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Background Methods Results Conclusions Childhood maltreatment contributes to a large mental health burden worldwide. Different measures of childhood maltreatment are not equivalent and may capture meaningful differences. In particular, prospective and retrospective measures of maltreatment identify different groups of individuals and are differentially associated with psychopathology. However, the reasons behind these discrepancies have not yet been comprehensively mapped.In this review, we draw on multi‐disciplinary research and present an integrated framework to explain maltreatment measurement disagreement.We identified three interrelated domains. First, methodological issues related to measurement and data collection methods. Second, the role of memory in influencing retrospective reports of maltreatment. Finally, the motivations individuals may have to disclose, withhold, or fabricate information about maltreatment.A greater understanding of maltreatment measurement disagreement may point to new ways to conceptualise and assess maltreatment. Furthermore, it may help uncover mechanisms underlying maltreatment‐related psychopathology and targets for novel interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal studies and clinical trials suggest that maintenance of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic activity may be crucial in coping with stressful conditions, anxiety and mood disorders. Drugs highly efficient in promoting anxiolysis were shown to activate this system, particularly via the α2‐subunit of type A receptors (GABAA α2). Given the high expression of GABAA α2 in the dentate gyrus (DG) sub‐field of the hippocampus, we sought to examine whether manipulation of the α2 subunit in this area will evoke changes in emotional behaviour, memory and learning as well as in synaptic plasticity. We found that knockdown of GABAAα2 receptor specifically in the dorsal DG of rats caused increased anxiety without affecting locomotor activity. Spatial memory and learning in the Morris water maze were also impaired in GABAAα2 receptor knocked down rats, an effect accompanied by alterations in synaptic plasticity, as assessed by long‐term potentiation in the DG. Our findings provide further support to the notion that emotional information processing in the hippocampus may be controlled, at least in part, via the inhibitory GABAA α2 receptor subunit, opening a potential avenue for early interventions from pre‐ puberty into adulthood, as a strategy for controlling anxiety‐related psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses are increasingly demanded to achieve gold-standards of care with fewer resources. Dealing effectively with stress experienced in their daily-work-life is thus crucial. This study is based on the Demands-Resources-and-Individual-Effects (DRIVE) Nurses Model and applied the person-centred approach with a twofold objective: 1. to identify patterns of coping strategies (Problem-Focused; Seek-Advice; Self-Blame; Wishful-Thinking; Escape/Avoidance) adopted by nurses to deal with perceived stress; 2. to explore potential differences in perceived Demands (Effort), Resources (Rewards, Job-Control, Social-Support), and Psychopathological Symptoms (Anxiety, Phobic-Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive, Somatization, Depression, Interpersonal-Sensitivity, Hostility, Psychoticism, Paranoid-Ideation) according to the emerged patterns. Method: This cross-sectional study was reported by using the STROBE Checklist. Overall, 265 nursing professionals completed self-report measures. Non-hierarchical k-means-cluster-analysis was employed to derive patterns of coping. MANOVAs were used to test differences in Demands, Resources, and Psychopathological Symptoms according to the emerged patterns. Results: Three stable and meaningful patterns of coping were identified and labelled as Active/Solution-Oriented, Dysregulated/Emotion-focused, and Passive/Disengaged. Nurses belonging to Dysregulated/Emotion-focused group emerged to be at higher risk (higher effort/psychopathological suffering; lower resources) – followed by Passive/Disengaged group – in comparison with nurses belonging to Active/Solution-Oriented group. Conclusion: Fostering nurses' awareness of their latent coping patterns and supporting active approaches/emotional regulation strategies for stress management should represent a key goal when defining interventions promoting nurses' health within/beyond the healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-occurrence Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated to difficulties in regulating adverse states, elevated functional impairment, deficits in Executive Functions and high risk for psychopathology. Recent studies have shown that ODD is a negative predictor of a positive response to methylphenidate (MPH) treatment for ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents and that patients with a diagnosis of comorbid ADHD and ODD are less likely to respond favorably to pharmacological treatment with MPH. We conducted a naturalistic study to understand the clinical characteristics of drug-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD that influence the response to MPH by measuring the effect on attention. Specifically, we investigated whether a single dose of MPH differently affects the performance of 53 children and adolescents with ADHD with or without ODD comorbidity. In addition, participant characteristics such as symptom severity, functional impairment, and associated behavioral and emotional symptoms at baseline were examined to better understand what aspects affect the response to MPH. We found that a single dose of MPH improved the attention of children and adolescents with ADHD without ODD more than those with comorbid ADHD and ODD, resulting in reduced reaction times. Our findings indicated that children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and ODD and those with ADHD alone did not exhibit differences in measures of attention prior to taking MPH, nor in demographic variables (age, intelligence quotient, gender), clinical characteristics related to symptom severity, and adaptive behaviors. However, we observed differences between the two groups in certain behavioral aspects, including the Dysregulation Profile and disruptive behaviors. Assessing symptoms in combination with the presence of ADHD can be beneficial in determining which individuals would derive the greatest benefits from treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusions An increasing demand for inpatient treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) during and after the Covid‐19 pandemic contrasts with limited capacity and long waiting times. The current pilot study evaluated an outpatient group therapy (GT) as early intervention for adolescents with AN prior to inpatient treatment.Seventeen female adolescents who participated at the GT (intervention group, INT) were compared to 16 adolescents without GT (treatment‐as‐usual, TAU). BMI, eating disorder psychopathology and motivation of change (MoC) were assessed at three timepoints.Comparing pre‐ versus post‐ group participation, we identified a significant increase of MoC and a trend towards a decreased AN‐specific psychopathology. Comparing INT with TAU adolescents, we found a significant lower AN psychopathology at inpatient admission for the INT group and a trend for different BMI courses: While the BMI of the TAU group decreased during waiting time, the INT group did not show a decrease during GT resulting in a higher BMI at admission.Results of the current pilot study suggest positive effects of an early outpatient intervention in a group setting for adolescents with AN prior to inpatient treatment. Further research with larger sample sizes is necessary to validate the current pilot results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Method Results Conclusion Facial expressions are a core aspect of non‐verbal communication. Reduced emotional expressiveness of the face is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, however, quantifying negative symptoms can be clinically challenging and involves a considerable element of rater subjectivity. We used computer vision to investigate if (i) automated assessment of facial expressions captures negative as well as positive and general symptom domains, and (ii) if automated assessments are associated with treatment response in initially antipsychotic‐naïve patients with first‐episode psychosis.We included 46 patients (mean age 25.4 (6.1); 65.2% males). Psychopathology was assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks of monotherapy with amisulpride using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Baseline interview videos were recorded. Seventeen facial action units (AUs), that is, activation of muscles, from the Facial Action Coding System were extracted using OpenFace 2.0. A correlation matrix was calculated for each patient. Facial expressions were identified using spectral clustering at group‐level. Associations between facial expressions and psychopathology were investigated using multiple linear regression.Three clusters of facial expressions were identified related to different locations of the face. Cluster 1 was associated with positive and general symptoms at baseline, Cluster 2 was associated with all symptom domains, showing the strongest association with the negative domain, and Cluster 3 was only associated with general symptoms. Cluster 1 was significantly associated with the clinically rated improvement in positive and general symptoms after treatment, and Cluster 2 was significantly associated with clinical improvement in all domains.Using automated computer vision of facial expressions during PANSS interviews did not only capture negative symptoms but also combinations of the three overall domains of psychopathology. Moreover, automated assessments of facial expressions at baseline were associated with initial antipsychotic treatment response. The findings underscore the clinical relevance of facial expressions and motivate further investigations of computer vision in clinical psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE), a rare immune-mediated disorder, manifests as