77Gag, suggesting that Gag binding to Psi is insufficient for efficient packaging. Footprinting experiments indicated that efficient RNA packaging is promoted when Pr77Gag binds to 2 specific sites within Psi, whereas binding elsewhere in Psi does not lead to efficient packaging. Taken together, our results suggest that the 3D structure of the Psi/Pr77Gag complex regulates the assembly of viral particles around gRNA, enabling effective discrimination against other viral and cellular RNAs that may also bind Gag efficiently. The role of long-range interactions (LRI) in retroviral RNA packaging is unclear. This study found that a specific packaging signal (Psi) structure, maintained by an extended LRI, is crucial for efficient RNA packaging, with Gag binding to key Psi sites essential for selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking prevalence remains high in Europe and widening socioeconomic group differences are driving health inequalities. While plain packaging policies disrupt tobacco industry tactics that sustain smoking, evidence of their equity impact is sparse. This study evaluated the implementation of plain packaging in Ireland in 2018 on consumer responses, overall and by the socioeconomic group. Consecutive nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (2018, n  = 7701 and 2019, n  = 7382) measured changes in 13 consumer responses among respondents who smoked across three domains: product appeal, health warnings effectiveness, and perceived harmfulness of smoking. Multiple logistic regression-derived adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare responses post- versus pre-implementation adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and heaviness of smoking. A stratified analysis examined changes by socioeconomic group indexed using educational level. There were statistically significant changes in consumer responses to plain packaging policy implementation across 7/13 outcomes studied. Five changes were aligned with expected policy impacts (2/6 product appeal outcomes and 3/4 health warning effectiveness outcomes). Two responses were also observed which were not expected policy impacts (1 appeal-related and 1 perceived harm-related outcome). There was no change in five outcomes. Differences in consumer responses between educational groups were generally small, mixed in nature, and indistinguishable when interval estimates of effect were compared. Implementation of plain packaging in Ireland had intended impacts on consumer responses. Including plain packaging requirements in revising the European Union's legislative frameworks for tobacco control will help build progress towards a Tobacco-Free Europe without exacerbating smoking inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To create woven bag packaging for Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) fertilizer granules, this work conducted an experimental study on the utilization of recycled polypropylene (RPP) in stretched polypropylene (PP) tapes. By altering the amount of RPP using an industrial-scale stretching tapes extrusion technique, the as-obtained RPP granules were utilized to develop three stretched tape composite series filled with 0.9, 2.8, and 3.6 wt% of RPP, respectively. The series of produced composites were described in terms of their structural, rheological, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It was found that the inclusion of RPP into PP stretched tape composites improved the composites' rigidity but reduced their toughness, due to the cumulative legacy effect of calcite particles and the RPP oxidative effect from the reprocessing history. However, RPP has shown good results in terms of storage modulus and strain at break, hence can be utilized in textile and engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents advanced workflows that combine 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM), nanoscale tomography, and deep learning (DL) to generate a detailed visualization of the interior of electronic devices and assemblies to enable the study of internal components for failure analysis (FA). Newly developed techniques, such as the integration of DL-based algorithms for 3D image reconstruction to improve scan quality through increased contrast and denoising, are also discussed in this article. In addition, a DL-based tool called DeepScout is presented. DeepScout uses 3D XRM scans in targeted regions of interest as training data for upscaling high-resolution in a low-resolution dataset, of a wider field of view, using a neural network model. Ultimately, these workflows can be run independently or complementary to other multiscale correlative microscopy evaluations, e.g., electron microscopy, and they will provide valuable insights into the inner workings of electronic packages and integrated circuits at multiple length scales, from macroscopic features on electronic devices (i.e., hundreds of mm) to microscopic details in electronic components (in the tens of nm). Understanding advanced electronic systems through X-ray imaging and machine learning—perhaps complemented with some additional correlative microscopy investigations—can speed development time, increase cost efficiency, and simplify FA and quality inspection of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and electronic devices assembled with new emerging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides existing in nature as an important part of the innate immune system in various organisms. Notably, the AMPs exhibit inhibitory effects against a wide spectrum of pathogens, showcasing