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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic condition that causes gradual central vision loss, most commonly in patients 50 years or older. This disease is commonly classified as either dry (non-exudative) or wet (exudative). Most patients with AMD have the non-exudative form, characterized by the presence of drusen in the macula. These patients can be further subclassified based on drusen size into early, intermediate, or late stages. The pathogenesis of this disease is quite complex and has been linked to genetic variations, dysfunction of normal retinal homeostasis, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current treatment options for patients with intermediate dry AMD are limited to lifestyle modifications and vitamin supplementation. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) has been proposed as an additional therapy for this disease. Early animal and human studies have shown that PBT can alter many of the pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD including improving mitochondrial function, decreasing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. Clinical trials investigating the use of PBT in patients with non-exudative AMD have shown promising results. Many of these trials showed improvement in both clinical (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) as well as anatomic (drusen volume and area geographic atrophy) variables. Most, however, are limited by sample size, differences in treatment algorithm, and populations tested. Ongoing clinical trials aim to expand on this work with longer follow-up, larger sample sizes, and studying a global population. Further work is needed to determine ideal treatment algorithms and patient populations that may benefit the most from this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the potential of a commercial probiotic mixture on performance, gut health and nutrient utilisation of broilers-fed poultry by-product meal (PBM)-based diet. Three-hundred-and-twenty Ross-308-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial poultry hatchery. The chicks were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates (n = 10) in a randomised complete design. The positive control group (CON) was fed commercial poultry ration, and the negative control group (N-CON) was fed PBM partially replacing soybean meal at a 65% level. The MSP1 and MSP2 groups contained the same diet as the N-CON group but supplemented with multi-strain probiotics (MSP) at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Overall N-CON group performed poorly, but the addition of probiotics in group MSP1 and MSP2 diets significantly improved performance. Feed efficiency and bird weight gain were improved (p <.05) by multi-strain probiotics supplementation in MSP1 and MSP2 groups compared to N-CON. The highest weight gain was observed in MSP2 and lowest in the N-CON group. Increasing levels of probiotics significantly increased villi length, width and surface area in probiotics-supplemented groups compared to non-supplemented groups. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were improved (p <.05) in probiotics-supplemented groups compared to N-CON. In conclusion, PBM at a 6.5% level was successfully used to replace soybean meal with multi-strain probiotics supplementation without compromising broiler health. HIGHLIGHTS: Multi-strain probiotics supplementation in diets of broilers improves production performance. Increasing levels of multi-strain probiotics supplementation increases villi length, width and surface area in broilers. Multi-strain probiotics supplementation in ration improves nutrient digestibility (dry matter and crude protein) in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis, an oral disease initiated by a dysbiotic dental biofilm, has an unclear response to photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunctive treatment. This study investigates the effects of PBM on reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in a periodontitis model using C57BL/6 mice, divided into four groups: control (C), control + PBM (C + PBM), periodontitis (P), and periodontitis + PBM (P + PBM). An infrared diode laser (808 nm, 133.3 J/cm2, 4 J/session) was applied for three days. PBM reduced superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and apoptosis in gingival cells, while decreasing systemic inflammation and protein oxidation. In the P + PBM group, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12p70 decreased, whereas IL-10 increased, suggesting improvements in oxidative stress and inflammation profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a continuously growing approach to stimulating healing and reducing inflammation and pain. However, its effects in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are still under investigation. Studying PBM effects on the regenerative capacity of zebrafish can allow the application of novel clinical approaches where the impact of PBM will be cross‐linked with the stem‐cell therapeutic approaches. This study was done to establish an in‐vivo experimental setup for studying the effects of laser and ultraviolet therapy on zebrafish caudal‐fin regeneration and vascularization. Thirty zebrafish were randomly and equally allocated into three groups. The caudal‐fins of all zebrafish were amputated under anaesthesia. In the first control group, the caudal‐fin was only monitored until fully regenerated. In the second group, the amputated‐fin was irradiated with ultraviolet. Finally, in the third group, the amputated‐fin was irradiated with laser. Caudal‐fin regeneration and vascularization were assessed at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 in all fish. In terms of regeneration, the results indicated that it is possible to discriminate the regenerative effect of laser with the experimental setup as laser therapy showed a statistically significant difference when compared to control‐group. It was also found that regenerative stimulation of the group that received ultraviolet therapy showed significant difference when compared to the control group. In terms of vascularization, there was a statistically significant difference in all groups of the study, which may suggest that laser as well as ultraviolet have limited effects in terms of improving vascularization. This study presented a novel, simple and inexpensive method for the assessment of PBM effects on zebrafish. Laser and ultraviolet therapy appeared to act as regenerative stimulators for caudal‐fin regeneration of zebrafish. However, laser therapy results were, to some extent, better than ultraviolet therapy. This novel in‐vivo design of the experiment led to more rapid and reproducible results than in‐vitro experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant‐Based Milk (PBM) alternatives have been a hype recently, drawing the high focus of investors, developers, and researchers. However, despite this surge in interest, the market size and potential of these products remain unclear. While several studies explored consumer perspectives on these alternatives, the variability in findings remains poorly understood. This systematic review aims to investigate consumer perceptions of PBM and to identify the factors associated with higher acceptance. Adhering to the PRISMA‐P methodology, searches on two major databases – Scopus and Web of Science – were conducted. Research papers published between 2019 and 2024 were screened to capture the most recent insights, resulting in thirty‐one articles. Among these studies, 71% were surveys, 50% were conducted in Europe and 46% in America. Additionally, 78% of the studies had a sample size of 500 participants or fewer, 71% assessed the perception of PBM alternative in general, while equally, 12.9% focused on soy‐based milk and 12.9% on coconut‐based milk. Overall, the studies evaluated preference for PBM over dairy milk, motives for consumption and other relevant factors. The research describes the socio‐demographic criteria associated with the high adoption rates of these products, the reasons for choosing dairy substitutes (such as curiosity, health benefits, or social influence), and the perceived advantages and barriers to their use. The expected outcomes of this study can provide valuable insights for designing effective marketing strategies for PBM and fostering the development of sustainable and healthy