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A major portion of the worldwide emissions arise from mobile air-conditioning systems with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant as working substance and which is one of major cause for the greenhouse effect. R134a refrigerant having GWP of 1400 has been extensively used in car air conditioning. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the current R134a refrigerant must be phase out as per Kigali Amendment. The present study deals with cooling load calculation of car model by heat balance method as per ASHRAE standard using local climate condition. Further, thermodynamic analysis of R1234yf as an alternate refrigerant to R134a has been carried out for automobile air conditioning system. The required properties of refrigerants are extracted from Engineering Equation Software. The thermodynamic analysis is carried out to study the effect of operating parameters viz. condensing temperature, evaporating temperature, degree of superheating and degree of subcooling on COP, EDR, exergy efficiency and entropy generation. The previous literature reports mainly focus on separate study of either cooling load calculation or energy analysis or exergy analysis of R1234yf and R134a for automobile air conditioning system, while this paper presents the comprehensive study of new low GWP R1234yf as an alternate refrigerant to R134a in automobile air conditioning system with cooling load calculation including the concept of energy, entropy and exergy analysis. The percentage difference in COP between R134a and R1234yf system varies from 2.44 % to 4.78 % while percentage difference in EDR varies from 6.79 % to 2.87 % when evaporating temperature varied from -10 °C to 10 °C. With 12 °C of superheating at compressor inlet, the COP of R134a is 3.9 whereas COP of R1234yf is 3.75, which makes 3.85 % lower than that of R134a. The R1234yf has 4.78 % lower value of exergy efficiency as compared to that of R134a at evaporating temperature of -10 °C and it is found that maximum exergy destruction takes place in compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Children's burns care in Australasia is performed by paediatric surgeons and by plastic surgeons. The aim was to determine practices regarding the donor site wound (DSW), and to explore any differences by training scheme or nature of unit (paediatric vs. mixed). Methods: Online survey of Australasian burns surgeons. Results: Forty surgeons responded. 23/40 paediatric surgeons, 23/40 worked in a stand‐alone children's burns unit. All used powered dermatomes. Alginates were the most common DSW dressing. Idealised dressings favour patient factors over cost. Plastic, and mixed‐practice, surgeons use a broader range of dermatome settings in children >1 year. Mixed practice surgeons use thicker settings. All surgeons see pain as a common DSW problem. Paediatric surgeons recognise itch as a problem. Conclusions: While there are differences related to training scheme and the mix of patients being treated, there is a broader commonality of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The mainstay for the definitive diagnosis of pancreatic lesions is endoscopic ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). However, there is evidence that EUS-FNA has low sensitivity in the setting of chronic pancreatitis (CP). This single-center retrospective study aimed to compare and analyze the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA for solid pancreatic lesions in the presence and absence of CP, and to further investigate strategies for overcoming the low diagnostic yield in the setting of CP. Methods This study identified patients who underwent EUS-FNA at Sanford USD Medical Center (SD, USA) for a solid pancreatic lesion between July 15, 2011, and November 30, 2017. Data on demographics, clinical features, cross-sectional imaging findings, EUS findings, cytology/ pathology, and clinical follow up were collected. Results The final diagnosis was adenocarcinoma in 156 patients (67%), neuroendocrine tumor in 27 (12%), lymphoma in 6 (3%), metastatic malignancy in 8 (4%), and benign etiologies in 35 (15%). CP was identified in 44/234 (19%) patients. The overall diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for EUS-FNA were 92.9%, 97.1%, 99.5%, 70.8%, and 93.5%, respectively. The sensitivity (80% vs. 95%, P=0.020) and accuracy (86% vs. 95%, P=0.043) were significantly lower in patients with CP compared to those without CP. Conclusion CP can significantly affect the EUS-FNA diagnostic yield of solid pancreatic neoplasms. A high index of clinical suspicion is required in these cases to make a definitive diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 58-year-old male patient with the past medical history of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, reflux esophagitis and in a biopsy it was proven short segment Barrett's esophagus (BE). It discussed the patient's low risk for development of esophageal carcinoma and undergo with Endoscopic Ablation of Barrett's Esophagus.

Background: Paediatric donor site wounds are often complicated by dyspigmentation following a split-thickness skin graft. These easily identifiable scars can potentially never return to normal pigmentation. A Regenerative Epidermal Suspension (RES) has been shown to improve pigmentation in patients with vitiligo, and in adult patients following a burn injury. Very little is known regarding the efficacy of RES for the management of donor site scars in children., Methods and Analysis: A pilot randomised controlled trial of 40 children allocated to two groups (RES or no RES) standard dressing applied to donor site wounds will be conducted. All children aged 16 years or younger requiring a split thickness skin graft will be screened for eligibility. The primary outcome is donor site scar pigmentation 12 months after skin grafting. Secondary outcomes include re-epithelialisation time, pain, itch, dressing application ease, treatment satisfaction, scar thickness and health-related quality of life. Commencing 7 days after the skin graft, the dressing will be changed every 3-5 days until the donor site is ≥ 95% re-epithelialised. Data will be collected at each dressing change and 3, 6 and 12 months post skin graft., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval was confirmed on 11 February 2019 by the study site Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (HREC/18/QCHQ/45807). Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences. This study was prospectively registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (available at https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620000227998.aspx)., Trial Registration Number: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry [Available at https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620000227998.aspx]., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Co-investigators of the study are paediatric burns surgeons (RMK, CAM, BP) treating participants at the study site. However, these surgeons will not have any role in the participant recruitment, allocation to groups. The BBSIP was developed by two of the authors (ZT, RMK) and is used as standard of care at the study site., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background and Objectives: 'Frosties' are deliberate cold skin burns caused by an aerosol device. The aim of this article was to examine our own cohort, and those previously published, to identify the key features of patients presenting with frosties and inform appropriate early clinical interventions., Method: We compared cases in our dataset that occurred between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2017 with those reported in the literature, focusing on seven domains: sex, age at injury, days to presentation, first aid, depth of injury and outcome., Results: The median patient age was 13 years; 70.5% were female. Adequate first aid was not reported in any patient. Where recorded, the median time to presentation to a health service was six days. Where severity of injury was recorded, 13 of 37 cases (35.1%) were full thickness, and 10 patients received a split thickness skin graft. Two subgroups were identified: cluster injuries and psychological distress., Discussion: Cluster injuries occur as the result of a mutual 'test of courage'. Solo injuries may point to underlying psychological distress. Frosties frequently result in significant burn injuries and often require skin grafting. The severity of frosties is underappreciated and, as a consequence, treatment, through first aid or presentation to a health service, is delayed or absent. General practitioners should be familiar with the appearance of frosties in order to identify them in unrelated consultations.