altered mental state, cognitive and psychological dysfunction, seizures, and myoclonus. Little is known, however, about the neuropsychological profiles of individuals with HE due to the sparse amount of research. This report overviews HE, summarizes findings from available published neuropsychological evaluations, and details neuropsychological examinations of a 57-year-old White woman with a confirmed HE diagnosis evidencing persistent neuropsychological impairment at two discrete timepoints. Method: An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar for studies including neuropsychological evaluations of HE cases. Our neuropsychological evaluation included chart review, diagnostic clinical interview, performance-based neurocognitive assessment, and measures of personality and psychopathology. Results: Our assessment revealed a largely subcortical pattern of neurocognitive impairment and impactful neuropsychiatric symptoms that, together, significantly impacted the patient’s quality of life and functional status. The patient’s performance improved during a six-month re-evaluation within the domains of cognition, psychological functioning, and functional independence. Conclusions: This article highlights the complexity and possible long-term sequela of HE. Complex medical history (including autoimmune disorders) and psychiatric presentation at onset may be factors related to longer-term cognitive dysfunction. Neuropsychology and psychology can serve important and unique roles in assessing long-term functioning and response to treatment in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children of parents with a mental illness (COPMI) have multiple psychological and developmental risks, including an increased lifetime risk of developing a mental illness themselves. Emotion regulation (ER) has been identified as a potential underlying mechanism of the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. This study compares ER strategies in parents with and without a mental illness and their children. Further, it aims to examine the relationship between parents and children's psychopathology with a focus on the role of parental and child ER. Methods: Participants were 96 COPMI (77% female) and 99 children of parents without mental illness (COPWMI, 83% female) aged 4–16 years and their parents. Psychopathology and ER strategies of parents and children were assessed with a series of questionnaires. Results: Both COPMI and their parents showed significantly more psychopathology and more maladaptive and adaptive ER strategies in comparison with COPWMI and their parents. Parent and child adaptive ER strategies mediated the relationship between the psychopathology of parents and children only when child maladaptive ER strategies were low. Conclusions : The findings further our understanding of the processes by which parental psychopathology affects child outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing preventive programs that specifically target the reduction of maladaptive ER in children to interrupt the transgenerational transmission of psychopathological symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsExperiential avoidance (EA) may serve as a risk factor for a wide range of anxiety-related psychopathology. Anxiety is thought to trigger the use of EA, while also serving as a consequence of EA efforts. Previous ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies found that EA was associated with greater anxiety in nonclinical undergraduates and patients with social anxiety disorder.The present study examined the in-the-moment, bidirectional relationship between EA, perceived stress, and two facets of anxiety (autonomic arousal and worry/misery) in a sample of treatment-seeking patients broadly diagnosed with an anxiety-related disorder (N = 46). Participants completed a baseline assessment followed by an EMA assessment period (assessments three times daily for seven days). We hypothesized that there would be a bidirectional relationship between EA and anxiety/stress.Results largely supported a unidirectional relationship such that greater EA at one time point predicted higher stress at a later time point controlling for previous stress levels and linear time. Trend-level associations between EA and anxiety symptoms are discussed.The current study provides important insight into the relationship between EA and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of participants with anxiety-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With about 1200 individuals murdered, the massacre of October 7th was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in modern history. The mental health consequences of terrorist attacks have been documented. However, little is known of the impact of the potentially morally injurious experience (PMIE) of betrayal––in which individuals feel betrayed by leaders they once trusted––on levels of psychological burden in the aftermath of such an attack. In this national prospective cohort study, we examined to what extent the PMIE of betrayal exacerbates the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in the wake of the October 7th terrorist attack. A representative sample of 710 Israeli adults (362 female, 51.1%), Jews (557, 79.9%) and Arabs (153, 20.1%), aged 18–85 (M = 41.01, SD = 13.72) completed validated self-report questionnaires assessing PTSD, depression, and PMIE-betrayal at two timepoints: T1, in August 2023 (6–7 weeks before the attack) and T2, in November 2023 (5–6 weeks after the attack). In two hierarchical logistic regressions, we found that experience of PMIE-betrayal predicted diagnoses of both PTSD (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.26–2.92) and depression (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.37–3.01) at T2, beyond probable PTSD/depression at T1 and demographic and trauma-related variables. Moreover, in two repeated-measure analyses predicting PTSD/depression symptoms, we found significant interactions between PTSD/depression trajectories and PMIE-betrayal, meaning that the increase of PTSD/depression symptoms was significantly higher among participants experiencing betrayal in the context of the attack. Our study highlights the impact of PMIE of betrayal on the dramatic increase in psychopathology following the October 7th terror attack on Israel's population. Clinicians treating individuals coping with PTSD and depression should attend to their patients' possible exposure to betrayal following the attack. Moreover, national leaders and policymakers should take significant steps to repair the public's betrayal experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of linked adopted children, adoptive and birth parents (N = 561), and biological siblings residing in the birth parent home (N = 191), we examined the role of genetics within family stress processes. We tested parental hostility (7 years) as a mediator of the associations between socioeconomic strain and rearing parent psychopathology (4 years) and adolescent externalizing behaviors (11 years) in adoptive and biological parent homes. Next, we examined parent social support (4 years) as a moderator of paths from socioeconomic strain and parent psychopathology to parental hostility. Parental hostility significantly mediated effects of socioeconomic strain and parent psychopathology on adolescent externalizing behaviors in biological and adoptive parent homes, respectively. Equivalence testing of the paths to adolescent externalizing behaviors across family types indicated a negligible role of passive gene–environment correlation. Parent social support significantly attenuated the effect of parent psychopathology on parental hostility in biological families. Birth parent externalizing behaviors were not significantly associated with adoptee externalizing behaviors nor adoptive parent hostility, suggesting negligible heritable risk or evocative gene–environment processes. Full‐ and half‐sibling correlations indicated that children's unique rearing contexts contributed to the parenting they received and the externalizing behavior they exhibited. Implications for intervention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of psychological trauma implies a causal relation between the traumatic event and subsequent psychopathology. Difficulties in defining the characteristics of causal agent and establishing its firm correlation with signs and symptoms of disorder stem from the paradoxes embedded in the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which ignores unconscious dynamics of posttraumatic states. In this article, we argue that the impact of extreme traumatization on personality can be made observable through analysis of unconscious mechanisms, processes and structures, such as capacity for symbolization/mentalization, representation and meaning making as well as thinking and intersubjective transformation. The article focuses on the theoretical background for creating a multifactorial, complex and biopsychosocial model of psychopathology of posttraumatic states and does not focus on treatment and psychosocial interventions directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex mental health condition marked by instability in mood, relationships, self-image, and behavior. Individuals with BPD often struggle with intense emotions, impulsivity, and maintaining stable relationships. Oxytocin, known as the "love hormone" or "bonding hormone," plays a crucial role in social bonding, trust, empathy, and emotional regulation and its dysregulation may contribute to BPD difficulties. This systematic review aims to analyze existing literature, examining the intricate interplay and encouraging future research and treatment strategies. Methods: A systematic search of Literature in PubMed, Embase and Psychinfo, without any language or time restriction, was performed until March 2024 combining thesaurus and free-search indexing terms related to "borderline personality disorder" and "oxytocin", producing 310 results (77 in PubMed, 166 in Embase and 67 in Psychinfo). Ninety-four full texts were analyzed, and 70 articles were included in qualitative analysis. Results: Oxytocin may influence attachment styles, parental behaviors, and stress responses, particularly in individuals with a history of childhood trauma. The interaction between oxytocin, genetics, early life experiences, and environmental factors contributes to the complexity of BPD. Genetic variations in the oxytocin receptor gene may influence social and emotional abilities and contribute to the development of psychopathology. Additionally, early adverse experiences, such as childhood maltreatment, can alter oxytocin functioning, impacting social cognition and emotional regulation. However, oxytocin's role in BPD treatment remains uncertain, with some studies suggesting potential benefits for specific symptoms like social threat avoidance, while others indicate adverse effects on nonverbal behavior and mentalizing. Conclusion: Understanding oxytocin's role in BPD offers insights into potential therapeutic interventions. While oxytocin-based treatments may hold promise for addressing specific symptoms, further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between food insecurity (FI) and eating disorder psychopathology in a large sample of rural Chinese adolescents. Methods: Analyses included 1654 adolescents (55.4% girls; Mage = 16.54 years, SD = 1.45) from a rural high school in southwestern China. FI, eating disorder psychopathology, and psychological distress (i.e., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) were assessed. Data were analyzed by sex. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the zero‐order association between FI and eating disorder psychopathology. Hierarchical linear regressions were used to explore whether FI could explain meaningful variance in eating disorder psychopathology beyond psychological distress and demographic covariates (e.g., socioeconomic status). Results: FI was significantly associated with higher eating disorder psychopathology for boys (r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and girls (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), with medium‐to‐large effect sizes. FI accounted for significant unique variance in eating disorder psychopathology beyond psychological distress and demographic covariates for boys (ΔR2 = 0.14, p < 0.001) and girls (ΔR2 = 0.10, p < 0.001). Discussion: Using a large sample of rural Chinese adolescents, this study extends the connection between FI and eating disorder pathology in adolescents beyond the Western context. Future investigations on the mechanisms underlying FI and eating disorder psychopathology are warranted for developing prevention strategies for eating disorders among rural Chinese adolescents. Public Significance: This is the first investigation that examined the link between FI and eating disorder psychopathology among rural Chinese adolescents. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating FI as a potential risk factor to screen for the prevention and intervention of eating disorders among rural Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare treatment trajectories in anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN. Method: Adolescents and adults with AN (n = 319) or atypical AN (n = 67) in a partial hospitalization program (PHP) completed diagnostic interviews and self‐report questionnaires measuring eating disorder (ED), depression, and anxiety symptoms throughout treatment. Results: Premorbid weight loss did not differ between diagnoses. Individuals with atypical AN had more comorbid diagnoses, but groups did not differ on specific diagnoses. ED psychopathology and comorbid symptoms of depression/anxiety did not differ at admission between groups nor did rate of change in ED psychopathology and comorbid symptoms of depression/anxiety from admission to 1‐month. From admission to discharge, individuals with atypical AN had a faster reduction in ED psychopathology and comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety (ps < 0.05; rs = 0.01–0.32); however, there were no group differences in ED psychopathology or depression symptoms at discharge (ps>.50; ds =.01–.30). Individuals with atypical AN had lower anxiety at discharge compared to individuals with AN (p = 0.05; d =.4). Length of stay did not differ between groups (p = 0.11; d =.21). Discussion: Groups had similar ED treatment trajectories, suggesting more similarities than differences. PHP may also be effective for AAN. Public Significance: This study supports previous research that individuals with AN and atypical AN have more similarities than differences. Results from this study indicate that individuals with AN and atypical AN have similar treatment outcomes for both ED psychopathology and depressive symptoms; however, individuals with atypical AN have lower anxiety symptoms at discharge compared to individuals with AN. AN and atypical AN also have more symptom similarity at admission and throughout treatment, which challenges their current designation as distinct disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) meta‐analysis revealed that disordered eating was robustly and consistently associated with greater self‐criticism and lower self‐compassion across samples. It is well known that even evidence‐based treatments for eating disorders (EDs) do not produce long‐lasting effects for many patients. Additionally, it is unclear whether existing "mainstream" evidence‐based ED treatments effectively reduce shame and self‐criticism and increase self‐compassion, even when they intend to do so. In this commentary, we assert that Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) findings should inform the integration of self‐compassion interventions within ED treatment. We argue that shame, a related but distinct construct, should be strongly considered as a primary intervention target in ED interventions that seek to reduce self‐criticism and increase self‐compassion. We hypothesize that directly addressing shame and bolstering self‐compassion at the start of ED treatment may foster higher engagement and more durable effects. We introduce the potential for adjunctive self‐compassion interventions to reduce shame and self‐criticism, and enhance self‐compassion, alongside or within existing ED treatments. Because self‐criticism and shame are shared correlates of EDs and commonly co‐occurring psychopathology, we contend with the possibility that self‐compassion interventions may produce transdiagnostic effects. Shame, self‐criticism, and self‐compassion are important intervention targets to explore in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the integration of parental psychopathologies into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) care, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that considers the family unit. Topics discussed include the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors, the impact of various parental mental health issues such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and the broader social and environmental challenges affecting families dealing with ASD.

Karl Jaspers' assertion of the un-understandability of schizophrenic psychosis, which rests on a division between what is psychologically understandable and what must be explained via natural causation, has faced numerous challenges from within phenomenological psychopathology. But despite significant developments in the phenomenology of schizophrenia, I suggest that this dichotomy, between psychological understandability and naturalistic explanation, is still present in some phenomenological research on schizophrenia today, even in work that explicitly critiques the limitations of empathic understanding and the purported incomprehensibility of schizophrenic delusions. Other theories of subjectivity, particularly those in the Lacanian tradition, offer one way to recognize the impossibility of understanding without turning to naturalistic explanation. These theories may encourage us to better integrate other key insights in phenomenology, most clearly articulated in the work of Merleau-Ponty, that look beyond "conscious" awareness—those that allow for a renewed appreciation of the un-understandable in schizophrenia, and indeed in all human experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical psychology is characterized by persistent disagreement about fundamental aspects of the discipline ranging from what mental disorders are to what constitutes effective treatment. Attempts to address the problem of epistemic disagreement have been frequently based on establishing the correct answer by fiat without identifying and addressing the sources of the disagreement. We argue that this strategy has not worked very well and the result is frequently ongoing and intractable disagreement, with each side in an argument convinced they are correct. In this paper, we outline an epistemic disagreement procedural model intended to assist researchers and clinicians in the field of clinical psychology to identify, explore, and develop inquiry strategies that capitalize on situations where competing knowledge claims are made. The result is a flexible conceptual framework committed to a defensible epistemic pluralism, fallibilism, and contextualism, across the various research tasks constituting the field of clinical psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by developmental models examining the legacy of childhood caregiving environments, we examined the longitudinal pattern of associations between harsh parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms across late childhood to late adolescence. Participants included 199 youth (48.7% female, 65.3% White, 32.2% Black, 2.5% biracial) and their mothers and fathers from a diverse range of socioeconomic backgrounds. The study utilized a multi-informant, longitudinal design including five waves of data (youths' mean ages were 9, 10, 11, 17, and 18 across waves). Harsh parenting at Age 9 predicted higher levels of (a) externalizing symptoms at Ages 11, 17, and 18 and (b) internalizing symptoms at Ages 17 and 18. Developmental sensitivity analyses revealed that the magnitude of the more distal association between early harsh parenting and later internalizing and externalizing symptoms was statistically stronger as compared to more proximal associations. Bidirectional analyses revealed that externalizing symptoms at Age 9 predicted harsh parenting at Ages 9, 10, 11, 17, and 18. Whereas links