food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an emerging treatment modality in dermatology with increasing office and home-based use. PBM is the use of various light sources in the red light (620-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1440 nm) spectrum as a form of light therapy. PBM is often administered through low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes. Studies show that PBM can be used effectively to treat conditions secondary to cancer therapies, alopecia, ulcers, herpes simplex virus, acne, skin rejuvenation, wounds, and scars. PBM offers patients many benefits compared to other treatments. It is noninvasive, cost-effective, convenient for patients, and offers a favorable safety profile. PBM can be used as an alternative or adjuvant to other treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy. It is important for dermatologists to gain a better clinical understanding of PBM for in-office administration and to counsel patients on proper application for home-use devices to best manage safety and expectations as this technology develops. PBM wavelengths can induce varied biological effects in diverse skin types, races, and ethnicities; therefore, it is also important for dermatologists to properly counsel their skin of color patients who undergo PBM treatments. Future clinical trials are necessary to produce standardized recommendations across conditions and skin types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation (PBM), previously known as low-level laser light therapy, represents a noninvasive form of phototherapy that utilizes wavelengths in the red light (RL, 620-700 nm) portion of the visible light (VL, 400-700 nm) spectrum and the near-infrared (NIR, 700-1440 nm) spectrum. PBM is a promising and increasingly used therapy for the treatment of various dermatologic and nondermatologic conditions. Photons from RL and NIR are absorbed by endogenous photoreceptors including mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (COX). Activation of COX leads to the following changes: modulation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations in intracellular calcium levels. The associated modulation of ATP, ROS and calcium levels promotes the activation of various signaling pathways (eg, insulin-like growth factors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways), which contribute to downstream effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Effective PBM therapy is dependent on treatment parameters (eg, fluence, treatment duration and output power). PBM is generally well-tolerated and safe with erythema being the most common and self-limiting adverse cutaneous effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the formation of symptomatic lesions in the mouth. P63 is essential for epidermal development and regeneration. Weak expression of this protein has been shown in OLP lesions. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been reported to reduce OLP symptoms, but its ability to correct the molecular perturbations of the disease has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PBM in OLP treatment by evaluating changes in p63 expression and their association with clinical response. Methods: Twenty OLP patients underwent PBM with a diode laser (810 nm), (0.50 W, 30 s, 1.2 J/cm2), 3 times weekly for a month. The treatment efficacy index (EI) was calculated based on pain-level values and clinical scores of lesions before and after therapy. Biopsies were taken before and after therapy, analyzed immunohistochemically for p63 expression, and compared with 10 healthy controls. Results: P63 levels in OLP lesions were significantly lower than those in normal oral mucosa. After treatment, the pain level and clinical scores of the lesions decreased significantly. The calculated EI showed PBM effectiveness in 90% of cases. Increased p63 positivity and staining intensity were observed after therapy. Conclusions: The established p63 deficiency in OLP lesions is likely an important molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. Laser irradiation at 810 nm increased p63 expression to a level close to that found in the healthy epithelium and significantly improved the symptoms and clinical signs of OLP. All of this determines the effectiveness of PBM therapy in the management of OLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peribronchiolar metaplasia is an uncommon lesion characterized by fibrosis and bronchiolar epithelial cell proliferation along the peribronchiolar alveolar walls, primarily in response to bronchiolar and peribronchiolar injuries. Peribronchiolar metaplasia usually appears as ground glass nodules or sub-solid nodules on computed tomography. However, we present an exceptional case of peribronchiolar metaplasia that appeared as a solitary solid nodule on computed tomography. A 62-year-old woman with conjunctival icterus was diagnosed with ampullary cancer and nodal metastasis. A solid predominant nodule (0.7 cm maximum diameter) in the left lower lobe was identified on computed tomography, requiring accurate differentiation between primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastasis. Due to the location, histological confirmation via transbronchial biopsy was not feasible. Hence, the patient underwent surgery for both diagnosis and treatment. The pathological findings revealed the growth of columnar epithelium containing ciliated cells replacing alveolar epithelium in the bronchioloalveolar wall with no malignant component. The final pathological diagnosis of the lesion was peribronchiolar metaplasia. This unique case highlights an atypical presentation of peribronchiolar metaplasia as a solitary solid nodule on computed tomography. Recognizing that peribronchiolar metaplasia can also manifest as solid nodules, as illustrated in our current case, is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the potential of a commercial probiotic mixture on performance, gut health and nutrient utilisation of broilers-fed poultry by-product meal (PBM)-based diet. Three-hundred-and-twenty Ross-308-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial poultry hatchery. The chicks were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates (n = 10) in a randomised complete design. The positive control group (CON) was fed commercial poultry ration, and the negative control group (N-CON) was fed PBM partially replacing soybean meal at a 65% level. The MSP1 and MSP2 groups contained the same diet as the N-CON group but supplemented with multi-strain probiotics (MSP) at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Overall N-CON group performed poorly, but the addition of probiotics in group MSP1 and MSP2 diets significantly improved performance. Feed efficiency and bird weight gain were improved (p

This paper investigates the optoelectronic properties of CsPbBr3, a lead-based perovskite, and Cs2AgBiBr6, a lead-free double perovskite, in composite thick films synthesized using mechanochemical and hot press methods, with poly(butyl methacrylate) as the matrix. Comprehensive characterization was conducted, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and photoluminescence (PL). Results indicate that the polymer matrix does not significantly impact the crystalline structure of the perovskites but has a direct impact on the grain size and surface area, enhancing the interfacial charge transfer of the composites. Optical characterization indicates minimal changes in bandgap energies across all different phases, with CsPbBr3 exhibiting higher photocurrent than Cs2AgBiBr6. This is attributed to the CsPbBr3 superior charge carrier mobility. Both composites showed photoconductive behavior, with Cs2AgBiBr6 also demonstrating higher-energy (X-ray) photon detection. These findings highlight the potential of both materials for advanced photodetector applications, with Cs2AgBiBr6 offering an environmentally Pb-free alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to compare the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using visible and near-infrared diode laser wavelengths to that of the dry needling technique (DNT) on the management of orofacial pain in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder Myofascial Pain Syndrome (TMD/MPS) in term of effectiveness, speed of recovery, and lasting of treatment. A systematic search of multiple electronic databases was carried out to identify the relevant clinical trials published between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2024. The included studies were limited to human subjects who had orofacial pain associated with Axis 1 of TMD/MPS, involving two genders with age >18 years and were treated either with photobiomodulation using diode laser with wavelengths ranging from 600 up to 1200 nanometer (nm), or with the dry needling (DN) technique (superficial SDN or deep DDN), as a non-pharmacological therapies to decrease the intensity of orofacial pain associated with TMD/MPS. The risk of bias for included studies was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool (for randomized studies). Three distinct meta-analyses were performed to quantify the pooled effects of PBM and DN in the management of TMD/MPS myofascial pain and deactivation of myofascial trigger points (MTPs). The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 from Cochrane. The confidence interval (CI) was established at 95% and p-values of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) were considered statistically significant. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I2. Qualitative data were extracted and summarized in tables for each group study, while quantitative data were reported as Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) values for assessment variables in each sub-group study. The results among groups were systematically evaluated to draw the final conclusion. A rigorous electronic and manual search revealed 4150 possible articles. Following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twelve eligible studies were included in the analysis. Both PBMT and DNT were found to be effective in controlling the myalgia pain and primary symptoms associated with TMD/MPS, as well as deactivating the MTPs. DNT was statistically superior in terms of recovery time while PBMT was the more effective long-term therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is proposed as a therapeutic method in various medical concerns. This study aimed to compare the effects of PBM at the wavelengths of 660, 808, or 660 + 808 nm on alveolar bone healing in diabetic rats. Methods: Bilateral maxillary first molars were extracted from diabetic Wistar rats (n = 36). Right-sided sockets were treated by an In-Ga-Al-P laser at 660 nm (7.2 J/cm², 24 s; DM660), Ga-Al-As laser at 808 nm (7 J/cm², 14 s; DM808), or a combination of these two sets (DM-dual) (n = 12). Left sides served as controls. On days 7 or 14, specimens were assigned for histomorphometric or real-time PCR analysis of runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, collagen I, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Results: Irradiated sockets of groups DM-808 and DM-dual showed a significant increase in bone tissue and blood vessel establishment as compared to DM-660. Further, group DM-dual exhibited the least amount of fibrotic tissue as compared to the other groups. Conclusions: Within our study limits, the present experiment suggested PBM at 808 nm, alone or combined with 660 nm irradiation, could promote alveolar bone healing, along withminimal fibrosis induction, in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1970 nationalisation of foreign businesses in Uganda was arguably the first time that a country would announce to pay compensation for nationalised businesses from the future profits earned by such businesses. Using two interrelated models, namely the Obsolescing Bargaining Model and Political Bargaining Model, and materials from three UK archives and the World Bank Archives, this paper critiques the negotiations between the nationalised businesses and the Ugandan Government during the period. It explores the role of the British Government in the entire episode, including the covert negotiations with international agencies such as the World Bank in order to ensure that UK companies got the best possible settlement from the Ugandan authorities. The result of this study shows that Uganda's nationalisation programme was indeed hastily formulated and implemented, which joined to weaken the government's bargaining powers and rendered the major clause of 'paying compensation from future profit' more idealistic than practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood transfusion is the process of donating blood or blood components from a donor to a recipient of blood or blood components. Clinical pharmacology is a medical discipline created in the 20th century, that implies the most effective application of drugs, and it could be considered the culmination of all therapeutic procedures in medicine, or simply in the preservation of human health. Methods: Online search of pharmacology and transfusion literature was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases. Topic: Patient blood management (PBM) is a multidisciplinary multimodal patient-centered approach designed to minimize the use of allogeneic blood components in order to improve the clinical outcome of patient treatment. PBM consists of 3 main pillars with specific clinical goals. 1) First pillar: increasing red cell mass including clinical-pharmacological correction such as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) - iron and another drugs and optimizing the time for surgical intervention in relation to achieving the required hemoglobin value; 2) Second pillar: minimize blood loss through an adequate selection of surgical and anesthetic techniques, treatment with tranexamic acid (TXA) and autologous blood salvage, and the use of blood substitutes, 3) Third pillar: increasing the patient’s tolerance to anemia through maximum improvement of pulmonary and cardiac function, optimizing ventilation, oxygenation and restrictive application of blood components. Clinically it is clear that clinical transfusiology and clinical pharmacology are part of each other originating from the fact that the use of classical medicine as well as the therapeutic use of blood achieves a therapeutic effect in order to improve the clinical status of the patient. Conclusion: Patient blood management implies health teams composed of clinical pharmacologist and clinical transfusiologist with other health care specialists making successful healthcare institutions. The most important thing is to monitor the development of new drugs, new transfusion solutions, and in this area, be especially careful when applying new drugs because of serious side effects that may occur. The agility of PBM is reflected in three pillars that must be harmonized and require continuous team education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To answer this research question: What are the effective wavelength, power, and energy density parameters for achieving dental movement acceleration? Background Data: Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been clinically studied for its ability to accelerate dental movements in orthodontics. However, its effectiveness is dose dependent. Methods: The search was carried out in PubMed, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science. The quality of the included systematic reviews was performed using the AMSTAR 2 tool. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBIS tool. Results: In total, 29 articles in PubMed, 75 in Scopus, and 61 in ISI Web of Science. Finally, only five systematic reviews were included. Conclusions: The results showed the range from 730 to 830 nm as the most effective range of wavelength to accelerate the orthodontic dental movement. A power range of 0.25-200 mW, with emphasis on the direct correlation between power, wavelength, and energy density. Energy density has not been adequately reported in the most randomized controlled clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present a case report of maxillary lateral incisor root regeneration after severe root resorption, treated with photobiomodulation (PBM). Background: Impacted maxillary canines often come with the risk of maxillary lateral incisor root resorption, which is widely recognized as the predominant adverse effect in these situations. This progressive process of root resorption is currently irreversible, with no known way to reverse it. Materials and methods: A male patient was 14 years old. Radiographically it was observed that canine 23 is impacting against the root of 22 producing signs of root resorption and having a less than 1:1 crown-to-root ratio with mobility grade 1. From the beginning of the treatment, PBM-assisted orthodontics was proposed. To address the