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Although overparenting is a growing phenomenon across the globe, there is a severe lack of longitudinal studies examining the trajectory of overparenting and its effects on early adolescent development, particularly in non‐Western contexts. The study collected three waves of longitudinal data from 1328 early Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong with an interval of 1 year to examine the stability and change of perceived paternal and maternal overparenting and their effects on adolescent psychological wellbeing. The results indicated that perceived paternal and maternal overparenting declined over time. Besides, adolescents reported lower anxiety and depressive symptoms when they perceived a steep decline in maternal overparenting. Adolescent anxiety at earlier time points also predicted a steeper decline in paternal and maternal overparenting trajectories respectively. Furthermore, we identified gender differences in the initial level of paternal overparenting and the trajectory of maternal overparenting, as well as the effects of rates of change of maternal overparenting on adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The findings give support for self‐determination theory and the separation‐individuation model, suggesting that changes of overparenting may hinder adolescents' desires for autonomy and self‐direction, which may increase their psychological morbidity. The study contributes to theoretical development of contemporary Chinese socialization models and provides useful pointers for future studies of overparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective parenting, when enacted in contexts that do not require it, predicts child anxiety. Both child (e.g., temperament) and maternal (e.g., physiology and cognition) factors relate to parenting behavior, supporting family systems theory. In order to better understand the development of environmental risk for child anxiety, the present study applied the integrated social information and emotion processing theory to protective parenting, assessing concurrent relations among child temperament, maternal physiology, maternal cognitions, and protective parenting in toddlerhood. The present study also investigated whether the theory could be applied to longitudinal relations, testing cognition as a mechanism by which maternal physiology and child temperament predict maternal protective parenting over time. Study participants included 189 mothers (89.9% White, 2.1% Hispanic, 32.3% with annual household income ≤$40,000) and children (55.6% male, 81.0% White, 3.7% Hispanic). Results indicated that the theory was partially applicable to both concurrent and prospective mother–child relations implicated in child anxiety development. Namely, child inhibited temperament (IT) related concurrently to maternal beliefs about the harm of child anxiety at child age 1 year, and to maternal protective parenting at child ages 2 and 3 years. Maternal baseline respiratory sinus arrythmia related to protective parenting at child age 3 years. Longitudinally, maternal beliefs at child age 1 year predicted maternal perceptions of child IT at child age 2 years. Maternal beliefs at child age 2 years predicted maternal protective parenting at child age 3 years. Although the mechanistic role of cognition was not supported, child emotion processes and maternal cognitions may uniquely contribute to maternal protective parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) typically emerge during adolescence. Parental bonding has a lasting impact on a child's mental health during those developmentally critical years. There remains uncertainty over whether parental bonding is a risk factor for developing or maintaining specifically EDs or, rather, general psychopathology and the associated underlying brain function. Methods: Forty-one young adult healthy control individuals (HC, 26.6 ± 3.5 years) and 46 individuals with EDs (25 with anorexia nervosa, AN, 22.8 ± 6.4 years, and 21 with bulimia nervosa, BN, 23.5 ± 4.2 years) completed the parental bonding instrument (PBI), assessments for anxiety, depression, and ED behaviors, and underwent a conditioning paradigm during brain imaging. Results: In both groups, perceived parental care and overprotection were correlated with state and trait anxiety and interpersonal alienation, and in HC only, with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Individuals with an ED reported lower self-perceived parental care, but higher overprotection compared to the HC group. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) response was related to bonding measures in both groups and right NAc response mediated the relationship between maternal care and trait anxiety in HC. Conclusions: Perceived parental bonding is associated with general psychopathology, including elevated anxiety and interpersonal difficulties across HC and ED groups. Lower perceived parental care and higher overprotection could predispose healthy individuals to develop problems with body shape or weight; however, other, maybe biological factors may determine whether a person will develop an ED. The link between perceived parental bonding, NAc valence processing and anxiety implicates dopaminergic circuits that should be studied further. Level of Evidence: Level III: Case–control analytic study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the moderating effects of school connectedness on the relationship between overparenting and adolescents' depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as gender differences of those moderating effects. 3034 adolescents participated in the questionnaire, and the results found that both maternal and paternal overparenting could significantly positively predict adolescents' depression, anxiety, and stress, and the predictive effect of maternal overparenting was significantly greater than that of paternal overparenting. Moderating analysis showed that peer support could significantly alleviate the effects of maternal overparenting on depression, anxiety, and stress; school belonging could significantly alleviate the effects of paternal overparenting on depression, anxiety, and stress; yet teacher support could significantly exacerbate the effects of paternal overparenting on depression, anxiety, and stress. Moreover, there were gender differences in the moderating effects of school connectedness. This study enriches research in related fields and has guiding and practical significance for family parenting and school teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relations from helicopter parenting and autonomy-supportive parenting to Turkish emerging adults' psychological adjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress levels), using parental psychological control as a mediating mechanism. The participants included 457 emerging adults aged between 17 and 27 (M = 20.47, SD = 1.90) who filled out a self-report questionnaire on their parents' helicopter parenting, autonomy-supportive parenting, psychological control, and their depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Path analyses were performed to test the hypotheses. The findings displayed that there were indirect links from helicopter parenting and autonomy-supportive parenting to emerging adults' psychological adjustment through parental psychological control in a relatively collectivistic Turkish cultural context. Results indicated that parents who engage in developmentally inappropriate over-involvement in their children's lives may also use psychological control to maintain or strengthen their control over their children. Furthermore, parents' autonomy support may be related to a decrease in their tendency to use psychological control, which in turn results in better psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience, or successful coping with the experience of stressful life events (SLEs), protects against depression, but its operational mechanisms are unclear. Views diverge whether resilience intervenes as a trait or as a process of dynamic interactions of protective factors, such as self-esteem, social support and family cohesion. We evaluated five theoretically-based models of how resilience, defined as either a trait or a process, interacts with recent SLEs, to explain depressive symptomatology in 2434 university students. The moderating effect of problematic, age-inappropriate parenting (i.e., helicopter parenting) was also assessed. SLEs moderated both the effects of trait and process resilience on depression, but models conceptualising resilience as a dynamic process of interacting components showed better explanatory power than models conceptualising resilience solely as a trait. Trait resilience