potential applications in different fields such as food, agriculture, medicine. This review explores the application of AMPs in the food industry, emphasizing their crucial role in enhancing the safety and shelf life of food and how they offer a viable substitute for chemical preservatives with their biocompatible and natural attributes. It provides an overview of the recent advancements, ranging from conventional approaches of using natural AMPs derived from bacteria or other sources to the biocomputational design and usage of synthetic AMPs for food preservation. Recent innovations such as structural modifications of AMPs to improve safety and suitability as food preservatives have been discussed. Furthermore, the active packaging and creative fabrication strategies such as nano-formulation, biopolymeric peptides and casting films, for optimizing the efficacy and stability of these peptides in food systems are summarized. The overall focus is on the spectrum of applications, with special attention to potential challenges in the usage of AMPs in the food industry and strategies for their mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide recycling rate for paper is about 60% and there are ongoing efforts to enhance the recycling rates to 80%. The low strength of recycled paper primarily due to the contaminants in it fetches lower value to the recycled paper in the market and also limits its recyclability. The ways to circumvent the problem of contamination of paper have been addressed by adding additives. However, the use of additives increases the cost of the final recycled paper. Oxidation has been explored as an alternative to enhance the tensile strength of paper in this work as it can be used in existing paper recycling facilities without any modifications. Pulp fibres were collected from an active paper recycling mill and subjected to oxidation at various oxidation levels from 0.25 up to 1.5 mmol/g. It was found that the tensile strength of the paper increased by up to 89% with an increase in oxidation level up to 1 mmol/g and later decreased with a further increase in the oxidation level up to 1.5 mmol/g. The brightness of the paper increased by up to 3% with an increase in oxidation level up to 0.85 mmol/g and then a decrease with further enhancement in the oxidation level. The oxidized samples were also studied with infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and optical properties to study the behaviour of the resulting material. A ring crush test and corrugating medium test were also performed on the oxidized pulp samples to establish the feasibility of the material for packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an attempt has been made to improve the strength and impermeability of jute bonded nonwoven from 95 to 285 g/m2 areal density by single side or both side lamination with polyethylene sheet of around 15 − 20% by weight using Ethylene Vinyle Acetate adhesive film. Preheating of nonwoven with 100 °C for 20 min and three subsequent runs show a higher peeling force. Adding poly sheets on nonwoven increases tenacity, total energy, bending modulus, seam strength, and tear strength but reduces thermal insulation and makes air and water permeability zero. The effect of one-side lamination, both-side lamination, and areal density of nonwoven has been studied. Higher g/m2 of a nonwoven shows better properties than lower gsm for single-side lamination. The performance of the bag made out of optimised lightweight fabric has been evaluated and compared with the commercial synthetic counterpart, and observed that the developed fabric is better. A process has been suggested without needling. For that light-weight fabric, calendaring temperature, pressure, and speed have been optimised as 150/120 °C, 20KPa, and 0.75 m/min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem addressed in this article focuses on the management of plastic waste, which has experienced a significant increase in recent years, posing challenges in its management and recycling. In addition, the concentration of microplastics in water and their impact on health and the food chain is highlighted. The proposed solution consists of developing a mechatronic system for sorting plastic and metal bottles using capacitive and inductive sensors, respectively. The system demonstrated efficiency in tests, achieving 100% sorting for plastic and metal bottles. The need for bottles to be properly positioned for optimal performance was identified. This work highlights the importance of automation in mechatronic systems and the effectiveness of capacitive and inductive sensors in sorting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for packaging that causes lower environmental damage, paper has been widely targeted to increase its use in the packaging industries. Still, the water and oil barrier characteristics need to be improved. To correct such deficiencies, different formulations of natural rubber incorporated with cellulose micro/nanofibrils, and carnauba wax were evaluated as alternative coatings of renewable and biodegradable origin on kraftliner and paperboard in the oil and water barrier properties at different grammage (5, 10 and 15 g/m2). The contact angle showed the hydrophobic characteristics of coated papers with angle values of 105° for rubber coatings with micro/nanofibrils and the stability of the water drop with the evaluation of wettability with values close to zero (0.01°/s). The results of Cobb 120 confirmed the hydrophobicity of the coated papers with values close to zero and close to those found by the