patient's dental concerns, the treatment plan outlined the extraction of the deciduous upper left canine tooth leaving the lateral as long as possible in the mouth. During each appointment, PBM was applied with a diode laser. The wavelength was 810 nm, Ap = 0.2 W, 4.4 J, 22 sec every 21 days, 13 applications in total (57.2J), with a 400 µm inactive surgical tip, in a scanning movement, 1mm from the mucosa while moving following the vestibular surface of the upper left lateral and canine roots. Results: After 12 months, the 22 had root neoformation and complete closure of the apex with vitality. Conclusions: PBM with an 810 nm diode laser in this clinical case promoted root regeneration of an upper lateral incisor, with severe root resorption, owing to an impacted maxillary canine while still vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indicators are important tools that help monitor and assess sustainability, providing crucial information for public management. This study aimed to analyze the behavior of municipalities in eastern amazon (State of Pará), through sustainability indicators that cover social, economic, environmental and basic sanitation dimensions, applying the statistical method of multivariate analysis. For the selection of indicators, a checklist of academic papers on sustainability was carried out. For the composition of the clusters, the Ward method was applied. To validate the number of groups, the Pakhira‐Bandyopadhyay‐Maulik (PBM) index was used, obtaining 2 groups for the sanitation and general dimensions, 3 for environmental and social and 7 groups for economic. In this study, it was possible to demonstrate that several municipalities have deficiencies related to access to water supply and mainly sewage collection and treatment, causing various consequences for the population, as they do not comply with the commitments of the Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to assess the potential of ginger-derived phyto-protease on production performance, gut health, immunity, and nutrient digestibility of broilers fed a high level of poultry by-product meal-based (PBM) diet. A total of 320-day-old broiler birds were assigned to four dietary treatments CON, N-CON, GPP1, and GPP2. CON a commercial corn-soybean meal-based diet as per ROSS-308 nutritional specifications. N-CON was a 6.5% PBM-based diet and to this group, a gingerderived phyto-protease was added at two levels in treatments GPP1 (50 mg kg-1 feed) and GPP2 (100 mg kg-1 feed), respectively. Birds in group N-CON performed poorly for the performance traits like feed intake, weight gain and FCR. Phyto-protease addition at 100mg kg-1 feed exhibited significant effect on body weight, FCR, and carcass traits compared to the control. The highest body weight gain was recorded in birds fed GPP2, followed by birds on GPP1 and the lowest in N-CON fed birds. Ginger-derived phytoprotease supplementation significantly lowered serum cholesterol (TG and LDL) while HDL was raised in GPP2 compared to the N-CON group showing a positive effect on lipid profile. Protein digestibility and AME were improved in the GPP2 group compared to N-CON. Gut health was improved in terms of better integrity, villus height, crypt depth, and villus surface area by birds in the GPP2 group. These findings demonstrated that adverse effects associated with using a high level of locally available animal protein concentrates could be ameliorated by supplementing birds with a ginger phyto-protease enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small pilot studies have suggested that transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) could help reduce symptoms of neurological conditions, such as depression, traumatic brain injury, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Objective: To examine the impact of tPBM on the symptoms of ASD in children aged two to six years. Method: We conducted a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial involving thirty children aged two to six years with a prior diagnosis of ASD. We delivered pulses of near-infrared light (40 Hz, 850 nm) noninvasively to selected brain areas twice a week for eight weeks, using an investigational medical device designed for this purpose (Cognilum™, JelikaLite Corp., New York, United States). We used the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS, 2nd Edition) to assess and compare the ASD symptoms of participants before and after the treatment course. We collected electroencephalogram (EEG) data during each session from those participants who tolerated wearing the EEG cap. Results: The difference in the change in CARS scores between the two groups was 7.23 (95% CI 2.357 to 12.107, p = 0.011). Seventeen of the thirty participants completed at least two EEGs and time-dependent trends were detected. In addition, an interaction between Active versus Sham and Scaled Time was observed in delta power (Coefficient = 7.521, 95% CI -0.517 to 15.559, p = 0.07) and theta power (Coefficient = -8.287, 95% CI -17.199 to 0.626, p = 0.07), indicating a potential trend towards a greater reduction in delta power and an increase in theta power over time with treatment in the Active group, compared to the Sham group. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the condition (Treatment vs. Sham) in the power of theta waves (net_theta) (Coefficient = 9.547, 95% CI 0.027 to 19.067, p = 0.049). No moderate or severe side effects or adverse effects were reported or observed during the trial. Conclusion: These results indicate that tPBM may be a safe and effective treatment for ASD and should be studied in more depth in larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tendons, complex fibrous structures, are subjected to great tensions, which can give rise to the so-called tendinopathies. This study aimed to evaluate photobiomodulation and human Amniotic Membrane applied as single or combined therapies to treat induced Achilles tendon lesions. Seventy-five rats were divided into five groups (n=15): C- control Sham surgery; I- tendon injury; LA- tendon injury treated with photobiomodulation; AM- tendon injury treated with Amniotic Membrane; LAM- tendon injury + photobiomodulation and Amniotic Membrane, subdivided into three groups (n=5) with analysis at 3, 7, and 14 days. The tendon injuries were made with a 20 g weight released from a mini guillotine onto the ankle in dorsiflexion. AM and LAM groups received an Amniotic Membrane fragment while LA and LAM groups received transcutaneous photobiomodulation, using a 660 nm wavelength laser. The inflammatory cells showed statistical differences between groups C and I (p

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) in enhancing bone integration with dental implants. Method: PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. Studies assessing PBM effectiveness with defined intervention/control groups were included, while those lacking specified laser types, involving severe maxillofacial defects or surgery, and not reporting outcomes related to dental implant osseointegration post-PBM therapy were excluded. The studies' risk of bias was assessed using Robvis for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and ROBINS-I for non-RCTs. The meta-analysis was conducted utilizing a random-effects model at a significance level of 0.01. Results: The study reviewed 26 papers involving 571 patients undergoing dental implant procedures with PBM/Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) or placebo/control. Implant stability quotients (ISQ) analysis showed a non-significant difference (p = 0.06, mean difference: 1.02, 95 % CI: 0.28 to 1.75, I2=28 %), while the Periotest method indicated significant improvement in stability (p < 0.01, mean difference: -0.51, 95 % CI: -0.78 to -0.24, I2=71 %). PBM resulted in a significant bone density increase (p < 0.01, mean difference: 26, 95 % CI: 6.93 to 45.06, I2=91 %), but marginal bone loss showed no significant difference (p = 0.11, mean difference: 0.00, 95 % CI: -0.06 to 0.05, I2=45 %). Implant survival rate did not significantly differ (p = 0.73, mean difference: 1.56, 95 % CI: 0.38 to 6.46, I2=0 %). Most studies raised concerns regarding randomization. Conclusion: PBM could improve implant stability, as assessed with Periotest, and increase bone density, enhancing osseointegration. However, implant stability assessed with ISQ, marginal bone loss, and implant survival rate were comparable between the study groups.