was protective through self-esteem at all levels of SLEs exposure (low, mild, moderate or high), and significantly, but less so through hope or social support. Experiencing helicopter parenting weakened the protective influence of process resilience, through decreasing family cohesion in the presence of SLEs. The overall assessment of the five models supports a process conceptualisation of resilience to depression in the face of adversity. However, the results also suggest that not all protective factors are equally important, with self-esteem appearing a significant and strong mediator of resilience to depression in all models including it as a variable. Building process resilience is proposed as a key intervention target for depressive symptoms. Clinical assessments and interventions following SLEs should routinely consider both trait resilience and self-esteem, as the interaction of these two factors protects against depression even at the highest levels of adversity exposure. Depression prevention approaches should address the individual's experience of overparenting, given the deleterious influence of helicopter parenting on resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The concept of the "helicopter parent" was popularized in the 2000s and 2010s by Western culture, and it has recently begun to be examined by researchers to describe parental over-involvement and intrusive behavior that impedes transition into adulthood. Research has yet to investigate the viability of this construct for adolescents when parenting is needed to facilitate the development of autonomy. The present study examined the psychometric structure of a modified "helicopter parenting" measure adapted for use in a sample with increased likelihood of highly involved parenting: adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Adolescents (n = 333; age 13–18 years; 25% female) and their parents (n = 341, 91% female) completed a survey for a study on provider training in stimulant diversion prevention in 2016 and 2017. We modified a previously validated measure of "helicopter parenting" for young adults. Other previously established parenting measures were included. We conducted principal component analysis for both informants' reports of the modified measure. We examined associations between the components and informants' demographic characteristics and parenting measures to begin to examine convergent and discriminant validity. Results: Two components were identified for adolescent and parent reports and labeled parental Intervention and Day-to-day Monitoring and Planning. These components were differentially associated with demographic characteristics and other measures of parenting. For example, across reporters, parents exhibited less Day-to-Day Monitoring and Planning for older adolescents. Racially/ethnically minoritized parents and male adolescents reported more Intervention parenting. Modest-sized statistically significant associations were found between these indicators of highly involved parenting and the other measures of parenting. Conclusion: Findings provide initial evidence of construct validity. Future work with more heterogeneous samples should examine if this measure captures adaptive parenting, or behaviors that interfere with developing independence, for adolescents with ADHD and neurotypically developing adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications Guided by the theory of emerging adulthood and social cognitive theory, we investigated whether overparenting was associated with romantic relationship quality among emerging adults through relationship efficacy and dependent on parent–child relationship quality.Establishing healthy and lasting intimate relationships is one of the primary developmental tasks during emerging adulthood. Although it is well established that overparenting has negative implications for emerging adults' psychological adjustment, researchers know little about the relationship between overparenting and romantic relationship outcomes during emerging adulthood.This study used data from a sample of college students (N = 378, Mage = 19.91, SD = 1.23) collected at two time points over a 12‐week interval from a large university in a southeast region of the United States. The majority of the participants were female and White.Results from structural equation modeling showed that overparenting was negatively associated with later romantic relationship quality through lower relationship efficacy. The negative association between overparenting and relationship efficacy was stronger for those who reported experiencing better parent–child relationship quality.Our study further highlights the importance of exploring linkages between overparenting and relational functioning among emerging adults and extends the literature by considering the conceptual context of overparenting through the lens of parent–child relationship quality.Practitioners, therapists, and educators in higher education institutions should promote college students' relational well‐being by highlighting the necessity of considering the role of overparenting behavior in treating or counseling college students' romantic relationship difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHIGHLIGHTSThis study contrasts the relationship between helicopter parenting, narcissistic traits, and divergent creativity to the relationship between helicopter parenting, narcissistic traits, and convergent creativity in college students. In this study, 113 college students from 19 to 27 years of age completed surveys measuring helicopter parenting, narcissism, and creativity tasks. Both increased levels of student-reported helicopter parenting and increased levels of narcissism predicted decreased divergent and convergent creativity scores. While the relationship between helicopter parenting and divergent creativity was fully mediated by increased narcissism, helicopter parenting and narcissism independently contributed to differences in convergent creativity. Results suggest that helicopter parenting behaviors may impact different aspects of the creative process, but all in negative ways. Increased helicopter parenting was associated with lower divergent and convergent creativity in undergraduate college students.Increased narcissism was associated with lower divergent and convergent creativity scores.The relationship between self-reported helicopter parenting and divergent creativity was fully mediated by increased narcissism.Narcissism did not mediate the relationship between self-reported helicopter parenting and convergent creativity.Increased helicopter parenting was associated with lower divergent and convergent creativity in undergraduate college students.Increased narcissism was associated with lower divergent and convergent creativity scores.The relationship between self-reported helicopter parenting and divergent creativity was fully mediated by increased narcissism.Narcissism did not mediate the relationship between self-reported helicopter parenting and convergent creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Group-based situations are common settings for cyberbullying, making bystander responses crucial in combating this issue. This study investigated how adolescent bystanders respond to various victims, including family members, friends, teachers, and celebrities. This study also examined how different parenting styles influenced children's cyber bystander involvement. Methods: This study employed data from a cross-sectional school survey covering 1,716 adolescents aged 13–18 years from public and vocational schools in China collected in 2022. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to measure demographic characteristics, cyberbullying experiences, and parental rearing behaviors in predicting bystander reactions. Results: The findings showed that middle school students preferred to "ask for help" while high school students tended to choose "call the police" when witnessing cyberbullying incidents. Bystanders growing up with parental rejection and overprotection, having previous cyberbullying victimization experiences, where the victims were disliked by them, exhibited fewer defensive reactions. Conclusions: This study has implications for future research and practices involving parental involvement in cyber bystander interventions, which could provide implications for future practice in designing specific intervention programs for cyberbullying bystander behavior. Future research and interventions against cyberbullying may provide individualized training including parents' positive parenting skills and parent-child interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed temporal associations between parent–child relationship, parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth, rejection, and overprotection), and adolescents' depressive symptoms after trauma, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to distinguish between- and within-adolescent differences. We surveyed Chinese adolescents 12 (Aug 2018; T1), 21 (May 2019; T2), 27 (Nov 2019; T3) months after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake that occurred in August 2017. Of the 585 adolescents who participated in at least two waves of the study, mean age at T1 was 15.50 years old (SD = 1.58 years) and 57.8% were girls. Controlling adolescents' gender, age, ethnicity, trauma exposure at T1, and parents' marital status, between-adolescent results showed that parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, parent–child relationship and depressive symptoms were correlated across models of parental warmth, rejection, and overprotection, whereas depressive symptoms were only correlated with parental rejection and overprotection. Within-adolescent results indicated that parent–child relationship and adolescents' depressive symptoms had bidirectional associations via the mediation of parental warmth from T1 to T3. Over the longer term following the earthquake, we found that parental rejection was bidirectionally associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, whereas parental overprotection was unidirectionally influenced by adolescents' depressive symptoms from T2 to T3. In addition, more depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with worsening parent–child relationship from T2 to T3. In conclusion, shortly after trauma, interventions should focus on improving parent–child relationship and relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms. Over the longer term after trauma, relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms should be prioritized to avoid its eroding effects on parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, and to break the "vicious cycle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research has demonstrated that college freshmen sometimes experience notable depression, and a significant correlation has been observed between depressive state and helicopter parenting. However, the precise mechanisms through which helicopter parenting influences depression in college freshmen remain unclear. To elucidate these pathways, this study enlisted 931 college freshmen who participated in a comprehensive survey. The survey instruments included questionnaires that assessed helicopter parenting, short video addiction, the fear of missing out (FoMO), and depression. We examined the relationship between helicopter parenting and depression using analytical techniques developed by Hayes (2013). The findings revealed that helicopter parenting is intimately linked to depression among college freshmen. This association manifests not only as a direct correlation, but also as an indirect aggravation of depressive symptoms mediated by short video addiction and FoMO. While helicopter parenting is associated with short video addiction and depression, as well as FoMO, its primary association is with FoMO and depression, rather than with short video addiction. This study enhanced our understanding of the detrimental effects of helicopter parenting, clarified its relationship with depression, and offered valuable guidance for mitigating depressive symptoms in college students affected by helicopter parenting. For college freshmen, maintaining autonomy, reducing reliance on short videos, and adopting a more rational approach to anxiety triggered by missed positive events can be effective strategies for alleviating depression, especially in the context of controlling helicopter parenting. Nevertheless, given the cross-sectional nature of this study, caution is warranted when interpreting the causal relationship between helicopter parenting and depression among college freshmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's first aim was to identify typologies of parenting among emerging adults based on helicopter parenting and parental affection indicators. Our second aim was to determine whether these defined types of parenting related to emerging adults' self-efficacy and grade point average (GPA) across four parent–child gender combinations. We collected data from college students at three universities in the eastern United States (n = 848). Using latent class analysis, five parenting latent classes were identified: Low helicopter parenting (helicopter)-High parental affection (affection), Low helicopter-Low affection, High helicopter-High affection, High helicopter-Low affection, and Mixed helicopter-High affection. Furthermore, we found that children in the Low helicopter-High affection class reported better self-efficacy and GPA than those in the High helicopter-High affection class in the son-report-mother and daughter-report-mother groups. In addition, children in the Low helicopter-High affection class reported better self-efficacy than those in the Low helicopter-Low affection class in the son-report-father and daughter-report-father groups. Consequently, our findings highlight the significance of a multidimensional construct of parenting, focusing on helicopter parenting and parental affection. Our findings also demonstrate that types of parenting and their associations with emerging adults' academic outcomes vary according to parent–child gender contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents of child with cancer often perceive their child as vulnerable and are at risk of overprotecting their child because of the challenges associated with the illness. We examined the relationships of perceived child vulnerability, parental overprotection, and parenting stress among Korean parents of a child with cancer. A sample of 163 parents of a child with cancer completed questionnaires. Perceived child vulnerability was associated with parenting stress. Parental overprotection was associated with parental distress and difficult child, but not dysfunctional parent-child interactions. This study emphasizes the need to consider parenting capacity variables in the context of childhood cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we develop a new scale for measuring helicopter parenting of teenagers in India using a sample of 425 teenage students (aged 13–17 years) in the New Delhi education system. The Minor Teen Helicopter Parenting Scale consists of two validated factors of helicopter parenting we label: Pressure and Intrusion. Both factors demonstrated high validity through factor analysis procedures and high levels of reliability (0.804 and 0.709, respectively). Both pressure and intrusion were associated with academic performance and well-being outcomes. Both factors were an improvement over the Helicopter Parenting Scale (HPS) for this age group. Analysis of the HPS did not yield an acceptable reliability (0.422) for these teenagers under the age of 18. Pressure was more related academic performance and school-related outcomes. Intrusion was more associated with general well-being, self-reported health, and happiness. Results suggest the new measure with two subscales is a more age-appropriate tool for assessing helicopter parenting in parents of children not yet in the college or university life stage. Implications for these findings are discussed and future research is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders represent a prevalent mental health concern, with escalating rates, especially among emerging adults. University students, in particular, face a myriad of academic and life stressors that can amplify feelings of worry and anxiety. While early parental bonding seem to predict anxiety disorders later in life, the applicability to emerging adult students and its applicability to predict sub-clinical and transdiagnostic anxiety features remain unclear. This study aims to examine i) the relationship between demographic variables and key features of anxiety disorders (i.e., worry and anxiety symptoms); and ii) the predictive association between early parental bonding and anxiety-related features. A sample of 370 university students in Italy (n = 279 females; M age = 20.84 years, SD age = 1.81 years) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Females reported higher levels of worry and anxiety compared to males. Significantly higher worry and anxiety symptoms were reported by individuals who experienced affectionless control (low care and high overprotection) as compared to those exposed to optimal parenting (high care and low overprotection). Predictive models indicated that scores of parental care (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal care scores) and parental overprotection (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal overprotection scores) are robust predictors of worry and anxiety symptoms. However, this relationship showed a gender-specific pattern: lower parental care was more significant in predicting anxiety features in males, while high overprotection was more significant in females. The findings contribute to the comprehension of the risk factors influencing the susceptibility of emerging adult students to anxiety disorders.