polyacrylate varnish and the reduction of water vapor permeation by up to 65%. In addition to decreased affinity for water, the papers were also resistant to oil, reaching the maximum resistance value (kit-oil n° 12). Because of these results, natural rubber presents itself as a possible substitute for synthetic materials for covering papers and, together with the micro/nanofibrils of cellulose and carnauba wax, can correct the barrier deficiencies of the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose, a naturally abundant biopolymer, holds great potential as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers. However, the limited understanding and awareness surrounding cellulose utilization, particularly from agricultural origins, have impeded the complete harnessing of this highly biodegradable resource. This study aimed to extract and characterize cellulose from jute and banana fibers. The extracted cellulose exhibits a light yellow to white color, and microscopic analysis of the fibers showed micro‐fibrils. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization indicated that the extracted cellulose from biomass primarily consists of cellulose II structures, except for the treated banana fiber (M:L = 1:8), which contains both cellulose I and II. Moreover, increasing the M:L ratio of alkali treatment enhanced the percentage of cellulose‐II, as observed from the XRD data. The findings of this study carry significant implications for the efficient production of cellulose fibers, with diverse applications spanning from high‐volume products like regenerated fibers, automotive parts, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and precast concrete, drug delivery mediums, electronics, additive manufacturing, bone and tissue scaffolding, and so on. This research opens the door to harnessing the potential of cellulose derived from jute and banana fibers in various industries. Highlights: Extraction cellulose using the kraft process.Isolated cellulose shows a micron‐sized structure.Optimal extraction achieved with M:L ratio of 1:4.Applications of isolated cellulose: regenerated fibers, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to optimize the formulation of starch‐based films, exploring the synergy between chitosan (1%, 2% and 3%), glycerol (2.5%, 3% and 3.5%) and concentrated cashew peel extract (1%, 2% and 3%), through a central composite design (23). Evaluating their influence on physical, mechanical and morphological properties. All films produced were flexible and did not present cracks when removed from the plates. Water vapour permeability (WVP) (3.03–7.71 gH2O.mm/m2.h.mmHg) and solubility (1.94%–5.31%) were reduced with the combination of higher levels of extract and chitosan, which also influenced the colour of the films (p < 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cashew peel extract increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of the films. Morphologically, films with lower levels of cashew peel extract exhibited a uniform and less rough surface. Therefore, our results identified an optimized formulation using the combination of 2% extract, 3% chitosan and 3.5% glycerol. This study expanded the development of starch‐based packaging materials with chitosan, glycerol and the addition of plant extract, which can be used in the preservation of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of escalating climate change and the increasing significance of sustainability, companies are shifting towards green logistics solutions. This article explores the various sustainable practices within logistics, the implementation of green logistics solutions, and the strategies for reducing carbon footprints. The logistics sector, a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, is under increasing pressure to adopt environmentally friendly practices. By examining case studies and industry data, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current trends and future directions in sustainable logistics. Our study highlights the importance of integrating eco-friendly transportation, energy-efficient warehousing, sustainable packaging, and advanced inventory management systems. Additionally, we discuss the challenges companies face in adopting green logistics, such as high initial costs, technological limitations, and regulatory compliance. Through this analysis, we aim to shed light on the transformative potential of green logistics in mitigating climate change and promoting long-term sustainability in the supply chain industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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(1) Background: Cultivating microgreens is emerging as an excellent market opportunity. Their easy, short, and sustainable production methods are the main reasons they are approved by growers. However, a feature that still prevents its further spread is the microbiological risk and their rapid senescence. The present study was conducted to evaluate the post-harvest storage and shelf life of arugula microgreens in different packaging through microbiological, physico-chemical, and sensory parameters; (2) Methods: Plants were stored at 5 °C in open air, vacuum sealed, and under modified atmosphere bags and tested at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days; (3) Results: Microgreens stored in all packaging were safe for consumption within ten days. Regarding physical and chemical parameters, open packaging proved to be promising, with less weight loss and slower chlorophyll degradation. The sensory analysis demonstrated that