Background/Objectives: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal lesions and a very debilitating lesion, especially in paediatric and adolescent patients. The current pharmacotherapy offers a pain relief but not without side effects, and therefore photobiomodulation (PBM) can be an alternative therapy. To the authors' best knowledge, no published study has explored the efficacy of λ 980 nm laser PBM in the management of all RAS subtypes in paediatric and adolescent patients, and therefore, this prospective observational clinical study was conducted to bridge this gap by evaluating λ 980 nm laser PBM efficacy in symptomatic RAS management in paediatric and adolescent patients. The objectives were to evaluate (1) pain intensity alleviation; (2) wound healing rate; (3) wound size closure; (4) a complete resolution; (5) evidence of recurrence; and (6) patients' treatment satisfaction. Methods: The study's variables were assessed at the following timepoints: T0: pre-treatment; T1: immediately after first PBM session; T2: 5 hours (h) post first PBM session (via telephone call); T3: immediately after second PBM session (three days post first PBM session); T4: three-day follow-up (after complete PBM treatments); T5: two-week follow-up; and T6: three-month follow-up. The following PBM dosimetry and treatment protocols were employed: λ 980 nm; 300 mW; 60 s; 18 J; CW; flattop beam profile of 1 cm2 spot size; 18 J/cm2; and twice-a-week irradiation (72 h interval). Results: At T1, significant immediate pain intensity relief was reported. 33.33% recorded "4" and 66.67% reported "5" on the quantitative numeric pain intensity scale (NPIS), and this continued to improve significantly (83.33%) at T2. All the subjects reported "0" on the NPIS at T3, T4, T5 and T6. There was a significant reduction in the lesion surface area (>50% complete healing) at T3 compared to T0. Complete healing (100%) with no evidence of scarring and lesion recurrence observed at T4, T5 and T6. Very good patients' satisfaction was reported at all timepoints. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating λ980 nm efficacy in all RAS subtype management in paediatric and adolescent patients with a 3-month follow-up, whereby its PBM dosimetry and treatment protocols were effective from scientific and practical standpoints, and hence multicentre RCTs with large data are warranted to validate its reproducibility and to enrich the knowledge of PBM application in all RAS subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process simulations can be used to improve grinding circuit performance, which efficiently reduces operating costs. The population balance model (PBM) is widely accepted for grinding modeling because it can reproduce breakage events in tumbling mills, as described by Austin et al. (1984). In this study, a pseudodynamic model is introduced, integrating the PBM with the Monte Carlo Method to stochastically simulate variables in an industrial grinding circuit. This integrated approach enabled circuit simulations over a period of 2 hours, representing the operational variables as seen in historical data. Model validation showed a correlation of 0.74 in the product size distribution when comparing simulated outcomes with the original population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article provides an overview of photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser light therapy (LLLT), which has garnered attention in ophthalmology for its potential therapeutic benefits in various ocular diseases. Photobiomodulation involves the use of low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes to stimulate biological processes in target tissues without causing thermal damage. This article discusses how PBM has been explored across various ocular conditions, including ocular surface diseases, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, amblyopia, and glaucoma. It summarizes findings from human studies and clinical trials demonstrating positive outcomes of PBM treatment in these areas. Moreover, the article emphasizes the importance of establishing standardized treatment protocols in terms of session duration and frequency, light type, and patients' inclusion criteria to further validate the role of PBM in managing ocular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) relies on near-infrared (NIR) light for changes in tissue oxygenation. For decades, this technique has been used in neuroscience to measure cortical activity. However, recent research suggests that NIR light directed to neural populations can modulate their activity through "photobiomodulation" (PBM). Yet, fNIRS is being used exclusively as a measurement tool. By adopting cognitive tests sensitive to prefrontal functioning, we show that a 'classical' fNIRS device, placed in correspondence of the prefrontal cortices of healthy participants, induces faster RTs and better accuracy in some of the indexes considered. A well-matched control group, wearing the same but inactive device, did not show any improvement. Hence, our findings indicate that the 'standard' use of fNIRS devices generates PBM impacting cognition. The neuromodulatory power intrinsic in that technique has been so far completely overlooked, and future studies will need to take this into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the formation of symptomatic lesions in the mouth. P63 is essential for epidermal development and regeneration. Weak expression of this protein has been shown in OLP lesions. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been reported to reduce OLP symptoms, but its ability to correct the molecular perturbations of the disease has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PBM in OLP treatment by evaluating changes in p63 expression and their association with clinical response. Methods: Twenty OLP patients underwent PBM with a diode laser (810 nm), (0.50 W, 30 s, 1.2 J/cm2), 3 times weekly for a month. The treatment efficacy index (EI) was calculated based on pain-level values and clinical scores of lesions before and after therapy. Biopsies were taken before and after therapy, analyzed immunohistochemically for p63 expression, and compared with 10 healthy controls. Results: P63 levels in OLP lesions were significantly lower than those in normal oral mucosa. After treatment, the pain level and clinical scores of the lesions decreased significantly. The calculated EI showed PBM effectiveness in 90% of cases. Increased p63 positivity and staining intensity were observed after therapy. Conclusions: The established p63 deficiency in OLP lesions is likely an important molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. Laser irradiation at 810 nm increased p63 expression to a level close to that found in the healthy epithelium and significantly improved the symptoms and clinical signs of OLP. All of this determines the effectiveness of PBM therapy in the management of OLP.

This review aims to compare the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using visible and near-infrared diode laser wavelengths to that of the dry needling technique (DNT) on the management of orofacial pain in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder Myofascial Pain Syndrome (TMD/MPS) in term of effectiveness, speed of recovery, and lasting of treatment. A systematic search of multiple electronic databases was carried out to identify the relevant clinical trials published between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2024. The included studies were limited to human subjects who had orofacial pain associated with Axis 1 of TMD/MPS, involving two genders with age >18 years and were treated either with photobiomodulation using diode laser with wavelengths ranging from 600 up to 1200 nanometer (nm), or with the dry needling (DN) technique (superficial SDN or deep DDN), as a non-pharmacological therapies to decrease the intensity of orofacial pain associated with TMD/MPS. The risk of bias for included studies was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool (for randomized studies). Three distinct meta-analyses were performed to quantify the pooled effects of PBM and DN in the management of TMD/MPS myofascial pain and deactivation of myofascial trigger points (MTPs). The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 from Cochrane. The confidence interval (CI) was established at 95% and p-values of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) were considered statistically significant. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I2. Qualitative data were extracted and summarized in tables for each group study, while quantitative data were reported as Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) values for assessment variables in each sub-group study. The results among groups were systematically evaluated to draw the final conclusion. A rigorous electronic and manual search revealed 4150 possible articles. Following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twelve eligible studies were included in the analysis. Both PBMT and DNT were found to be effective in controlling the myalgia pain and primary symptoms associated with TMD/MPS, as well as deactivating the MTPs. DNT was statistically superior in terms of recovery time while PBMT was the more effective long-term therapy.

A coturnicultura, enquanto atividade que demanda baixo investimento e tem rápido retorno, mostra-se como possibilidade para o produtor rural familiar. Concomitantemente a isso, destaca-se o fato de que a utilização dos dejetos líquidos da coturnicultura, visando à geração de energia por digestão anaeróbia, pode significar uma tecnologia viável e promissora para a obtenção de biogás originado dos sistemas de produção de animais confinados. A crescente demanda por energia estabelece que novas fontes energéticas sejam mais aproveitadas, e uma grande oportunidade para o crescimento destas pode ser o uso da biomassa em sistemas de digestão anaeróbia, em que o substrato orgânico é degradado e transformado em energia e biofertilizante. O método aplicado foi o Potencial Bioquímico de Metano, por meio de biorreatores em bancada com volume de 250 mL,e em condições mesófilas se utilizou como inóculo o dejeto do tanque da esterqueira da granja de produção de ovos de codornas, os substratos utilizados para compor os tratamentos foram dejetos líquidos da coturnicultura do sistema de tratamento por lâmina d’água, com 15, 30 e 45 dias de deposição. Nos resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a melhor monodigestão utilizada foi inóculo+substrato de 30 dias de deposição, com tempo de retenção hídrica de 45 dias, apresentando maior produção acumulada de biogás (0,00078476 Nm3) e CH4 (0,000575 Nm3), bem como o maior potencial de biogás 0,0043 Nm3 (kg substrato)-1; e, quando convertido em energia elétrica, por meio de motogerador, utilizando como combustível o biogás produzido pelo dejetos líquidos da coturnicultura, obteve-se o valor 104,64 kwh (45 dias)-1.