between harsh parenting and internalizing symptoms were consistent with a sleeper effects model, links between harsh parenting and externalizing symptoms provided some support for both enduring and sleeper effects models. Findings inform an understanding of youth developmental sensitivity to harsh parenting and the downstream consequences of harsh parenting. Results have important translational implications, including testing the long-term efficacy of therapeutic programs. Public Significance Statement: This study examined the downstream consequences of harsh parenting in late childhood on youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms from late childhood to late adolescence. Harsh parenting at Age 9 predicted externalizing symptoms across late childhood and late adolescence (i.e., Ages 11, 17, and 18) and internalizing symptoms in late adolescence (i.e., Ages 17 and 18). Findings suggest that the effect of harsh parenting significantly strengthened in magnitude across late childhood to late adolescence. Findings underscore the value in testing the long-term effects of parenting interventions on adolescent behavioral and psychological difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reevaluated HiTOP's existing factor analytic evidence-base for a Psychosis (P) superspectrum as encompassing two psychosis-relevant subfactors ("spectra")—Thought Disorder (TD) and Detachment (D). We found that their data did not support P as a superspectrum with TD and D subfactors. Instead, TD contained both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis and emerged at the subfactor level. D did not target negative symptoms but, largely, disorders unrelated to psychosis and should not be placed under P. Determining if P is truly a superspectrum with psychosis TD and D subfactors will require factor analyses whose items are symptom-based and span the full range of psychopathology. Secondly, HiTOP authors state that TD and D provide a "nearly 2-fold" improvement in reliability over schizophrenia diagnoses but, after aligning the comparative study methodologies, this 2-fold improvement disappears. Finally, HiTOP's use of the term thought disorder is inconsistent with the ICD-11 and psychosis literature, in which it refers to formal thought disorder. We recommend that HiTOP (a) refer to P as a subfactor with positive and negative symptoms of psychosis until research indicates otherwise, (b) regularly rely on formal systematic reviews, (c) use appropriate reliability comparisons, (d) deconflate D with negative symptoms, and (e) rename TD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia continues its resistance to the pathogenetic understanding. We believe that one of the reasons is an oblivion of schizophrenia's characteristic Gestalt expressive of its psychopathological structure. In this article we argue for a crucial role of disorders of selfhood in the constitution of this Gestalt. First, we present a phenomenological account of the self. This is followed by an exposition of basic complaints in schizophrenia which are reflective of a disordered selfhood and which often date back to childhood. We then present characteristic features of the schizophrenic psychosis with its phenomenon of "double bookkeeping". Hallucinations, delusions and double bookkeeping are all associated with the instability of the self. Finally, we briefly address characteristic aspects of the encounter with a schizophrenia patient and argue that self-disorders play an important diagnostic role. We conclude by emphasizing the role of phenomenology in psychiatric research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) is frequent but evidence-based guidelines on reducing APP to antipsychotic monotherapy (APM) are sparse. We aimed to systematically review clinical interventions randomizing patients to reducing APP to APM versus continuing APP. Systematic literature review searching Medline and Embase (latest search January 10, 2024) for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) studying interventions comparing individuals randomized to reduction of APP to APM with individuals continuing on APP. Two independent reviewers performed the literature screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment (RoB2). We performed random effects meta-analyses on the main outcome all-cause discontinuation/"acceptability" of the treatment strategy and secondary outcomes change in psychopathology, functional level, and side effects. The search identified 4672 hits, whereof 8 trials (N = 1204, 6 patient-level RCTs and 2 cluster-RCTs) were included, primarily in patients with schizophrenia. All trials were associated with high risk of bias. Compared to APP continuation, reduction to APM was associated with no significant change in all-cause discontinuation (studies = 6, n = 455, RR = 1.48, 95%CI = 0.74–2.95, I2 = 78 %) or inefficacy-related discontinuation (studies = 5, n = 351, RR = 1.60, 95%CI = 0.46–5.55, I2 = 70 %). Patients randomized to APM showed a trend towards greater reduction in psychopathology (studies = 5, n = 244, SMD = -0.24, 95%CI = -0.49, 0.02, I2 = 0 %) but no difference in functional level nor side effects. The cluster-RCTs found that interventions at the departmental level can result in lower rates of APP. Although switching patients from APP to APM can be a viable approach, too few RCTs exist on this important topic. Clinicians need to evaluate potential benefits and risks of APP and APM on an individual basis. CRD42022329955. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined three empirically-derived childhood adversity dimensions as predictors of social, psychological, and symptom outcomes across three prospective assessments of a young adult sample. Participants were assessed five times over eight years with semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The analyses used the dimensions underlying multiple subscales from well-established childhood adversity measures administered at the first two assessment waves (described in a previous report). Outcome data pertain to the last three assessment waves, with sample sizes ranging from 89 to 169. As hypothesized, the childhood adversity dimensions demonstrated overlapping and differential longitudinal associations with the outcomes. Deprivation predicted the negative (deficit-like) dimension of psychosis, while Threat and Intrafamilial Adversity predicted the positive (psychotic-like) dimension. Depression and anxiety symptoms were predicted by different childhood adversity dimensions over time. Furthermore, Threat predicted a smaller and less diverse social network, Intrafamilial Adversity predicted anxious attachment, and Deprivation predicted a smaller social network, anxious and avoidant attachment, perceived social support, and loneliness. The three adversity dimensions combined accounted for moderate to large proportions of variance in several outcomes. These results extend prior work by identifying associations of three meaningful dimensions of childhood adversity with different risk profiles across psychological, social, and psychopathological domains. The findings enhance our understanding of the impact of childhood adversity across young adulthood. • We examined how adversity dimensions relate to psycho-social and symptom outcomes • Outcome data were collected across three prospective assessments • The dimensions had overlapping and differential longitudinal links with the outcomes • A degree of specificity was found in the prediction of psychosis symptom domains • Findings extend prior work on the utility of empirically-derived adversity dimensions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective biomarkers have been a critical challenge for the field of psychiatry, where diagnostic, prognostic, and theranostic assessments are still based on subjective narratives. Psychopathology operates with idiographic knowledge and subjective evaluations incorporated into clinical assessment inventories, but is considered to be a medical discipline and, as such, uses medical intervention methods (e.g., pharmacological, ECT; rTMS; tDCS) and, therefore, is supposed to operate with the language and methods of nomothetic networks. The idiographic assessments are provisionally "quantified" into "structured clinical scales" to in some way resemble nomothetic measures. Instead of fostering data merging and integration, this approach further encapsulates the clinical psychiatric methods, as all other biological tests (molecular, neuroimaging) are performed separately, only after the clinical assessment has provided diagnosis. Translational cross-validation of clinical assessment instruments and fMRI is an attempt to address the gap. The aim of this approach is to investigate whether there exist common and specific neural circuits, which underpin differential item responses to clinical self-rating scales during fMRI sessions in patients suffering from the two main spectra of mental disorders: schizophrenia and major depression. The current status of this research program and future implications to promote the development of psychiatry as a medical discipline are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal experiences of time (ATEs) are an established object of research in phenomenological psychopathology. Objective: The purpose of this study was the first validation of the Transdiagnostic Assessment of Temporal Experience (TATE), a structured phenomenological interview concerning ATEs in individuals with diverse mental health conditions, and its adaptation for the Polish language. Methods: The research employed a mixed-method approach and consisted of several phases including (1) consensual translation; (2) construct and content validation by an expert panel; (3) direct feedback from patients with lived experiences of alcohol addiction, borderline personality, autism, and clinical depression; (4) an auditorium questionnaire with 98 respondents without mental health issues, who were both interviewed and gave qualitative feedback; and (5) a final expert panel and approval. Results: Following multiple stages of modification, the final TATE demonstrates strong internal consistency and validity (Cronbach's α = 0.9), with strong correlations between the frequency, intensity, and impairment of various forms