the microgreens stored in the vacuum-sealed packaging showed a decrease in quality from the fifth day onwards for all attributes. However, the MAP presented good scores with a better visual quality, similar to the fresh microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial films represent advancement in biodegradable active packaging, aimed at limiting microbial growth on food surfaces. This study focused on creating an antimicrobial film using elephant foot yam starch (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) and basil extracts, evaluating its effectiveness against Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella and Escherichia coli. A solution containing yam starch and glycerol was gelatinized, with basil extracts added at concentrations of 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%. Films incorporating these extracts were produced via the casting method. The antimicrobial efficacy varied with basil concentration, indicating maximum bactericidal activity against all tested bacteria at 0.8%. The resulting films exhibited favorable flexibility and appearance, with reduced moisture content 24.59%, decreased solubility 25.48%. SEM revealed strong intermolecular interactions among its components. FTIR spectra indicated interactions and improved compatibility between the film-forming components. Hence, the developed film has potential as eco-friendly, antimicrobial biobased packaging for food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited knowledge is currently available on the effects of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) on the metabolite profiles of cooked beef. The objective was to evaluate the impact of packaging on the cooked color and cooked metabolite profile of normal-pH (normal bright-red color) and atypical-dark-cutting beef (inherently slightly dark-colored) longissimus lumborum muscle. Methods: Normal-pH (pH 5.56) and atypical dark-cutting (pH 5.63) loins (n = 6) were procured from a commercial meat processor. Steaks were randomly assigned to one of three different packaging methods: vacuum packaging, carbon monoxide (CO-MAP), and high oxygen (HiOx-MAP). Following 5 d of retail display, steaks were cooked to 71 °C on a clamshell-style grill, and samples were collected for untargeted metabolites using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. Results: Raw atypical dark-cutting steaks were less red (p < 0.05) than raw normal-pH steaks. However, there were no differences in internal cooked color between normal-pH and atypical dark-cutting steaks. Steaks packaged in HiOx-MAP steaks had a lower (p < 0.05) cooked redness than vacuum and CO-MAP steaks. A total of 129 metabolite features were identified in the study. Serine and tryptophan were over-abundant in cooked atypical dark-cutting beef compared to raw atypical samples. Citric acid levels were greater in HiOx-MAP packaged beef compared with VP both in normal and atypical dark-cutting beef after cooking, while no differentially abundant metabolites were shared between vacuum and CO-MAP steaks after cooking. Discussion: A slight increase in pH did not influence metabolite profiles in different packaging. However, there were packaging effects within normal and atypical dark-cutting beef. Conclusions: This study suggests that packaging conditions change metabolite profiles, which can influence cooked metabolites. Therefore, the metabolomics approach can be used to better understand cooked color defects such as premature browning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates have been characterized as endocrine disruptors and migrated from plastic products for food use. The migration of five phthalates: di‐butylphthalate (DBP), butyl‐benzyl‐phthalate (BBP), bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di‐isononylphthalate (DINP) and di‐isodecylphthalate (DIDP), from various plastic products for food use into different food simulant (3% acetic acid, 10% ethyl alcohol and oil) through different polymer coating [(polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PETE)] was studied. This study showed that phthalates are found in all plastic products for food use that are common in Turkey. DBP, DINP and DIDP were not detected or detected at lower levels than their limit of quantification (LOQ) values in all analyzed samples. The results showed that DEHP was the predominant phthalate in only acetic acid and ethyl alcohol food simulants, followed by BBP, found in only samples analyzed in ethyl alcohol simulants. The concentration of DEHP in the samples, higher than the LOQ value, was within 5.23–8.89 µg/kg, while BBP was only detected in ethyl alcohol simulant, ranging between 5.31 to 6.49 µg/kg. However, the concentration of DEHP and BBP did not exceed their specific migration limits established by Regulation of the Commission (EU) No. 10/2011: 0.6 mg/kg for DEHP and 6 mg/kg for BBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bright print images help any product on the shelf stand out, attract the consumer, and add a unique value to the product. This research work is to empirically identify significant factors and optimize printing press parameters like press speed (x1: 5000, 7000, and 9000 sheets per hour), ink viscosity (x2: 15, 25, 35 Pa·s), and blanket rubber hardness (x3: 65, 70 and 75 shore A) to achieve prints with rich chroma yet with low dot gain in the lithography process, the most economical and widely used process today in the field of label and packaging industry. The parameters used during the printing process can affect the physical dot gain and the color