Abstract Process simulations can be used to improve grinding circuit performance, which efficiently reduces operating costs. The population balance model (PBM) is widely accepted for grinding modeling because it can reproduce breakage events in tumbling mills, as described by Austin et al. (1984). In this study, a pseudo-dynamic model is introduced, integrating the PBM with the Monte Carlo Method to stochastically simulate variables in an industrial grinding circuit. This integrated approach enabled circuit simulations over a period of 2 hours, representing the operational variables as seen in historical data. Model validation showed a correlation of 0.74 in the product size distribution when comparing simulated outcomes with the original population.

BackgroundSmall pilot studies have suggested that transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) could help reduce symptoms of neurological conditions, such as depression, traumatic brain injury, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).ObjectiveTo examine the impact of tPBM on the symptoms of ASD in children aged two to six years.MethodWe conducted a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial involving thirty children aged two to six years with a prior diagnosis of ASD. We delivered pulses of near-infrared light (40 Hz, 850 nm) noninvasively to selected brain areas twice a week for eight weeks, using an investigational medical device designed for this purpose (Cognilum™, JelikaLite Corp., New York, United States). We used the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS, 2nd Edition) to assess and compare the ASD symptoms of participants before and after the treatment course. We collected electroencephalogram (EEG) data during each session from those participants who tolerated wearing the EEG cap.ResultsThe difference in the change in CARS scores between the two groups was 7.23 (95% CI 2.357 to 12.107, p = 0.011). Seventeen of the thirty participants completed at least two EEGs and time-dependent trends were detected. In addition, an interaction between Active versus Sham and Scaled Time was observed in delta power (Coefficient = 7.521, 95% CI -0.517 to 15.559, p = 0.07) and theta power (Coefficient = −8.287, 95% CI -17.199 to 0.626, p = 0.07), indicating a potential trend towards a greater reduction in delta power and an increase in theta power over time with treatment in the Active group, compared to the Sham group. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the condition (Treatment vs. Sham) in the power of theta waves (net_theta) (Coefficient = 9.547, 95% CI 0.027 to 19.067, p = 0.049). No moderate or severe side effects or adverse effects were reported or observed during the trial.ConclusionThese results indicate that tPBM may be a safe and effective treatment for ASD and should be studied in more depth in larger studies.Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04660552, identifier NCT04660552.

Purpose: To evaluate positive effects of photobiomodulation in amblyopia treatment in patients with 8-13 year of age. Study Design: interventional case series. Place and Duration of Study: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: This study was conducted on 16 subjects with strabismic amblyopia. Subjects were assigned to two groups: Photobiomodulation (PBM) and control group. In the PBM group, patients used a portable device (Warp 10, Quantum device) in home 3 times a week. The amblyopic eye were irradiated by a device which emitted 670 nm red light with 25 Joules/cm2 energy for 4 minutes. After irradiation, patients performed near work for 10 minutes. In the control group, patients were treated by using part time occlusion of non-amblyopic eye and near work for 3 months. Ophthalmic assessments including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive evaluation, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and fundoscopy were performed before and four weeks, and three months after treatment. Results: In the PBM group, the mean baseline BCVA was 0.24 ± 0.15 that improved to 0.49 ±0.24 in the third month after treatment. In the control group, the mean initial BCVA was 0.30 ± 0.20that increased to 0.44 ± 0.23 after three months. Our results showed improvement of 2.50 ± 1.16 lines in the PBM group (P<.001) and 1.38 ± 0.72 lines in the control group (P=0.040). Our assessments showed no adverse related to the PBM in patients. Conclusion: PBM facilitates and accelerates the occlusion therapy in amblyopia and it can be considered a treatment option for amblyopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When solar panels reach end-of-life, the disposal of solar panel waste is an issue of concern because it creates environmental pollution if it is improperly disposed of. It is expected that such waste will probably be increasing as the widespread use of renewable energy is adopted by taking measures associated with carbon neutrality. Thus, accurate prediction of solar panel waste with future demands for renewable energy is urgently needed for sustainable waste management. This study examined the amounts of solar panels to be retried by 2050 under three scenarios (S1-BAU, S2, S3). The amounts of solar panels to be retired are estimated by using the PBM (population balance model) with the Weibull distribution. According to the carbon neutral scenario (S3), the total amounts of solar panels to be retired are anticipated to be around 172 kt in 2030, 932 kt in 2040, and 3146 kt in 2050. The total volume of retired solar panels was projected to be 168 kt in 2030, 820 kt in 2040, and 2331 kt in 2050 under the government-led scenario (S2). The average recovery of end-of-life solar panels produced by the three scenarios in 2050 is 1531 kt, 337 kt, 535 kt, and 22 kt for glass, aluminum, silicon, and copper, respectively. Economic benefits by resource recovery of retired solar panels in 2050 range from $25.6 million in S1 to $519.1 million in S3. Based on the sensitivity analysis with the weight of solar panel (5% and 10% reduction), the results indicated that the annual volumes of retired solar panels mostly fell within the range of 4.9% to 10.0% in 2050. To confirm the predicted volumes of retired solar panels in this study, a further study is warranted because they can be influenced by other factors (e.g., weight, technology development, early loss rate, or reuse and recycling options). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dysfunctions of the female pelvic floor have a great influence on the quality of life of women, in all areas, social, psychological, and sexual. Stress urinary incontinence is the clinical condition in which the woman involuntarily loses urine to efforts, such as coughing and sneezing, causing great embarrassment and affecting her quality of life. The physiotherapeutic treatments include muscle strengthening; however, muscle fatigue is present when performing the exercises. Here we investigate the effects of photobiomodulation to prevent muscle fatigue in the pelvic floor in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, associated with a muscle strengthening exercise protocol. We used an infrared laser (808 nm, 100 mW) and 3 J/point and fluence of 107.1 J/cm2. The application was performed at 3 points on the vaginal introits and at another 3 points inside the vaginal canal cavity for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence associated with strengthening exercises with vaginal cones. Twenty-two volunteers participated in the study, divided into two groups: group 1 (laser therapy + strengthening) and group 2 (placebo laser + strengthening). In the group 1 quality of life score, the assessment (11.63 ± 4.33) was the highest score at 17 and in the reevaluation (7.81 ± 5.14) the lowest was 0 (p < 0.05). The muscular strength increased considerably (p < 0.05) for group 1, where the vast