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1 In the setting where participants are asked multiple similar possibly subjective multi-choice questions (e.g., Do you like Panda Express? Y/N; Do you like Chick-fil-A? Y/N), a series of peer prediction mechanisms have been designed to incentivize honest reports and some of them achieve dominantly truthfulness: Truth-telling is a dominant strategy and strictly dominates other "non-permutation strategy" with some mild conditions. However, those mechanisms require the participants to perform an infinite number of tasks. When the participants perform a finite number of tasks, these mechanisms only achieve approximated dominant truthfulness. The existence of a dominantly truthful multi-task peer prediction mechanism that only requires a finite number of tasks remains to be an open question that may have a negative result, even with full prior knowledge. This article answers this open question by proposing a family of mechanisms, VMI-Mechanisms, that are dominantly truthful with a finite number of tasks. A special case of this family, DMI-Mechanism, only requires ≥ 2C tasks where C is the number of choices for each question (C=2 for binary-choice questions). The implementation of these mechanisms does not require any prior knowledge (detail-free) and only requires ≥ 2 participants. To the best of our knowledge, any mechanism of the family is the first dominantly truthful peer prediction mechanism that works for a finite number of tasks. The core of these new mechanisms is a new family of information-monotone information measures: volume mutual information (VMI). VMI is based on a simple geometric information measure design method, the volume method. The volume method measures the informativeness of an object by "counting" the number of objects that are less informative than it. In other words, the more objects that the object of interest dominates, the more informative it is considered to be. Finally, in the setting where agents need to invest efforts to obtain their private signals, we show how to select the mechanism to optimally incentivize efforts among a proper set of VMI-Mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current research was to examine the interaction of teammate and coach support on athlete burnout and engagement, and determine how type of teammate and coach support links with athlete burnout and engagement. Adolescent athletes (N = 176) completed measures of support, burnout, and engagement. Total teammate and coach support accounted for 14.9%–26.0% and 22.4%–36.7% explained variance across dimensions of burnout and engagement, respectively. No meaningful significant interaction was found. Teammate esteem support predicted reduced accomplishment, devaluation, confidence, and vigor (β = −0.31, −0.36, 0.28, and 0.28), while emotional and tangible support predicted dedication (β = 0.29 and 0.20) and enthusiasm (β = 0.30 and 0.22). Coach esteem support predicted reduced accomplishment (β = −0.59) and devaluation (β = −0.27). Findings suggest that support from one key agent can enhance youth athlete well-being, but types of support provided by agents differ in salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A widely held belief among laypeople and psychologists suggests that self-esteem and relational aggression (i.e., perpetration and victimization) are associated over time. The present study examines the bidirectional associations between self-esteem and relational aggression across 6 years, using two types of longitudinal models (latent cross-lagged panel models and latent random intercepts cross-lagged panel models) to separate between- and within-person effects. Six hundred and seventy-four Mexican-origin youth reported their global and domain-specific self-esteem and relational aggression (perpetration and victimization) in the fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh grades. Our findings suggest that: (a) being a perpetrator is prospectively associated with later lower opposite-sex relationships self-esteem at the between-person level, (b) lower self-esteem in the domain of honesty-trustworthiness is prospectively associated with becoming a perpetrator and a victim at the within- and between-person level, (c) lower global self-esteem is prospectively associated with higher victimization at the between-person level, and (d) being victimized is not prospectively associated with later global or domain-specific self-esteem, at neither the within- nor the between-person level. The present study provides little evidence for the widely held belief about the bidirectional associations between self-esteem and relational aggression across time but demonstrates the complexity of these associations on the between- and within-person level.