of printed images. To study this, measurements were taken of the dot gain (y1) and color (measured in terms of lightness (y2) and chroma (y3)) at three different dot areas - highlight (25 %), middle tone (50 %), and shadow (75 %). Box-Behnken Design was used to test fifteen different print conditions. The second-order polynomial model's fit quality was good concerning the responses. The optimum printing machine conditions determined to minimize dot gain and lightness and maximize chroma were a press speed of 5000 sheets per hour, 30 Pa·s ink viscosity, and blanket rubber having 70 A shore hardness. The optimized values agreed with the predicted responses were acceptable, considering the right balance of minimum dot gain, higher chroma, and lower lightness to give the vibrant yet controlled halftone dot area in print production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic materials in sensitive packaging applications, such as for cosmetic products and detergents, requires a clear understanding of the identities and quantities of chemical substances, which they may release into packed products. With many potential sources of and thus different types of potentially releasable substances, a reliable non-targeted screening method is required to assess these materials. Such a method should be readily applicable in industrial practice and provide a realistic estimation of substance release. This investigation focused on the use of gas chromatography/coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze substances, which recycled HDPE (rHDPE) plastic pellets release into 95% ethanol under accelerated testing conditions. The results of the repeated testing of reference samples clearly demonstrated the good reproducibility of the described methodology, with standard deviations of repeated determinations of the total released substance amounts of 6.8–8.1%. The application to several production batches of three commercial rHDPE grades additionally demonstrated that the batch-to-batch variation of substances which rHDPE materials release can be confined to less than 10% of variation of the total detectable substance amount. The described methodology is therefore seen as a pragmatic, repeatable assessment of recycled HDPE plastic batches with a view to substance release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The healthcare sector has a negative ecological impact, and intensive care is one of the most resource-consuming areas. Nurses have a duty to contribute to climate change reduction, design climate-resilient healthcare systems, and support individuals and communities in adapting to the effects of the planetary health crisis. It is essential to incorporate environmental sustainability into nursing education so that nurses can advocate for conscientious and ethically sustainable healthcare that benefits both patients and the planet. This study aimed to explore postgraduate intensive care nursing student experiences of environmental sustainability in clinical practice at intensive care units. Methods: Data were collected using a qualitative questionnaire, and the data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The participants were 24 registered nurses studying postgraduate, specialist intensive care nursing courses at four universities in the south and west regions of Sweden. Results: The results describe critical care students' environmental sustainability experiences in one overarching theme with five subthemes. Intensive care is a challenging context in terms of sustainability, where saving lives is the number one priority. There were good and bad sustainability habits among the staff, and awareness was key to improving. Clinical supplies come in unsustainable packages, and the participants wished for better alternatives and they wanted more knowledge and education on sustainable practices. The findings also emphasized the importance of a holistic perspective throughout each patient's pathway. Conclusions: Sustainability in intensive care units is somewhat unrecognised today, although intensive care nurses want that to change. The context where saving lives is prioritized makes implementing ecologically responsible practices a challenge. However, environmental sustainability in intensive care is feasible, with education needed for nurses to take on the responsibility of making improvements. Hospital management prioritizing sustainability is also important to support clinicians in implementing sustainable practices in intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica is a medicinal herb, well known for its phytochemical activities because of the presence of terpenoids and polyphenols, which contribute to the bioactivity of herb extract that can be effectively utilized in the packaging industry. Biopolymers infused with C. asiatica extract could be a promising solution in the food sector. The antibacterial and antioxidant qualities of C. asiatica can help preserve the quality and lengthen the freshness of food products, thereby preventing food loss. Selection of a suitable extraction method is essential to retain the yield and properties of the bioactive compounds of C. asiatica extract. Many research has been conducted on the separation of C. asiatica by using conventional and novel extraction techniques and its execution in packaging as a functional component. This review provides an overview of the extraction of phytochemicals from C. asiatica and its utilization in biopolymer film as an active component to modify the packaging film characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]