Helicopter parenting (or overparenting) refers to developmentally inappropriate or intrusive tactics to control a child's behavior. Helicopter parents are usually trying to help their children, but their behavior has been associated with adverse academic, adjustment, and mental health outcomes in older children (i.e., adolescents, young adults), who should be developing more autonomy. The current study examined potential associations between helicopter parenting, attachment security, and academic and mental health outcomes in college students, hypothesizing that higher rates of helicopter parenting would be associated with more insecure attachment with parental figures and closest friends, poorer mental health (i.e., higher rates of depression and/or anxiety), and reduced academic motivation, performance, and self-efficacy. Our sample of 135 college students completed measures of anxiety, depression, and somatization, academic self-efficacy and motivation, perceptions of parental involvement, and dimensions of attachment in multiple relationships (i.e., mother, father, and closest friend). As expected, the bivariate and regression analyses revealed that higher levels of parental involvement (i.e., helicopter parenting) predicted significantly more insecure parental and peer attachment, greater internalizing, and lower effort regulation among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that negative parental rearing styles can negatively predict the acquisition of ego identity, while it has not been discussed whether the overcompetitive attitudes, a stable personality, will further hinder their ego identity development under the model of educational involutionary. The study used the Overcompetitive Attitude Scale, the Brief Parental Rearing Styles Questionnaire, and the Ego Identity Status Scale to investigate 550 young students in a school in Suzhou in order to explore the influence of parental rearing styles on adolescents’ ego identity development and the role of involutional attitudes. The results showed that: (1) Adolescents’ overcompetitive attitude was positively predicted by parental rejection and overprotection, while it was negatively predicted by parental emotional warmth. (2) Parental emotional warmth significantly predicted adolescents’ ego identity status more favorably than parental rejection, overprotection, and overcompetitive attitude. (3) Overcompetitive attitude plays a partial intermediary role between parental rearing style and ego identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how maternal and paternal parental control (helicopter parenting, behavioral control, and psychological control) among college students are related to their depressive symptoms. We collected data from college students who attended a private university in Upstate New York (n = 455) and analyzed it using three-step latent class analysis. Latent class analysis identified four parental control latent classes: weak parental control, strong psychological control, strong helicopter parenting, and strong parental control. College students in the weak parental control class reported lower depressive symptoms than those in strong psychological control and strong parental control classes. In addition, college students in the strong helicopter parenting class reported lower depressive symptoms than those in strong psychological control and strong parental control classes. College students' depressive symptoms were not significantly different between weak parental control and strong helicopter parenting classes. Future researchers are encouraged to continue to acknowledge the characteristics of different forms of parental control and their influence on college students' quality of life in the transition to adulthood, considering the unique approaches of both parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overparenting is an emerging topic in parenting research and has gained increasing attention in media. Most studies have focused on adolescents and young adults in Western countries, while it remains unclear whether overparenting is related to young children's outcomes in non-Western contexts. The present study aimed to examine the mechanism by which overparenting was associated with Chinese young children's social preference. The study surveyed 283 Chinese parents of children aged 36–83 months (mean age = 58.61) to examine parenting practices and child social preference. The results suggested that parents' psychological control and parent–child relationship had serial mediating effects on the relationship between overparenting and young children's social preference in terms of shyness and unsociability. The present study further raised the importance of parenting during early childhood and generated practical implications for parents in China and beyond, encouraging parents to reflect on how their beliefs and practices may influence child outcomes from the early years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety symptoms are common in children with developmental disorders(CDD), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies have indicated that maternal anxiety and overprotective parenting are associated with the anxiety of children with typical development (CTD); the same factors might influence CDD’s anxiety. Methods: The hypothetical model of the influence of maternal factors, adding subscales of Sense of Coherence (SOC), on anxiety symptoms in CDD and CTD was examined. Mothers of CDD (n = 76) and CTD (n = 292) aged 6 to 15 were participants in the survey in Japan. Results: Multi-group path analysis indicated negative paths from SOC subscales to maternal anxiety and positive paths from maternal anxiety and overprotection to child anxiety in both groups. However, there were differences in the associations among maternal anxiety, overprotection, and SOC subscales between CDD and CTD mothers. Limitations: Limitations of this study are the assessment methods and the disproportionate group size. Conclusions: Our results indicated the similarities and differences within the models of maternal factors-based anxiety mechanisms in CTD and CDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global economic and social advancements have reshaped education, a pivotal component of the societal structure. The globalization-induced transformation of education into a market commodity has led to perceiving it as a buyable and sellable product, resulting in shifts in parental roles. The proliferation of private schools has sparked heightened expectations from parents toward their children and educational institutions. This surge in expectations has given rise to the overbearing and perfectionist approach, commonly referred to as 'helicopter parenting,' emerging as a new crisis in the modern world. This excessively intrusive parenting style, stemming from changes in the mindset and daily practices of the new middle class, has become a detrimental factor negatively impacting the social, psychological, and academic development of children. This study delves into the evolving parenting roles, exploring the phenomenon titled 'new generation parenting' as manifested in students' developmental processes. Its aim is to uncover the social causes of the overbearing parenting style and its effects on students. Following the phenomenology design, a qualitative research approach, this study selected 8 participants through criterion sampling. Examining the individual and social reasons behind the helicopter parenting approach, the focus of this research, holds significance in preventing situations that could hinder students' development and alter parental roles in a broader context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental overprotection may have an impact on children's emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs). As pediatric hematologic cancer patients have compromised immune systems, parents of such children often worry excessively, interfering with their daily lives. Therefore, avoiding overprotection is crucial for the overall physical and mental health of pediatric hematologic cancer patients. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the current status of EBPs in pediatric hematologic cancer patients and analyze their associated risk factors. Design: This work was a multicenter cross-sectional observational and correlational study. We collected data anonymously through parental questionnaires from three pediatric hematologic oncology hospitals in China. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Parental Overprotection Measure (POM) scale, and a general information survey designed by the research team were employed to assess children's EBPs, the degree of parental overprotection, as well as basic demographic and disease-related information. Chi-square tests and generalized linear mixedeffects regression analysis were used to analyze the factors influencing EBPs among the pediatric hematologic cancer patients. Setting and participants: Using a convenience sampling method, a total of 202 participants' parents were selected. All participants were invited to complete the questionnaire through one-on-one guidance. Results: Emotional symptoms accounted for the highest proportion of abnormal EBPs in children (27.72%), followed by peer problems (26.24%), prosocial behavior (25.74%), behavioral problems (14.36%), and total difficulties (13.86%). A minority of children had abnormal hyperactivity scores (4.95%). The results of a generalized linear mixed regression analysis showed that age, duration of illness, and parental overprotection were significant factors influencing abnormal EBPs in children (p < 0.05). A POM score threshold of 37 exhibited good sensitivity (74%) and specificity (90%) in predicting abnormal EBPs in children. Conclusion: Pediatric hematologic cancer patients under excessive parental protection are more prone to experiencing EBPs. Healthcare professionals should guide parents to reduce this excessive protection, thus mitigating the occurrence of EBPs in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is one of the most common and prevalent mental disorders, and college students are a high-risk group for depression. Helicopter parenting plays an important role in depression, but the mechanism is still ambiguous. Therefore, this study investigates the specific impact and mechanism of helicopter parenting on college students' depression. Methods: Employing a questionnaire-based approach, we assessed the relationship between helicopter parenting, Physical self-esteem, and depression. The questionnaire comprised three scales: the Helicopter Parenting Scale, Physical Self-Esteem Scale, and Self-Rating Depression Scale. The study sample included 539 university (average age 18.84 ± 1.1 years; 184 males and 355 females). Results: Helicopter parenting demonstrated significant negative predict with physical self-esteem (ß = -0.75, p < 0.001), and positive predict depression (ß = 0.33, p < 0.001). Helicopter parenting impacts depression among college students through two channels: solely via physical self-esteem (mediating effect value: 0.66), and through direct influence (effect value: 0.64). Conclusion: The insights from this study address the two pivotal questions about "why" and "how" helicopter parenting influences depression in college students, offering recommendations for managing depressive moods among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at examining the transactional effects between parental styles and adolescent externalizing problems. The total sample included 868 students, 410 preadolescents (Mage = 10.63, SD = 0.63) attending the last two grades of elementary school and 458 early adolescents (Mage = 12.65, SD = 0.67) attending the first two grades of high school. Participating schools (N = 15) were purposefully selected to be diverse in terms of urban/rural residence of families they serve, as well as their socioeconomic status, and came from three different Districts of Cyprus. In terms of gender, 451 (52.0%) were girls and 410 (47.5%) were boys. The self‐report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used for measuring externalizing problems and the Parental Authority Questionnaire was used for measuring parental style. A short‐term longitudinal design was used, with the data collected at two points in time having 5‐month intervals. By means of a cross‐lagged model, and in contrast to prior studies claiming that certain parental styles influence positively or negatively externalizing problems, the current study found that the opposite effect is true. That is, externalizing problems affected positively authoritarian parenting and negative authoritative style. Also, a multigroup analysis revealed that age/developmental phase moderated these relationships. Specifically, T1 authoritarian parenting seemed to be a risk factor for preadolescents, but not for adolescents. Practitioner Points: Even though both parenting and child effects were found, adolescent externalizing problems were the most important influencing variable.Authoritarian parenting was found to be a risk factor for preadolescents, but not for older adolescents.The externalizing behavior of the adolescent and his or her parents' rearing style reciprocally predicted each other over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to demand for high performance inside and outside of the classroom, student-athletes are a unique subsection of college students. Researchers have focused on investigating protective factors, which may enhance student-athlete well-being and academic success in higher education and reduce athlete burnout. The current study examined grit as a mediator between parenting behaviors and academic success, mental health outcomes, and burnout in higher education among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and Division II student-athletes (N =202). Overparenting behaviors were negatively associated with psychological autonomy granting, mental health outcomes, and athlete burnout. Psychological autonomy granting behaviors were positively associated with grit and negatively associated with mental health outcomes and athlete burnout. Student-athlete grit mediated the relationship between overparenting behaviors and mental health outcomes. Clinical implications include improving student-athlete parent onboarding protocol; student-athlete psychoeducation; and preventative outreach and health promotion among athletes, athletic staff, and university practitioners. In summary, these findings suggest that parenting behaviors and grit are factors that require more attention in fostering student-athlete success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture seems to affect how empathy's development is influenced by parental behaviors. Considering that empathy is a social ability whose development is affected by many environmental and biological factors, differences can be expected in the way fathers and mothers care for and protect their sons and daughters, as social roles are influenced by culture. The objective of this research was to assess to what extent empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection are affected by the offspring's sex. 477 adults participated in the study and three instruments were used: the Brazilian versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Empathy Quotient. Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and moderation analyses were conducted. Maternal and paternal care were related to empathy variables for women in the Brazilian context, whereas the perceived parenting behaviors of care and overprotection did not show significant associations with empathy for male participants. Preliminary analysis also suggests that the offspring's sex influences paternal care expressed through variables such as perspective taking and combined cognitive empathy. This study's outcomes suggest that the way Brazilian parents behave is dependent on their offspring's sex. The main results were discussed in comparison to literature that used distinct cultural samples, especially to the outcomes found in British reports, to identify Brazilian parents' behaviors specificities and their association with the autonomous–relational parenting orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysmorphic concern (DC) is a symptom affecting both clinical and non-clinical populations, with a severe impact on individuals' physical and psychological well-being. While Childhood Trauma (CT) has been identified as a risk factor for DC, there is a lack of research on a specific form of CT, that is, parental overcontrol. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the association between DC and parental overcontrol in a community sample of adults, controlling for other forms of CT and potential confounding variables. 