This document, titled "A Quick Guide for Becoming a Better Peer Reviewer," provides tips and recommendations for individuals who have been invited to peer review an article. The authors emphasize the importance of checking the legitimacy of the journal, considering potential conflicts of interest, and evaluating the match between one's expertise and the topic of the article. They also discuss the significance, innovation, and relevance of the paper, as well as the importance of research and publication ethics. The authors provide guidance on writing the reviewer's report, including being kind, constructive, and polite, and being clear and specific in providing feedback. They caution against imposing one's own point of view and disclose recommendations to the authors. The authors conclude by highlighting the importance of mentoring and supporting the next generation of peer reviewers to improve the overall quality of peer reviews and the experience of authors and readers in physical activity research. [Extracted from the article]

There was a burst of creative social scientific investigation into hypermasculine male athletes' violence against women in the 1980s and 1990s, but this interest has seemed to have dried up. Furthermore, the extant literature on this problem is for the most part atheoretical and devoid of sociological ways of knowing. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to highlight the value of applying a modified male peer support theory of male-to-female violence to explain the linkage between playing professional hockey and online and offline variants of woman abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The quality of peer attachment in adolescence is an important determinant of psychosocial adjustment. To date, few clear conclusions can be drawn about the most important factors associated with the quality of peer attachment. This study aimed to identify the most important individual and relational factors associated with peer attachment quality, and to establish their relative contribution. Early adolescents (N = 634, 45.7% girls), 11.29 years on average at the first measurement time, participated in the longitudinal study. Individual and relational factors were measured at T1; parent and peer attachment quality were measured at T2, 2 years later. First, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the global score for peer attachment as the outcome variable. Second, a path model, including the three specific attachment dimensions (trust, communication, and alienation), was tested. The invariance of the models by sex was also examined. The analyses showed that peer attachment was associated positively with the adolescent–parent attachment relationship, the adolescent's age, as well as the teacher–student relationship, and associated negatively with the presence of internalizing behavior problems and social rejection. These variables helped explain 21.3% of the total variance. Give or take a few nuances, these same variables were also related to the three specific peer attachment dimensions. Sex differences were observed for the associated factors of these specific dimensions. This study highlights the importance of certain relational variables, in both family and school contexts, as correlates of peer attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distributed ledger is a shared and synchronized database across multiple designated nodes, often referred to as miners, validators, or peers. These nodes record, distribute, and access data to ensure security and transparency. However, these nodes can be compromised and manipulated by selectively choosing which user transactions to include, exclude, or reorder, thereby gaining an unfair advantage. This is known as a miner/maximal extractable value (MEV) attack. Existing solutions can be classified into various categories, such as MEV auction platforms and time-based ordering properties, which rely on private transaction Mempools. In this paper, we first identify some architectural weaknesses inherent in the latest proposals that divide the block creation and execution roles into separate functions: block builders and block executors. The existing schemes mainly suffer from the verifiability of the decryption process, where a corrupted builder or executor can simply deny the inclusion of specific targeted transactions by exploiting the fact that all transactions are in plain format. To address this, we propose an enhanced version that incorporates a verifiable decryption process. On a very high level, within our proposal, whenever an Executor or a Builder performs a decryption, the decrypted values must be broadcasted. This enables any entity in the network to publicly verify whether the decryption was executed correctly, thus preventing malicious behavior by either party from going undetected. We also define a new adversary model for MEV and conduct a comprehensive security analysis of our protocol against all kinds of potential adversaries related to MEV. Finally, we present the performance analysis of the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While peer feedback has been a staple in second and foreign language (FL) writing for decades, most research explicitly examines the role of second language (L2) proficiency in written feedback among reviewer–writer pairs. The impact of L2 proficiency pairing in oral peer feedback remains under‐researched as does research on peer review among writer–reviewer triads, a commonly practiced peer review activity in FL classrooms. In the present study, 62 undergraduates participated in an oral peer feedback group discussion in an English as an FL writing context, providing and receiving oral peer feedback on two drafts of an argumentative essay topic. A rotary triadic role design was adopted to allow each group member to experience the role of both writer and reviewer, receiving two reviewers’ oral feedback as a writer and giving feedback for two writers as a reviewer in the same group. Self‐initiated L2 proficiency pairing was then examined from a reviewer–writer perspective in relation to the quantity and quality of oral feedback given and incorporated. Results showed significant differences in feedback quantity and uptake between different reviewer–writer pairings. Writers of high proficiency levels would receive and incorporate significantly more oral feedback when paired with reviewers of the same proficiency levels, compared to when paired with reviewers of different proficiency levels. Low‐level reviewers offered significantly more total oral feedback for low‐level writers than high‐level writers. Pedagogical implications could then be drawn as to how to pair learners of different L2 proficiency