of ATEs as well as their rare occurrence among healthy participants. Conclusions: TATE represents a multidimensional and structured quantitative phenomenological approach to temporal experience for psychiatry and clinical psychology. This article presents the validated version of TATE for Polish alongside updated administration guidelines. It is now the state-of-the-art TATE that may be further adapted to other languages, including English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of post‐migration living difficulties (PMLDs) and quality of life (QoL) on the mental health of 55 young refugees who arrived in Germany either accompanied or unaccompanied. The results reveal that nearly 62% of the participants exhibited clinically significant symptoms of depression or post‐traumatic stress disorder. Regression analyses indicate that psychopathology was associated with being unaccompanied and experiencing lower QoL, while QoL was associated with higher economic status and lower PMLDs. Mediation analysis further demonstrates that higher economic status and reduced PMLDs were associated with higher QoL, which, in turn, correlated with lower levels of psychopathology. These findings emphasise the importance of considering PMLDs and QoL, as well as economic status and being accompanied/unaccompanied, in the assessment and treatment of young refugees in the host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol, the most consumed drug in the United States, is associated with various psychological disorders and abnormal personality traits. Despite extensive research on adolescent alcohol consumption, the impact of early alcohol sipping patterns on changes in personality and mental health over time remains unclear. There is also limited information on the latent trajectory of early alcohol sipping, beginning as young as 9–10 years old. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is crucial for cognitive control and response inhibition. However, the role of the dACC remains unclear in the relationship between early alcohol sipping and mental health outcomes and personality traits over time. Methods: Utilizing the large data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (N = 11,686, 52% males, 52% white, mean [SD] age 119 [7.5] months, 9807 unique families, 22 sites), we aim to comprehensively examine the longitudinal impact of early alcohol sipping patterns on psychopathological measures and personality traits in adolescents, filling crucial gaps in the literature. Results: We identified three latent alcohol sipping groups, each demonstrating distinct personality traits and depression score trajectories. Bilateral dACC activation during the stop‐signal task moderated the effect of early alcohol sipping on personality and depression over time. Additionally, bidirectional effects were observed between alcohol sipping and personality traits. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the impact of early alcohol consumption on adolescent development. The key finding of our analysis is that poor response inhibition at baseline, along with increased alcohol sipping behaviors may accelerate the changes in personality traits and depression scores over time as individuals transition from childhood into adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forgetting is often viewed as a human frailty. However, over the years, it has been considered an adaptive process that allows people to avoid retrieval of undesirable memories, preventing them from suffering and discomfort. Evidence shows that the ability to suppress memories is affected by several psychopathological conditions characterized by persistent unwanted thoughts, including anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. Nevertheless, memory suppression (MS) mechanisms in addiction—a clinical condition characterized by recurrent drug‐related thoughts that contribute to repeated drug use—have received little attention so far. Addiction theories reveal that drugs change behavior by working on memory systems, particularly on declarative memory, which is related to the retrieval and encoding of drug‐related memories. In this review, the main behavioral and neurofunctional findings concerning the Think/No‐Think task—an adaptation of the classical Go/No‐Go tasks typically used to evaluate the suppression of motor response—are presented. We then show how the memory system can be involved in the craving or anticipation/preoccupation stage of the addiction cycle. Subsequently, the study of MS in the context of addictive behaviors is highlighted as a promising approach for gaining knowledge about the mechanisms contributing to the continuation of addiction. Finally, we discuss how interventions aiming to strengthen this ability could impact the anticipation/preoccupation stage by (i) reducing the accessibility of drug‐related memories, (ii) decreasing craving and attention toward drug‐related stimuli, and (iii) improving overall inhibition abilities. In conclusion, this review aims to illustrate how the study of MS may be a valuable approach to enhance our understanding of substance use disorders by unveiling the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms involved, which could have important implications for addiction treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality disorder (PD) is particularly common in adolescents, which underscores the significance of early screening, diagnosis, and intervention. To date, the definition of PD in the new ICD-11 has not yet been investigated in adolescents. This study therefore aimed to investigate the unidimensionality and criterion validity of self-reported ICD-11 PD features in Peruvian adolescents using the Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) scale. A total of 1,073 students (63% female; age range 12-16 years) were administered the PDS-ICD-11 scale along with criterion measures of personality pathology and symptom distress. The PDS-ICD-11 score showed adequate unidimensionality and conceptually meaningful associations with external criterion variables. The findings indicate that ICD-11 PD features, as measured with the PDS-ICD-11 scale, are structurally and conceptually sound when employed with adolescents. Norm-based cutoffs derived from the present study may be used for clinical interpretation. The PDS-ICD-11 may be employed as an efficient screening tool for personality dysfunction in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the shift to the dimensional model of personality pathology, the need for measures assessing personality functioning in adolescence has emerged. The Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire 12-18 (LoPF-Q 12-18) was developed specifically for adolescents, tailoring the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders in the DSM-5. Using the Lithuanian LoPF-Q 1218, we further investigate its validity by reexamining its factorial structure and extending convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity analyses. A total of 1,048 community-based and clinically referred 12-18-year-old adolescents completed the LoPF-Q 12-18 along with other self-report measures of personality pathology, psychopathological symptoms, and psychosocial functioning. In line with previous findings, the results supported the bifactor model consisting of a strong general factor and little multidimensionality caused by the group factors, overall suggesting an essentially unidimensional structure. Further analyses provided additional information on the construct validity of the LoPF-Q 12-18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality pathology is associated with emotional problems that are potentially attributable to problematic emotion regulation strategy patterns. We evaluated the emotion regulation strategies associated with the pathological personality traits in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). A total of 504 participants completed measures of AMPD traits and strategy usage, which were analyzed using hierarchical regressions and latent profile analysis (LPA). Regression results demonstrated that each trait was associated with a unique strategy pattern: negative affect with emotional overengagement, detachment with socialemotional avoidance, antagonism with emotional externalization/avoidance, disinhibition with emotional avoidance and overengagement, and psychoticism with strategies linked to psychotic/dissociative experiences. The LPA identified three profiles with heightened AMPD traits: an internalizing/distressed profile, an externalizing/distressed profile, and a schizoid-schizotypal profile; each had a unique strategy pattern that varied depending on trait composition. This research highlights the relevance of emotion regulation strategy patterns in the assessment, conceptualization, and treatment of personality pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the association between household energy poverty (EP) and trajectories of emotional and behavioural difficulties during childhood. Methods: The Growing up in Ireland study is two nationally representative prospective cohorts of children. The Infant Cohort (n = 11,134) were recruited at age 9 months (9 m) and followed up at 3, 5, 7 and 9 years (y). The Child Cohort (n = 8,538) were recruited at age 9 y and followed up at 13 y and 17/18 y. EP was a composite of two relative measures of EP. Emotional and behavioural difficulties were repeatedly measured using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). Linear spline multilevel models were used, adjusted for confounders to examine the association between (1) EP (9 m or 3 y) and trajectories of emotional and behavioural difficulties from 3 to 9 y in the Infant Cohort and (2) EP at 9 y and the same trajectories from 9 to 18 y in the Child Cohort. Results: In adjusted analyses, EP at 9 m or 3 y of age was associated with higher total difficulties score at 3 y (0.66, 95% CI 0.41, 0.91) and 5 y (0.77, 95% CI 0.48, 1.05) but not at 7 y or 9 y. EP at 9 y was associated with higher total difficulties score at 9 y (1.73, 95% CI 1.28, 2.18), with this difference reducing over time leading to 0.68 (95% CI 0.19, 1.17) at 17/18 y. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a potential association between early life EP and emotional and behavioural difficulties that may be transient and attenuate over time during childhood. Further studies are required to replicate these findings and to better understand if these associations are causal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is a well‐established first‐line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is based on emotional processing theory. PE has been rigorously evaluated and tested in a large number of clinical trials in many countries covering a wide range of trauma populations. In this review, we summarize the evidence base supporting the efficacy of PE across populations, including adults with sexual assault–related PTSD and mixed trauma–related PTSD, military populations, and adolescents. We highlight important strengths and gaps in the research on PE with individuals from marginalized communities. We discuss the efficacy of PE on associated psychopathology and in the presence of the most commonly comorbid conditions, either alone or integrated with other treatments. In addition, we provide an overview of research examining strategies to augment PE. Much of this work remains preliminary, but numerous trials have tested PE in combination with other psychological or pharmacological approaches, interventions to facilitate extinction learning, and behavioral approaches, in the hopes of further increasing the efficiency and efficacy of PE. There are now several trials testing PE in novel formats that may have advantages over standard in‐person PE, such as lower dropout and increased scalability. We examine this recent work on new models of delivering PE, including massed treatment, telehealth, and brief adaptations for primary care, all of which have the potential to increase access to PE. Finally, we highlight several promising areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee children's development may be affected by their parents' war-related trauma exposure and psychopathology symptoms across a range of cognitive and affective domains, but the processes involved in this transmission are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of refugee mothers' trauma exposure and mental health on their children's mental health and attention biases to emotional expressions. In our sample of 324 Syrian refugee mother-child dyads living in Jordan (children's Mage=6.32, SD = 1.18; 50% female), mothers reported on their symptoms of anxiety and depression, and on their children's internalising, externalising, and attention problems. A subset of mothers reported their trauma exposure (n = 133) and PTSD symptoms (n = 124). We examined emotion processing in the dyads using a standard dot-probe task measuring their attention allocation to facial expressions of anger and sadness. Maternal trauma and PTSD symptoms were linked to child internalising and attention problems, while maternal anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with child internalising, externalising, and attention problems. Mothers and children were hypervigilant towards expressions of anger, but surprisingly, mother and child biases were not correlated with each other. The attentional biases to emotional faces were also not linked to psychopathology risk in the dyads. Our findings highlight the importance of refugee mothers' trauma exposure and psychopathology on their children's wellbeing. The results also suggest a dissociation between the mechanisms underlying mental health and those involved in attention to emotional faces, and that intergenerational transmission of mental health problems might involve mechanisms other than attentional processes relating to emotional expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing support for the dual-continua model of mental health, which emphasizes psychopathology and well-being as related but distinct dimensions. Yet, little is known about how these dimensions co-develop from childhood to early adolescence and what factors predict their different trajectories. The current study aimed to identify distinct patterns of mental health in Chinese early adolescents, focusing on both psychopathological symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms and self-harm behaviors) and subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and affect balance). This study also examined the contributions of school climate and future orientation to these trajectories. A total of 1,057 students (Mage = 11.88, SDage = 1.67; 62.1% boys) completed four assessments over two years, with six-month intervals. Using parallel-process latent class growth modeling, we identified four groups: Flourishing (32.5%), Languishing (43.8%), Troubled with Stable Depressive Symptoms (16.1%), and Troubled with Increasing Self-Harm Risk (7.6%). Furthermore, school climate and future orientation contributed to adolescents' membership in these trajectories, either independently or jointly. Specifically, higher levels of future orientation combined with higher school climate were associated with a lower likelihood of belonging to the Troubled with Increasing Self-Harm Risk trajectory, compared to the Flourishing group. Our findings identified four distinct mental health trajectories consistent with the dual-continua model, and demonstrated that the development of psychopathology and well-being were not always inversely related (e.g., the Languishing group). Adolescents with unique developmental profiles may benefit from tailored intervention strategies that build on the personal and environmental assets of the adolescent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Associations were examined between six psychiatric diagnoses in parents and a broad range of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric outcomes in their offspring. Methods: All individuals born in Sweden between 1970 and 2000 were linked to their biological parents (N=3,286,293) through Swedish national registers. A matched cohort design, with stratified Cox regression and conditional logistic regression analyses, was used examine associations between six psychiatric diagnoses in the parents and 32 outcomes in their offspring. All children, including those exposed and those not exposed to parents with psychiatric diagnoses, were followed from their date of birth to the date of emigration from Sweden, death, or December 31, 2013, when the offspring were 14–44 years old. Results: In terms of absolute risk, most children who had parents with psychiatric diagnoses were not diagnosed in specialist care themselves, and the proportion of offspring having any of the 16 types of psychiatric conditions ranged from 22.17% (of offspring exposed to parental depression) to 25.05% (of offspring exposed to parental drug-related disorder) at the end of follow-up. Nevertheless, in terms of relative risk, exposure to any of the six parental psychiatric diagnoses increased probabilities of the 32 outcomes among the offspring, with hazard ratios that ranged from 1.03 to 8.46 for time-to-event outcomes and odds ratios that ranged from 1.29 to 3.36 for binary outcomes. Some specificities were observed for parental diagnoses of psychosis and substance-related disorders, which more strongly predicted psychotic-like and externalizing-related outcomes, respectively, in the offspring. Conclusions: The intergenerational transmission of parental psychiatric conditions appeared largely transdiagnostic and extended to nonpsychiatric outcomes in offspring. Given the broad spectrum of associations with the outcomes, service providers (e.g., psychiatrists, teachers, and social workers) should consider clients' broader psychiatric family history when predicting prognosis and planning interventions or treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood externalizing psychopathology is heterogeneous. Symptom variability in conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and callous–unemotional (CU) traits designate different subgroups of children with externalizing problems who have specific treatment needs. However, CD, ODD, ADHD, and CU traits are highly comorbid. Studies need to generate insights into shared versus unique risk mechanisms, including through the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this study, we tested whether symptoms of CD, ODD, ADHD, and CU traits were best represented within a bifactor framework, simultaneously modeling shared (i.e., general externalizing problems) and unique (i.e., symptom-specific) variance, or through a four-correlated factor or second-order factor model. Participants (N = 11,878, age, M = 9 years) were from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. We used questionnaire and functional magnetic resonance imaging data (emotional N-back task) from the baseline assessment. A bifactor model specifying a general externalizing and specific CD, ODD, ADHD, and CU traits factors demonstrated the best fit. The four-correlated and second-order factor models both fit the data well and were retained for analyses. Across models, reduced right amygdala activity to fearful faces was associated with more general externalizing problems and reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity to fearful faces was associated with higher CU traits. ADHD scores were related to greater right nucleus accumbens activation to fearful and happy faces. Results give insights into risk mechanisms underlying comorbidity and heterogeneity within externalizing psychopathology. General Scientific Summary: Decreased amygdala reactivity to fearful emotion faces may represent a general neural risk marker for externalizing psychopathology. Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reactivity to fearful faces may be a specific neural marker for callous–unemotional traits, while increased right nucleus accumbens activation to happy faces may relate specifically to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, over and above externalizing psychopathology severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this rapid review was to investigate the effectiveness of transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) in treating people with borderline personality disorder. This research was carried out considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and recommendations of the Cochrane Review Groups. A total of 240 articles were assessed, of which 119 duplicates were initially excluded. Subsequently, 101 articles were removed after "title screening" and "abstract screening." Finally, the remaining 20 articles were evaluated using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement checklist and Jadad Scale, leading to the inclusion of 13 articles in the final analysis. Most of the selected articles were randomized clinical trials. There were no male participants in five articles, and most participants were female in other articles (except for one case). The duration of treatment was 1 year in most of the articles (total range: 11–36 months), with the treatment being performed twice a week in most cases. The review showed that TFP was effective in various domains such as object relations, treatment, psychodynamics, neurology, psychopathology, and other psychological variables. Therefore, it is concluded that TFP can be used efficiently in the treatment of people with borderline personality disorder. Public Significance Statement: This rapid review investigates the effectiveness of transference-focused psychotherapy in treating patients with borderline personality disorder can help psychotherapists improve their services quality to this group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triarchic model posits that distinct trait constructs of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition underlie psychopathy. The triarchic model traits are conceptualized as biobehavioral dimensions that can be assessed using different sets of indicators from alternative measurement modalities; as such, the triarchic model would hypothesize that these traits are not confined to any one item set. The present study tested whether the triarchic model dimensions would emerge from a hierarchical-structural analysis of the facet scales of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA), an inventory designed to comprehensively index psychopathy according to the five-factor personality model. Study participants (Ns = 811, 170) completed the EPA and three different scale sets assessing the triarchic traits along with criterion measures of antisocial/externalizing behaviors. Bass-ackwards modeling of the EPA facet scales revealed a four-level structure, with factors at the third level appearing similar to the triarchic trait dimensions. An analysis in which scores for the Level-3 EPA factors were regressed onto corresponding latent-trait dimensions defined using the different triarchic scale sets revealed extremely high convergence (βs =.84–.91). The Level-3 EPA factors also evidenced validity in relation to relevant criteria, approximating and sometimes exceeding that evident for the Level-4 EPA factors. Together, these results indicate that the triarchic trait constructs are embedded in a psychopathy inventory designed to align with a general personality model and effectively predict pertinent external criteria. Public Significance Statement: The present work tested the hypothesis that the triarchic model constructs would be present in alternative questionnaire inventories (in this case, the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment [EPA]), revealed by a specific type of analysis called "bass-ackwards modeling." Furthermore, the three triarchic model factors showed equivalent or sometimes increased external validity compared to extracting the four traditional factors from the EPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous studies examining differences in the experience of disorders and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescents across racial or ethnic groups and sex. Though there is substantial research exploring potential factors that may influence these differences, few studies have considered the potential contribution of measurement properties to these differences. Therefore, this study examined whether there are differences across racial or ethnic groups and sex in the measurement of psychopathology, assessed in mother-reported behavior of 9–11 year old youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study sample using updated Child Behavior Checklist scales (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). Tests of measurement invariance of the CBCL utilized the higher order factor structure identified by Michelini et al. (2019) using this same Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort. The dimensions include internalizing, somatoform, detachment, externalizing, and neurodevelopmental problems. The configural model had a good-to-excellent fit on all subscales of the CBCL across racial or ethnic groups and sex. The metric and scalar models fit just as well as the configural models, indicating that the scales are measuring the same constructs across racial or ethnic groups and sex and are not influenced by measurement properties of items on the CBCL, although some high-severity response options were not endorsed for youth in all racial or ethnic groups. These findings support the use of the CBCL in research examining psychopathology in racially or ethnically diverse samples of youth. Public Significance Statement: The Child Behavior Checklist is a widely used measure of youth psychopathology; thus, it is necessary to examine if the measure functions the same across different groups of people. The present study provides support for measurement invariance of the Child Behavior Checklist across sex and racial or ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the factor structure and the measurement invariance of the Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) across 10 countries based on the seven-factor coparenting model (i.e., Coparenting Agreement, Coparenting Closeness, Exposure to Conflict, Coparenting Support, Endorsement of Partner's Parenting; Division of Labor) proposed by Feinberg (2003). The results of research on coparenting from numerous countries have documented its foundational importance for parent mental health, family relationship quality, child development, and psychopathology. Yet, a cross-country perspective is still lacking. Such a perspective can provide insight into which dimensions of coparenting are universally recognized and which are especially prone to variation. A unique multinational data set, comprised of 15 individual studies collected across 10 countries (Belgium, Brazil, China, Israel, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey, USA) in nine languages was established (N = 9,292; 51.1% mothers). Measurement invariance analyses were conducted. A six-factor structure (original seven factors minus Division of Labor) of the measure was consistent across the different contexts and measurement invariance was achieved at the configural level. There was no support for metric or scalar invariance. These findings provide a basis for the CRS to be used across countries and should inspire future quantitative and qualitative research in cross-country coparenting research to understand what aspects are universal and what aspects of coparenting are linked to specific material, relational, or ideational conditions that underlie high-quality coparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritability is a common, impairing, and potentially multifaceted manifestation of psychopathology. We designed The Irritability and Dysregulation of Emotion Scale (TIDES-13) to determine whether various expressions of irritability in children and youth form multiple subdimensions with distinct correlates. We administered parent-report (n = 3875, mean age = 8.9) and youth self-report (n = 579, mean age = 15.1) versions of TIDES-13 in a population and community-based sample. We conducted exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses and regression analyses to examine the dimensionality of TIDES-13 and the associations of the scale with age, gender, anxiety, depression, ODD, ADHD traits, and the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI). A higher-order model with a global irritability dimension and four subdimensions, including proneness to anger (PA), internalized negative emotional reactivity (iNER), externalized negative emotional reactivity (eNER), and reactive aggression (RA), showed good to excellent fit in both parent-report and self-report. The global irritability dimension showed excellent internal reliability (⍵Total; parent-report = 0.97, ⍵Total; self-report = 0.95), explained a majority of the item variance (⍵Hierarchical; parent-report = 0.94, ⍵Hierarchical; self-report = 0.90), and was moderately correlated with the ARI (rparent = 0.68, rself = 0.77). Subdimensions PA, eNER, and RA were negatively associated with age in males, whereas iNER was positively associated with age in females. Traits of ODD and ADHD were associated primarily with the global irritability dimension, whereas iNER was strongly associated with anxiety and depression traits over and above the global irritability dimension. Our results support a unidimensional interpretation of irritability in a population sample. However, limited evidence of specific behavioral, age, and sex correlates with particular irritability subdimensions may warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cognitive, mood, and behavioral changes are common among persons with epilepsy (PWE), resulting in a complex neuropsychological presentation. Women with epilepsy (WWE) represent a distinct cohort within the broader epilepsy population due to sex and gender-specific factors impacting epilepsy semiology and treatment. However, unique neuropsychological profiles among WWE have not been established. This narrative review aims to further define neuropsychological correlates in WWE and promote meaningful discussion related to enhancing the provision of neuropsychological care within this clinical population. Method: Current literature in PWE examining differences in cognitive function, mental health, and quality of life (QoL) between women and men was critically reviewed, emphasizing considerations for neuropsychological practice. Results: WWE demonstrate a preservation of verbal learning and memory compared to men both pre- and post-surgically, with sex-based, neurobiological mechanisms likely contributing to this association. WWE also have elevated risk for affective disorder