714 adults (508 females; mean age: 30.29 ± 11.67 years; age range: 18–77) participated in an online survey including the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Overcontrol subscale of the Measure Of Parental Style, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF). Parental overcontrol was independently associated with DC symptoms (β = 0.111; p =.005; CI = [0.119;0.666]), even after controlling for other forms of CT and sociodemographic and clinical confounding variables. The cross-sectional design of the study, the unbalanced sex ratio, the retrospective self-reported data about parental overcontrol and CT should be considered. This finding suggests that parental overcontrol may play a role in the development and maintenance of DC symptoms, remarking the urge to take more into account parental overcontrol in the assessment of CT. • We investigated the association between dysmorphic concern and parental overcontrol. • Other forms of childhood trauma and confounding variables were controlled for. • Parental overcontrol was independently associated with dysmorphic concern severity. • Parental overcontrol may play a role in the development/maintenance of dysmorphic concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This four‐wave study examined longitudinal associations between maternal helicopter parenting and college students' educational identity processes over 1 year, as well as the moderating effects of mothers' perceived environmental threats (i.e., uncertainty and competition). Participants were 349 first‐year university students (39.8% male, Mage = 18.20) and their mothers (Mage = 49.10) in Hong Kong. Latent class growth analysis identified two subgroups based on levels of mothers' threat perceptions (i.e., lower vs. higher). Multi‐group random‐intercept cross‐lagged models found that, at the within‐person level, students' reconsideration of educational commitments positively predicted helicopter parenting only for mothers with higher threat perceptions. These findings mainly support youth‐driven effects on overbearing parenting behaviors. Mothers' threat perceptions might exacerbate these excessive responses to youth's academic turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live in times when our culture is obsessed with happiness. The value of almost every aspect of our lives is increasingly judged in terms of their contribution to our happiness. Happiness has become the ultimate goal by which values and priorities are constructed and the only thing for which any action in pursuit of does not require justification. In contrast, sadness is increasingly abnormalized and pathologized. In this paper, an effort is made to counteract the narrative that sadness, a critical aspect of human life is abnormal or a pathological condition. The evolutionary benefits of sadness and its place in human flourishing are discussed. A rebranding of sadness is proposed that emphasizes the free expression of sadness in everyday greetings to remove it from its current negative state and promote many of its benefits including post-traumatic growth and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate (a) the association between overparenting and emerging‐adult children's psychological maladjustment through basic psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and (b) whether the associations, particularly the associations between overparenting and needs satisfaction, vary by cultures. Background: Research in Western countries suggests that overparenting may undermine emerging‐adult children's psychological well‐being. This raises the question of whether overparenting influences emerging adults in a similar way in the collectivistic cultures in Eastern countries where overparenting may be perceived differently. Method: Survey data were obtained from college students in the United States (N = 414, Mage = 20.38) and China (N = 612, Mage = 20.21). Results: Structural equation modeling yielded two major findings. First, largely in line with the view of cultural universalism, in both the United States and China, overparenting was linked to emerging adults' psychological maladjustment through lower basic needs satisfaction. Second, supporting the view of cultural relativism, the negative relations between maternal overparenting and needs satisfaction were stronger in the United States than in China. Conclusion: Overparenting was associated with emerging‐adult children's lower basic needs satisfaction and more well‐being problems; however, the strength of the association between overparenting and needs satisfaction varied across cultures. Implications.: The principle of universalism without uniformity applies to overparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the longitudinal associations among helicopter parenting, self-control, and school burnout over a one-year period in 416 Chinese adolescents (Time 1 Mage= 16.23, SD = 0.77). Perceived maternal helicopter parenting was significantly associated with lower levels of self-control and higher levels of school burnout experienced by adolescents at both time points. After controlling for the autoregressive effect of self-control at Time 1, adolescents' perceptions of maternal helicopter parenting at Time 1 predicted lower levels of self-control at Time 2. Perceived maternal helicopter parenting at Time 1 did not predict school burnout at Time 2 after the autoregressive effect of school burnout at Time 1 was considered. Earlier levels of self-control predicted higher levels of school burnout at Time 2 even after the autoregressive effect of school burnout at Time 1 was considered. By contrast, earlier levels of school burnout of adolescents did not predict self-control ability longitudinally. Taken together, these results support a unidirectional hypothesis that helicopter parenting contributes to school burnout through lowering individuals' competence in self-regulation. Perceived maternal warmth did not moderate the associations between maternal helicopter parenting with self-control and school burnout, which suggests that helicopter parenting may still be maladaptive for academic-related outcomes even it is perceived to be warm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is one of the most common experiences in children, and Hispanic children are at a high risk for developing anxiety symptoms and disorders. Previous research has shown that parental overprotective behaviors increase anxiety in White children, and the findings on the effects of overprotection on Hispanic children are mixed. In Hispanic populations, cultural stressors may also affect families and may be related to increased anxiety in youths; however, the research examining this variable is nonexistent. The present exploratory study examined the relationship of overprotective parenting practices, parental cultural stress, and child anxiety in clinical (n = 22) and community samples (n = 22) of Hispanic families. Overprotective parenting was conceptualized by three types of parenting behaviors, including parental control, parental supervision, and parent separation problems. The findings revealed that Hispanic parents of clinically anxious children endorsed more controlling practices than parents of non-clinically anxious youth. When examining parental correlates of anxiety symptoms in Hispanic youths, parent cultural stress, as well as two parental overprotective practices, specifically parental control and parent separation problems were independent predictors of anxiety symptoms in this population. Clinical interventions with Hispanic parents should emphasize both stress-reduction strategies and supportive parenting techniques to reduce overprotective behaviors, which result in increased anxiety in their children. Highlights: Parental controlling behaviors, a characteristic of overprotective parenting, relates to anxiety symptoms in Hispanic youth. Parents' difficulty separating from their children was also found to relate to anxiety symptoms in Hispanic youth. Parent cultural stress is associated independently of overprotective parenting behaviors with Hispanic youths' anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Overprotective parenting and its impact on child development has gained increasing public attention. This study explored the association between overprotective parenting and behaviour during dental treatments and toothbrushing behaviour of 4 to 11-year-old-children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, caregivers of 4-to-11-year-old children who visited a referral practice for dental treatment in Leiden, The Netherlands, completed a questionnaire about overprotective parenting, using the Parental Overprotection Measure (POM), and children's toothbrushing behaviour. The dentist and dental assistant used the Venham scale to assess children's behaviour during dental treatments. Associations between the POM and the Venham scale and toothbrushing variables, were analysed using multiple ordered logistic regression. Results: The sample