levels in oral peer feedback activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from primary to secondary school is often associated with an increase in behavioral disengagement, which undermines students' academic development. Prior studies examined the average development of behavioral disengagement across school transitions. This study examined how students' peer status in primary school and ability track in secondary school relate to trajectories of behavioral disengagement. We followed n = 1564 students who transitioned to secondary school across three time points: February/March, and May/June in students' final year of primary school and January/February, roughly 6 months after students transited to secondary school. Latent Growth Curve Analyses showed that on average, behavioral disengagement increased, but this increase mostly occurred before transitioning to secondary school. Peer status and track related to students' initial levels of behavioral disengagement, but not to their development in behavioral disengagement over the transition. Specifically, students who were viewed as more popular by peers, and students who ended up in the lowest track showed more behavioral disengagement in primary school, whereas students who were more accepted by peers were less disengaged in primary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The recreational use of LSD, a synthetic psychedelic drug, has surged in recent years, coinciding with a renewed research focus on its potential psychotherapeutic properties. Aim: This study aims to describe the experiences and perceptions of individuals engaging in LSD use for the first time, derived from a large international sample. Methods: This study utilised 2018 Global Drug Survey data collected from 6 November 2017 to 10 January 2018. Participants who initiated LSD use in the preceding 12 months answered questions on their experiences, social settings, harm-reduction behaviours, and demographics. Descriptive statistics were employed, and characteristics of those seeking emergency medical treatment (EMT) and those not planning further LSD use were compared with other respondents. Results: Among 3340 respondents who used LSD in the past year, their first-time experiences generally exceeded expectations, with 97.7% expressing excitement. Adverse and unwanted side effects were rarely reported, and only 17 individuals needed EMT. Feelings of fear were reported by most (64.1%), but only very mildly and not enough to put them off from wanting to use LSD again. Discussion: Although the occurrence of unwanted side effects seems low and the LSD experience is generally pleasurable, vigilance amid the rising illicit use of LSD through harm-reduction education is still important in preventing possible risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective exposure literature indicates that not all users take away the same messages from their media exposure; it is suggested that viewers are not merely exposed but rather reactive to multiple—and possibly opposing—messages. The current study aims to introduce an active media-processing perspective, focusing specifically on the media-body image association among an early adolescent sample. Results of a three-wave longitudinal survey among 971 early adolescents (Mage = 11.14; SD = 1.13) show that media-focused peer interactions (W1), but not media exposure (W1), were associated with contradictory perceptions of attractiveness (i.e., perceived benefits and perceived costs for investing in appearance) (W2). Polynomial regression analyses pointed out that the association between these contradictory perceptions (i.e., interaction between benefits and costs; W2) was curvilinearily related to body image investment (W3). The findings emphasize the variable vulnerability of adolescents to the media effect and the importance of acknowledging multi-layered media messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread popularity of online reading challenges on platforms like Goodreads and The StoryGraph, research on this phenomenon has been mostly absent. This article addresses this gap by examining the motivations of adolescent participants in reading challenges, the outcomes of their participation and the implications for their reading routines. Drawing upon semi‐structured interviews with 20 participants aged 15–20 years, the article shows that motivations range from a desire for social engagement within a book‐loving peer group to self‐challenge. A common thread is that reading challenges serve as a catalyst for increased volitional reading by adolescents, accompanied by changes in their reading habits. Furthermore, analysis of the responses reveals that these evolving reading practices are perceived by participants as both stimulating and self‐directed. However, the research also underscores the significant role played by algorithms on platforms like Goodreads in influencing reading routines. The study also shows that some participants in online reading challenges are guided by social motivation, although most of them experience social motives as secondary to their individual and intrinsic desire to read more. At the same time, some individuals partaking in online reading challenges prove susceptible to negative perceptions from others. Hence, this research foregrounds crucial tensions in online reading cultures adolescents engage in, specifically those between autonomy and algorithm and sociocentrism and egocentrism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restrained eating is becoming widespread recently. The present study aimed to examine whether peer appearance teasing was positively associated with restrained eating among Chinese adolescent girls and whether this association was mediated by fear of negative appearance evaluation (FNAE) and body surveillance. A sample of 720 Chinese adolescent girls completed questionnaires on peer appearance teasing, FNAE, body surveillance, and restrained eating. Peer appearance teasing was significantly and positively related to girls' restrained eating. FNAE mediated the relationship between peer appearance teasing and restrained eating. Furthermore, the association between peer appearance teasing and restrained eating was sequentially mediated by FNAE and body surveillance. The findings of this study provide new insights into the development of restrained eating among adolescent girls, and highlight peer appearance teasing and body surveillance as potential targets for intervention programs regarding body image concerns and eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Play in early childhood environments is critical to the social development of all children, including those with