majority of patients gained more than twice the strength in the pelvic apparatus (8.36 ± 6.65 before X 13.81 ± 8.92 after). The volunteers acquired an increase in the contraction of the muscles of the pelvic apparatus (p < 0.05) (3.45 ± 1.07); after laser application, this number increased considerably (4.27 ± 0.61). Endurance had an increase of almost 50% compared to placebo, demonstrating the resistance gain in the perineal muscles (3.90 ± 2.35 X 5 ± 1.90). We concluded that photobiomodulation treatment showed significant efficacy in relation to muscle fatigue in the pelvic apparatus right after a strengthening program in women with stress urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diabetes is associated with ocular complications including diabetic macular edema (DME). Current therapies are invasive and include repeated intravitreal injections and laser therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a treatment (Tx) that utilizes selected wavelengths of light to induce cellular benefits including reduction of inflammation and edema. This single-center, open-label, post-hoc analysis explored the utility of multiwavelength PBM in subjects with DME.Methods: Analysis included review of data from patients undergoing standard clinical care with an approved and marketed PBM medical device, the Valeda® Light Delivery System. Subjects with early-stage DME with good vision (Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) > 20/25, logMAR > 0.1) were evaluated in clinic and treated with one series of multiwavelength PBM (Tx delivered 3x/week over 3– 4 weeks; total of 9 Tx sessions). Clinical, anatomical, and safety parameters were assessed in addition to subjective quality of life.Results: A total of 30 eyes (19 subjects) were analyzed. Subjects were predominately male (68.4%) with a mean age of 56 ± 14 years. Reductions in central retinal thickness (CRT), resolution of intraretinal fluid (IRF) and improvement in diabetic retinopathy severity scale scores were observed following PBM treatment in select patients. Baseline BCVA remained stable over the follow-up observation period of 3 months post-PBM. Approximately 64% of patients reported subjective improvements in their ocular condition and decreased influence in everyday life. Detailed OCT evaluations confirmed no safety issues related to phototoxicity up to 16 months.Conclusion: Early-stage DME subjects treated with Valeda multiwavelength PBM showed improvements in clinical and anatomical parameters. The Valeda multiwavelength PBM approach demonstrates a favorable safety profile with no signs of phototoxicity following an independent OCT review. PBM therapy may offer an alternative, non-invasive treatment strategy with a unique mechanism and modality for patients with early-stage DME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paediatric blood management is underlined by the basic principles of maintaining haemoglobin concentration, optimizing haemostasis, and minimizing blood loss. This article explores these principles and details further the management of iron deficiency in children. Transfusion of red cells is necessary in certain situations and this article explains calculations, practicalities of blood transfusion and consent, as well as the management of major haemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peak bone mass is the amount of bone tissue that is formed when a stable skeletal state is achieved at a young age. To date, there are no established peak bone mass standards nor clear data on the age at which peak bone mass occurs. At the same time, the level of peak bone mass at a young age is an important predictor of the onset of primary osteoporosis. The purpose of this review is to analyze the results of studies of levels of peak bone mass in general, the age of its onset, as well as factors influencing its formation. Factors such as hormonal levels, body composition, physical activity, nutrition, heredity, smoking, lifestyle, prenatal predictors, intestinal microbiota, and vitamin and micronutrient status were considered, and a comprehensive scheme of the influence of these factors on the level of peak bone mass was created. Determining the standards and timing of the formation of peak bone mass, and the factors affecting it, will help in the development of measures to prevent its shortage and the consequent prevention of osteoporosis and concomitant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves laser therapy utilized in medical sciences to modulate biological processes acting as a palliative and immune response-enhancing treatment. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to explore current trends in PBM-related scientific production, encompassing publications, citations, impact, keywords and clusters. Additionally, it aims to predict future research trends in this domain. Methods The data for this quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis were obtained from 608 scientific documents retrieved in November 2022, with 123 sourced from Web of Science and 485 from Scopus, Utilizing Excel, the data was processed in Excel to extract essencial information. Productivity and impact were evaluated for eligibility, and VOSviewer aided in determining associativity for the bibliometric analysis. Results The findings of this study demostrate that the scientific production related to PBM adheres to a growth power law, exhibiting characteristics of both exponential and linear phases. Notably, recent research trends emphasize critical concepts such as laser therapy, orthodontics, and dental pulp stem cells. Particularly significant is the burgeoning interest in utilizing PBM within dentistry as a complementary alternative to existing protocols. Conclusions PBM stands as a promising laser therapy within medical applications. Through a detailed bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the increasing significance of PBM, especially within the realm of dental treatments. These insights offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of PBM research and provide valuable guidance for potential future directions of study.

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves laser therapy utilized in medical sciences to modulate biological processes acting as a palliative and immune response-enhancing treatment. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to explore current trends in PBM-related scientific production, encompassing publications, citations, impact, keywords and clusters. Additionally, it aims to predict future research trends in this domain. Methods The data for this quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis were obtained from 608 scientific documents retrieved in November 2022, with 123 sourced from Web of Science and 485 from Scopus, Utilizing Excel, the data was processed in Excel to extract essencial information. Productivity and impact were evaluated for eligibility, and VOSviewer aided in determining associativity for the bibliometric analysis. Results The findings of this study demostrate that the scientific production related to PBM adheres to a growth power law, exhibiting characteristics of both exponential and linear phases. Notably, recent research trends emphasize critical concepts such as laser therapy, orthodontics, and dental pulp stem cells. Particularly significant is the burgeoning interest in utilizing PBM within dentistry as a complementary alternative to existing protocols. Conclusions PBM stands as a promising laser therapy within medical applications. Through a detailed bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the increasing significance of PBM, especially within the realm of dental treatments. These insights offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of PBM research and provide valuable guidance for potential future directions of study.