included 96 children (mean age: 7.3 ± 2.1 years, 59 boys). Overprotective parenting (higher POM scores) was significantly associated with more disruptive behaviour of children during dental treatments (higher Venham categories) (OR: 1.08 (95% CI 1.04; 1.13)) and lower caregiver self-efficacy regarding toothbrushing (OR 0.96 (95% CI 0.93; 0.99)), after adjustment for confounders. No associations between overprotective parenting and toothbrushing frequency or skipping toothbrushing were found. Conclusions: Overprotective parenting has been associated with children's negative behaviour during dental treatments and lower caregiver self-efficacy regarding toothbrushing in primary school children who are treated in a referral practice for paediatric dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently our understanding of environmental factors that influence the development of dark personality traits (DT) is limited. Therefore, we conducted three studies using online questionnaires, each examining a different aspect of the relation between dark personality traits and family environment. In Study 1, 117 adults (mean age: 30.36 years, SD = 10.19) filled out questionnaires regarding their childhood relationship with siblings and their own DT traits. We found that the amount of conflicts with siblings during adolescence correlated positively with Machiavellianism and psychopathy. The feeling of closeness towards the siblings showed negative correlation with Machiavellianism. Parental partiality towards the other sibling was positively correlated with narcissism. In Study 2, 111 adolescents (mean age: 15.92, SD = 1.24) reported their perceptions of the rearing style of their parents, in addition to their sibling relationships and DT traits. Perceived parental emotional warmth was negatively associated, whereas both rejection and overprotection were positively correlated with psychopathy. Parental warmth was positively, while rejection negatively associated with narcissism. Machiavellianism was positively associated with the amount of conflicts with siblings, but negatively with closeness to siblings. In Study 3, 110 adults (mean age: 32.62 years, SD = 12.25) reported their levels of the Vulnerable Dark Triad that included measures of primary and secondary psychopathy, maladaptive covert narcissism, and borderline personality organization. Results indicated that sibling relation quality had a significant effect on primary psychopathy and borderline traits. Parental rejection and overprotection correlated with borderline traits and vulnerable narcissism. The results of these studies shed some light on how environmental impulses, particularly the quality of relationships between family members, affect the development of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this study is to uncover latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting among American and Chinese college students, and to examine whether latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting are related to college students' mental health (depression and self‐esteem). Background: Previous studies have examined the association between helicopter parenting and college students' well‐being. However, less is known about how the multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting is related to college students' mental health across Western and Eastern cultural contexts. Method: We conducted three‐step latent class analyses using nine helicopter parenting indicators for 1,386 mother–child and 1,214 father–child groups in the United States and 520 mother–child and 454 father–child groups in China. Next, we tested the association between the class membership of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting and college students' mental health. Results: We identified distinct helicopter parenting latent classes among four American and Chinese parent–child groups. We also found that American college students in the strong maternal helicopter parenting latent class reported poorer mental health than those in other latent classes. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting can be interpreted differently by parents and college‐aged children according to their social and cultural contexts. Implications: The findings of this study suggest that it is necessary to strengthen understanding of the multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting for parents with college‐aged children to enable them to develop more appropriate parenting practices as well as support their children's well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between helicopter parenting and academic adjustment with the mediating role of anxiety among students. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptivecorrelational. The study population included all 17,000 students of Shahid Beheshti University in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 335 students were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. To collect data, the Helicopter Parenting Questionnaire (Pistella, ISO, Isolania, Orno and Bioko, 2020), Academic Adjustment Scale (Baker and Cyriac, 1984), and Anxiety Inventory (Beck, 1988) were used. The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling using Smart Plus and SPSS25 software. Results: Findings showed a positive and significant relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety (P<0.01). There was also a significant negative relationship between anxiety and academic adjustment (P <0.01). But there was no direct and significant relationship between helicopter parenting and academic adjustment, but the indirect relationship between them was significant through anxiety. Conclusion: As a result, we can say that although helicopter parenting does not directly affect students 'academic adjustment and performance, it can indirectly affect many aspects of students' lives by creating stress and anxiety. Therefore, educating parents and counselors about the negative and destructive effects of this style of parenting on their children's educational and psychological background through educational workshops and mass media seems necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents and their emerging adult children are highly connected via mobile phones in the digital age. This digital connection has potential implications for the development of autonomy and sustained parent–child relatedness across the course of emerging adulthood. The present study uses the qualitatively coded content of nearly 30,000 U.S. parent–college student text messages, exchanged by 238 college students and their mothers and fathers over the course of 2 weeks, to identify distinct dyadic parent–emerging adult digital interaction styles across dimensions of responsiveness and monitoring. Results reveal that digital interaction styles are largely consistent across age, gender, and parent education as well as reflective (i.e., texting patterns of parents and emerging adults mirror one another), with little evidence of overparenting profiles. Results also show that those college students who are reciprocally disengaged in text messaging with their parents perceive their parents as less digitally supportive. However, no styles were associated with perceived parental pressure to digitally engage. Findings suggest that the mobile phone is likely a valuable tool to maintain connection with few risks for undermining the privacy and autonomy of emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of the Internet has raised concerns about its problematic use, particularly among emerging adults who grew up in a highly digitalized world. Helicopter parenting, characterized by excessive involvement, overcontrol, and developmentally inappropriate behavior, has been identified as a potential factor contributing to problematic Internet use (PIU). Under these circumstances, considering that emerging adults navigate their adult lives and strive to reduce their sense of being in-between, implicit emotion regulation strategies, such as defense mechanisms, may help comprehend PIU. The present questionnaire-based study investigated the associations between maternal and paternal helicopter parenting and PIU through defensive functioning among a community sample of 401 cisgender emerging adults (71.82% females; 82.04% heterosexuals; Mage=24.85, SD=2.52) living in Italy. About one-fourth (25.19%) reported PIU. Greater maternal, B=0.904, SE=0.235, p<.001, but not paternal, B=0.343, SE=0.188, p=.068, helicopter parenting was significantly associated with PIU through a less mature defensive functioning. Conversely, neither maternal, B=1.158, SE=0.722, p=.109, nor paternal, B=0.355, SE=0.731, p=.628, helicopter parenting had a direct association with PIU. The results suggest