psychopathology, suicidality, and traumatic experiences. Epidemiology related to psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders is less clear, and findings are mixed regarding sex-specific behavioral side effects of antiseizure and psychotropic medication. Finally, hormonal and obstetric factors are highlighted as important contributors to neuropsychological symptoms in WWE, with elevated risk for low QoL and increased stigma associated with greater medical and psychiatric comorbidities compared to men. Conclusions: While emerging literature has begun to characterize the neuropsychological presentation of WWE, future research is needed to define sex and gender differences in neuropsychological sequalae among PWE to ensure consistency and quality of care for WWE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study of the COVID-19 disease consequences on healthcare professionals' mental health has drawn a great interest in psychology and other behavioral sciences. Previous studies mainly focused on professionals' health in terms of psychopathology, therefore, there is no research examining their positive mental health during both the first and the second wave. Also, there is no research studying healthcare professionals' social recognition during the pandemic and the influence of this variable on professionals' positive health. Methods: Following the WHO's recommendations, our objective was to measure pathology (i.e., anxiety and traumatic intensity), positive health (i.e., Hedonic, Psychological and Social Well-being) and social recognition in a sample of 200 healthcare professionals in the frontline care of Covid-19 patients. Results: In both waves, participants showed high levels of anxiety and traumatic intensity, although, as expected, in the second (vs. the first) wave psychopathological symptoms decreased. Concerning positive health indicators, in the second wave, health professionals showed more hedonic and psychological well-being than in the first one. However, in the second wave social well-being was lower than in the first wave, an expected though apparently paradoxical result, linked to the decrease in healthcare professionals' social recognition between the first and the second wave. In fact, bootstrapping procedures and Sobel Test confirm the mediating role of social recognition on the effect of Covid-19 wave on social well-being. Conclusions: Public institutions, governments, and society in general, should recognize health professionals' work, given that social recognition is a fundamental protection factor for social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current meta-analysis examined the mediating role of sensitive-responsive parenting in the relationship between depression in mothers and internalizing and externalizing behavior in children. A systematic review of the path of maternal sensitive responsiveness to child psychopathology identified eligible studies. Meta-analytic structural equation modelling (MASEM) allowed for the systematic examination of the magnitude of the indirect effect across 68 studies (N = 15,579) for internalizing and 92 studies (N = 26,218) for externalizing psychopathology. The synthesized sample included predominantly White, English-speaking children (age range = 1 to 205 months; Mage = 66 months; 47% female) from Western, industrialized countries. The indirect pathway was small in magnitude and similar for externalizing (b =.02) and internalizing psychopathology (b =.01). Moderator analyses found that the indirect pathway for externalizing problems was stronger when mother-child interactions were observed during naturalistic and free-play tasks rather than structured tasks. Other tested moderators were not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is widespread interest in the general factor of psychopathology or 'p factor', which has been proposed to reflect vulnerability to psychopathology. We examined to what extent this 'vulnerability' is associated with dysregulations in affect and behavior that occur in daily life. As such we hoped to provide an account of how this vulnerability may be maintained. Methods: We used data from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS; N = 2,772) collected at ages 11, 14, 16, 19, and 22 years to fit a bifactor model with a general psychopathology factor, alongside internalizing, externalizing (EXT), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity, and autism spectrum problem domains. Following the fifth TRAILS assessment, a subsample of participants (n = 133, age = 22.6, 43% women) with heightened risk for psychopathology completed a 6‐month daily diary protocol with one assessment each day. Using a dynamic structural equation approach, we examined to what extent mean intensity, variability, inertia, and within‐day co‐occurrence of EXT, anxious–tense, and depressed–withdrawn affects and behaviors were associated with general factor scores. Results: Unexpectedly, higher general factor scores were not associated with higher mean intensity of any of the three types of daily negative affects and behaviors, but were associated with higher variability and less carryover (inertia) EXT affects and behaviors. Conclusions: We showed that individual differences in general factor scores do not manifest as differences in average levels of daily affects and behaviors, but instead were related to a type of EXT reactivity to the environment. Future research is necessary to investigate whether reactive irritable moods may be involved in or signal vulnerability sustained psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the prenatal origins of children's psychopathology is a fundamental goal in developmental and clinical science. Recent research suggests that inflammation during pregnancy can trigger a cascade of fetal programming changes that contribute to vulnerability for the emergence of psychopathology. Most studies, however, have focused on a handful of proinflammatory cytokines and have not explored a range of prenatal biological pathways that may be involved in increasing postnatal risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties. Methods: Using extreme gradient boosted machine learning models, we explored large‐scale proteomics, considering over 1,000 proteins from first trimester blood samples, to predict behavior in early childhood. Mothers reported on their 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's (N = 89, 51% female) temperament (Child Behavior Questionnaire) and psychopathology (Child Behavior Checklist). Results: We found that machine learning models of prenatal proteomics predict 5%–10% of the variance in children's sadness, perceptual sensitivity, attention problems, and emotional reactivity. Enrichment analyses identified immune function, nervous system development, and cell signaling pathways as being particularly important in predicting children's outcomes. Conclusions: Our findings, though exploratory, suggest processes in early pregnancy that are related to functioning in early childhood. Predictive features included far more proteins than have been considered in prior work. Specifically, proteins implicated in inflammation, in the development of the central nervous system, and in key cell‐signaling pathways were enriched in relation to child temperament and psychopathology measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Physical activity is recommended as part of guideline-based care for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at all stages of the disease. However, physical activity interventions are less effective in individuals with co-occurring emotional distress (i.e. depression and/or anxiety symptoms). Interventions that dually promote improved physical and mental health in COPD are needed. The first step for intervention development is understanding individuals' experience of these factors. Purpose To understand the experience of emotional distress in U.S. Veterans diagnosed with COPD and to explore how emotional distress impacts physical activity engagement. Methods Structured interviews informed by the cognitive and behavioral models of psychopathology were conducted with 29 United States Veterans with COPD (89.66% male, age 67.72 ± 6.55 years, 93.10% White) at the VA Boston Healthcare System. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and underwent thematic analysis. Results Three major themes encapsulating 17 codes emerged through thematic analysis: (i) the experience of emotional distress in Veterans with COPD; (ii) the complex relationship between emotional distress, physical activity engagement, and COPD; (iii) contextual and personal factors. Conclusions Veterans' interpretation of their COPD symptoms as unpredictable and uncontrollable and COPD-related physical limitations influenced their experience of emotional distress, while the experience of emotional distress both promoted and deterred physical activity engagement. Veterans were motivated to engage in physical activity despite experiencing emotional distress when they faced a responsibility in daily life. They identified motivational strategies and self-regulation techniques to manage emotional distress and to foster physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most impairing psychiatric illnesses. Those with pediatric-onset BD tend to have worse outcomes; therefore, accurate conceptualization is important for aspects of care, such as tailored treatment interventions. Sensation seeking behaviors may be a window into the psychopathology of pediatric-onset BD. Participants with BD and healthy controls (HC) ages 7–27 completed self-report assessments, including the Sensation Seeking Scale- V (SSS-V). Among the BD group, there was a significant positive correlation between the Disinhibition subscale and age. Analyses indicated that the BD group scored lower on the Thrill and Adventure Seeking subscale but higher on the Disinhibition scale when compared to the HC group. We found that individuals with pediatric-onset BD are more likely to engage in socially risky behaviors. These results are an important step in understanding sensation seeking characteristics in BD youth and improving treatment, ultimately helping individuals live a more stable life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]