Aiming to reveal the kinetic characteristics of ceramic ball grinding of fine magnetite comprehensively, two types of ceramic balls ground with the same filling rate and total weight as steel balls were researched. The results show that the breakage rate of ceramic ball grinding is only half of that of steel ball grinding with the same media filling rate. With the same total media weight and a feed size less than 0.212 mm, the breakage rate of the ceramic ball grinding approaches the steel ball grinding and is 17.14% higher than that of the steel ball grinding. The main crushing form of magnetite changed from impact to abrasion in ceramic ball grinding compared with steel ball grinding, which significantly affected the value of the zero-order output constant a. The shift indirectly led to a very different character of the variation ing the parameter β, related to the fines generation rate in the cumulative distribution function of the ceramic ball grinding compared to the steel ball grinding. Therefore, ceramic grinding with a high ball-filling rate can greatly save on energy consumption under the premise of meeting normal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation in accelerating orthodontic treatment with clear aligners in correcting an orthodontic malocclusion characterized by severe crowding and agenesis in an adult subject. An adult male patient with Class I malocclusion, a mild Class III skeletal base and severe crowding was treated with 88 Invisalign® (Align Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA) pairs of aligners replaced every 5 days in combination with an Orthopulse™ (Biolux Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada) photobiomodulation device for home use by the patient. The total orthodontic treatment time was 440 days. Orthopulse™ is a photobiomodulation device that generates continuous beams of near-infrared light (NIR—near-infrared) with a wavelength of 850 nm and a power of 42 mW/cm2 to produce an average energy density on the surface of the silicone impression of 9.3 J/cm2. The combined use of clear aligners and the Orthopulse™ device allowed the patient to replace the aligners according to an experimental 5-day protocol to speed up the orthodontic therapy and, thus, resolve the malocclusion in less time than the manufacturer's standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of low-level laser on the wound healing and burn injuries have been previously examined to demonstrate some satisfactory results. Despite there are a few articles available to study photobiomodulation (PBM) effects on the pain relief of cesarean sectioned wound, however no systematic examination has been carried out so far regarding its healing. Here, the aim of this clinical study was to evaluate PBM effect on the cesarean-sectioned wound healing. PBM effects of semiconductor lasers are investigated at 658 and 660 nm with 100, 150 and 350 mW output powers on 40 patients. Due to the global increasing number of cesarean sections, we have decided to investigate the effect of laser as a reliable technique to recover the wounds fast. We considered women as the target group who had their first delivery giving the birth of their children by cesarean section. We selected patients are who treated by laser therapy using indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP) semiconductor linear scanning type with beam cross section of 12 cm2 and the output power of 100 mW at 658 nm exposing a therapeutic dose of 2 J/cm2. The purpose is to accelerate the healing process of the wounds after delivery as an intervention group against the people who chose the conventional methods (using ointments, pills, etc.) to heal their cesarean sectioned wounds as the control group. Regarding the wounds of these two groups, the questionnaires were filled by patients to assess the severity of pain from visual analogue scale (VAS) based on the healing of wounds from redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and distance between the two edges of the wound (REEDA) scale in the early hours after surgery and the post-treatment follow-up on the third, seventh, and the tenth days. The data collected by these questionnaires were analyzed using statistical package for social science)SPSS(as a statistical software to give out the comparative histograms. This study reports a clinical examination of PBM under intervention group of 40 patients ranging 18–40 years old with body mass index (BMI) of 29–36, during post-cesarean surgery to elucidate successful healing of the wounds and scars against conventional methods which considered as control group. Comparison of mean REEDA scores on the third day (p = 0.035), seventh day (p = 0.03), and tenth day (p = 0.02) after delivery exhibits that the two groups benefit a statistically significant difference with each other. For instance, the mean wound healing score in the intervention group was almost half of the mean wound healing score on the tenth day in the control group (1.09 ± 0.586 vs. 2.25 ± 0.422). The post-cesarean follow-up indicates that the patients treated by the laser therapy (intervention group) encounter better recovery than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves laser therapy utilized in medical sciences to modulate biological processes acting as a palliative and immune response-enhancing treatment. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to explore current trends in PBM-related scientific production, encompassing publications, citations, impact, keywords and clusters. Additionally, it aims to predict future research trends in this domain. Methods The data for this quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis were obtained from 608 scientific documents retrieved in November 2022, with 123 sourced from Web of Science and 485 from Scopus, Utilizing Excel, the data was processed in Excel to extract essencial information. Productivity and impact were evaluated for eligibility, and VOSviewer aided in determining associativity for the bibliometric analysis. Results The findings of this study demostrate that the scientific production related to PBM adheres to a growth power law, exhibiting characteristics of both exponential and linear phases. Notably, recent research trends emphasize critical concepts such as laser therapy, orthodontics, and dental pulp stem cells. Particularly significant is the burgeoning interest in utilizing PBM within dentistry as a complementary alternative to existing protocols. Conclusions PBM stands as a promising laser therapy within medical applications. Through a detailed bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the increasing significance of PBM, especially within the realm of dental treatments. These insights offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of PBM research and provide valuable guidance for potential future directions of study.

BACKGROUND: Patient blood management (PBM) programs strive to implement best practices, mitigating blood loss through procedures to decrease anemia and the need for transfusion. Critical care nurses may have the greatest impact on blood preservation and anemia prevention for the most critically ill patients. Nurse perceptions of barriers and facilitators in PBM are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to determine critical care nurses' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to participation in PBM. The secondary aim was to understand ways in which they believe the barriers can be addressed. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive method was used following Colaizzi's process. Critical care nurses (n = 110) were recruited from 10 critical care units in 1 quaternary care hospital to participate in focus groups. Data were analyzed using qualitative methodology and NVivo software. Communication interactions were categorized into codes and themes. RESULTS: Study findings were gathered under 5 categories: assessing need for blood transfusions, laboratory challenges, availability and appropriateness of supplies, minimizing need for laboratory draws, and communication. Three prominent themes indicated that (a) critical care nurses have a limited awareness of PBM, (b) critical nurses must be empowered to engage in interprofessional collaboration, and (c) addressing barriers is not complex. CONCLUSION: The data provide insight into the challenges of critical care nurse participation in PBM, driving next step efforts in building on the institution's strengths and improving engagement. It is imperative that the recommendations derived from critical care nurses' experiences be further developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Despite intensive research, the ideal protocol applied to maximize the overall benefits of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) remains unexplored. Evidence exists that following aPDT, the diffused light beyond the photosensitizer can exert a secondary therapeutic effect known as photobiomodulation (PBM), which stimulates the healing of the surrounding tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the attenuation properties of five different photosensitizers activated by their corresponding laser wavelengths. Methods: The illumination of various concentrations of chosen photosensitizers, curcumin, methylene blue, toluidine blue, indocyanine green and a methylene blue derivative, irradiated by their respective laser wavelengths (445 nm, 635 nm, 660 nm and 808 nm) was explored via a spectrophotometric analysis. The onward transmitted light intensities for each combination of a photosensitizer and laser wavelength were assessed. The attenuation percentages observed were statistically evaluated using an analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) model. A Tukey's post hoc test was performed to determine the significance of differences between individual group mean values. Results: With the exception of toluidine blue illuminated by an 808 nm laser, which showed the lowest intensity loss, all the other photosensitizers presented an attenuation range of 63% to 99%. Conclusions: At appropriate concentrations, all the examined photosensitizers may allow the passage of sufficient wavelength-dependent light transmission. Calculated fluences are proposed to achieve secondary, beneficial PBM effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is much uncertainty regarding the sources of reactive mercury (RM) compounds and atmospheric chemistry driving their formation. Thiswork focused on assessing the chemistry and potential sources of reactive mercury measured in Reno, Nevada, United States, using 1 year of data collected using Reactive Mercury Active System. In addition, ancillary meteorology and criteria air pollutant data, Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) analyses, and a generalized linear model were applied to better understand reactive mercury observations. During the year of sampling, a fire event impacted the sampling site, and gaseous elemental Hg and particulate-bound mercury concentrations increased, as did HgII-S compounds. Data collected on a peak above Reno showed that reactive mercury concentrations were higher at higher elevation, and compounds found in Reno were the same as those measured on the peak. HYSPLIT results demonstratedRMcompounds were generated inside and outside of the basin housing Reno. Compounds were sourced from San Francisco, Sacramento, and Reno in the fall and winter, and from long-range transport and the marine boundary layer during the spring and summer. The generalized linear model produced correlations that could be explained; however, when applying the model to similar data collected at two other locations, the Reno model did not predict the observations, suggesting that sampling location chemistry and concentration cannot be generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]