the importance for psychotherapists to incorporate individuals' defense mechanisms and parent–child relationship history when designing tailored interventions for effective treatment of PIU. This emphasis is crucial because, in the context of a developmentally appropriate parenting style, relying on more mature defenses after psychotherapeutic intervention can lead to healthier adjustment among emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to examine how parental characteristics, such as social anxiety (SA) and parental overprotection, and child's behavioral inhibition (BI) interact and contribute to the manifestation of SA symptoms in preschoolers. Parents (Mothers: n = 319; Fathers: n = 263) of children aged between 3 and 6 years answered to self-report measures of overprotection and SA and measures of SA and BI about their children. A positive moderate direct association was observed between children's BI and children's SA, independently of gender. Overprotection arises as a mediator of the effects of the parents' social anxiety on children's SA; however, this mediation depends both on the child's and parents' gender. Only mother's SA was directly related to children's SA, independently of the gender of the child. Overall, these findings extend to preschool children the previous studies that consider parents' overprotective styles and social anxiety, as well as child's BI, the main variables underlying the SA in childhood. In addition, our results highlight the importance of considering the moderator role of gender in the origin and maintenance of SA symptoms in preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interest in studying the parental embodied mentalizing (PEM), which refers to implicit and non-verbal processes of parental mentalization, is relatively recent. Therefore, little is known about how PEM, in complementarity with the verbal parental mentalization, is associated with maternal characteristics regarding mother-infant interaction contexts. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the associations between the non-verbal and verbal dimensions of parental mentalizationPEM and mind-mindedness, respectively, - in relation to a wide spectrum of parental characteristics in different interactive mother-infant contexts (toys and no toys). Methods: Among a sample of 107 mother-infant dyads at moderate psychosocial risk, mothers’ sociodemographic information (age, education, and income), psychological characteristics (depression and anxiety), cognitions (self-efficacy and perceived maternal impact), and attitudes (overprotection and parental warmth) were assessed via self-report questionnaires when the infant was 4 and 8 months old. The PEM and mind-mindedness were evaluated through observation made during a videorecorded sequence of mother-infant interaction in a context of free play with and without toys at 8 months of age. Results: The results showed distinct associations between PEM and mindmindedness regarding maternal characteristics: PEM was associated with the mother’s age, education, anxiety and maternal warmth, whereas mind-mindedness was related to cognitions. Both were linked to family income. Regarding motherinfant interaction contexts (toys vs. no toys), the results indicate that the capacity to verbally and non-verbally mentalize differs. Discussion: These findings shed light on distinctive associations between non-verbal and verbal parental mentalization in relation to certain maternal characteristics, and highlight that the mother-infant interaction context may play an important role in the expression of maternal mentalizing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Parents' Beliefs About Children's Emotions Questionnaire (PBACE), a self-report questionnaire composed of seven scales: Cost of Positivity, Value of Anger, Manipulation, Control, Parental Knowledge (PN), Autonomy and Stability. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the factorial structure of PBACE (seven independent models corresponding to the seven scales and a seven-factor correlated model were tested), in a sample of 411 parents (83.2% mothers) of children aged 6–13 years old. All the analyzed models, except for the PN scale, presented an adequate fit. Adequate Cronbach's alpha values were found for all the scales, except for the PN and Stability scales. PBACE construct validity was attested by the significant correlations between the PBACE scales and child's temperament, parental neuroticism, parental anxiety, parental overprotection and parental support of child's coping behaviors. No gender differences were found in responses of PBACE scales. Therefore, the Portuguese version of the PBACE proved to be a psychometrically valid measure for assessing different parents' beliefs about children's emotions (positive and negative). However, the use of PN scale is not recommended given its low Cronbach alpha, poor fit to the data and weak or nonsignificant correlations with the remaining subscales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates whether and how parental job insecurity motivates emerging adults' career networking behaviors. Using the framework of ecological system theory, we particularly focus on the sequential mediating role that overparenting behavior and emerging adults' intolerance of uncertainty could play. Methods: We recruit 741 fresh undergraduates (63.2% females) and their parents from the city of Jinan, Province Shandong in China. All of the participants are between the ages of 17 and 20 years. We apply a structural equation model using data obtained from multiple sources (i.e., fathers, mothers, and their children) at two time points to test our research model. Results and Conclusions: The results from the structural equation model support the spillover effect of paternal and maternal job insecurity on overparenting behavior. Overparenting is significantly related to emerging adults' intolerance of uncertainty. In turn, emerging adults' intolerance of uncertainty is positively associated with their career networking behavior. The results also support the indirect effect, which demonstrates that parental job insecurity indirectly leads to emerging adults' career networking behavior via overparenting behavior and emerging adults' intolerance of uncertainty. This study builds on and extends existing research on parental job insecurity and career networking behavior by systematically bringing together the streams of research on youth development and organizational behavior. Specific theoretical implications and limitations are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicopter parenting (HP) has become a common concept in families with young adults. A growing body of literature revealed negative consequences of perceived HP among young adults as its developmentally inappropriate parenting. However, there is still a limitation of an empirical study on the impact of HP on young adults' technology addiction. Accordingly, this study investigated possible relationships between HP, self-control, self-efficacy, and multi-screen addiction (MSA) among Turkish emerging adults. 556 college students (Mage=21.02) from two major universities in Turkey participated in the study. The results showed that mother helicopter parenting (MHP) and father helicopter parenting (FHP) related to MSA and a low level of self-control but not self-esteem. In addition, the results from a mediation analysis indicated that MHP had an indirect effect on MSA through a low level of self-control. The results of the study confirmed the importance of parenting in MSA among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forgiveness, an emotion regulation strategy for overcoming personal distress and healing injuries following interpersonal conflicts, is greatly modulated by parental bonding (e.g. parental care and overprotection) and genetic predispositions. Inspired by the roles of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) gene in empathy and emotion regulation, we examined how parental bonding interacted with the DBH-1021C/T (i.e. a polymorphism accounts for 35–52% of variance in DBH activity) in forgiveness. Results indicated that (1) the score on forgiveness was positively related to parental care, but negatively related to parental overprotection; (2) parental care significantly interacted with the DBH-1021C/T in forgiveness with differential susceptibility model. The TT/CT genotypes were related to lower forgiveness than the CC genotype among individuals with lower parental care, butwere related to higher forgiveness among individuals with optimal parental care. These findings provide a new insight into the gene–environment interaction in the development of forgiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]