disabilities. Children with autism often experience delays in the development of play skills and may especially struggle with social play with peers. Thus, strategies to support social play in inclusive preschool settings are needed. The purpose of this article is to provide practitioners with an overview of evidence-based strategies to increase play interactions between children with autism and their peers in inclusive preschool settings. We outline the importance of play in early childhood classrooms, provide an overview of common play and social interaction challenges experienced by young children with autism, and describe and exemplify strategies to promote play between peers. We provide recommendations for collaborations between special educators and speech language pathologists working with children with autism to support children's play in inclusive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines a child's personal experiences with peer relationship building in the classroom and is guided by Vygotsky's cultural historical concepts of the social situation of development and cultural tools and Hedegaard's (2012) model for learning and development. Hedegaard's (2012) dialectical—interactive approach was adopted to analyse the data for this study which was gathered using digital video observations of a grade one classroom within the western suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia over a five week period. This paper explores the strategies used by children that enables them to balance their desire for peer relationships while remaining within what is considered acceptable behaviours by their teachers within the classroom. It is argued that it is important for schools to continue to strive to find the balance between institutional demands while creating social situations that foster peer relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Difficulty finding mentors and forging connections in academic departments can be challenging and became even more so when the COVID‐19 pandemic reduced opportunities for informal networking. Even as restrictions on in‐person meetings eased, many faculty preferred meetings to remain virtual. Because some of the most powerful predictors of faculty vitality are positive professional relationships and feelings of inclusion and belonging to an institution, attending to faculty needs in this area is important to mitigate undesired lingering consequences. Approach: We created structured peer mentoring groups for our department's physicians and psychologists that meet virtually. Groups span career stages, academic appointments and clinical interests. The purpose was to establish a deeper culture of mentoring, increase feelings of connection to a supportive community within the department, facilitate career planning and enhance the development of skills necessary in academic medicine such as teaching skills, scholarly productivity and personal wellness. Evaluation: A survey conducted after the first year of the programme was completed by 70% of eligible faculty (31/45). Ninety‐six percent felt the programme had created an inclusive and appreciative culture, 86% met faculty members they had never met before and 79% sought mentoring advice from a colleague they would not usually have interacted with in that manner. All participants appreciated hearing their colleagues' perspectives on topics they do not typically discuss. Implications: Departmentally based group peer mentoring that spans career stages and interests can facilitate faculty connections and enhance a supportive culture of mentorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has identified several risk factors for adolescent vaping. However, limited research has directly explored how low self-control and peer vaping activity are related to adolescent vaping. This study addresses these gaps in the literature by examining relationships between low self-control, peer risk factors for vaping, and adolescent nicotine vaping using a sample of Florida adolescents collected in 2019. In addition, this study examines whether peer risk factors moderate the relationship between low self-control and nicotine vaping. The findings suggest that low self-control and peer nicotine vaping are linked with adolescent nicotine vaping. The findings also provide evidence that peer risk factors may moderate the relationship between low self-control and adolescent nicotine vaping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite theoretical acknowledgments that peers can be either "good" or "bad" for criminal offending and recidivism, criminological research most often models peers as a criminogenic influence on offending behaviors. To explore the impact of peer relationships and to expand on theoretical conceptualization of peer relationship quality, the current study uses Pathways to Desistance data to examine the effects of peer quality and peer delinquency in recidivism over time among a sample of 1,272 individuals adjudicated during adolescence. Findings from a series of mixed-effects models demonstrate that peer quality is significantly predictive of increased aggressive offending. However, quality mitigates the relationship between peer delinquency and income offending, highlighting a need for further research considering potential protective aspects of peer relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who experience maltreatment are prone to exhibit interpersonal deficits and lack secure attachment, which can lead to internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. This study investigated timing and chronicity of maltreatment and its impacts on psychopathology outcomes in young adulthood. Two interpersonal mediators were examined: problems with peers and childhood attachment security. Children with and without maltreatment exposure were recruited to take part in a 1-week research summer camp (N = 697; mean [SD] age = 11.29 [0.97] years; 71.3% Black or African American; 50.5% male). Participants were recontacted in young adulthood to complete a second wave of assessments (n = 427; mean [SD] age = 19.67 [1.16] years; 78.0% Black or African American; 48.9% male). Structural equation modeling was used to estimate indirect effects from child maltreatment timing to young adult internalizing and externalizing symptomatology via childhood attachment security and peer problems. Findings highlighted the detrimental impact of chronic maltreatment, which was associated with higher levels of peer problems (β =.24, p <.001) and less secure attachment (β = −.13, p <.01) in childhood. Also, lower attachment quality in childhood mediated the association between chronic maltreatment and self-reported internalizing (a × b = 0.02, p <.05) and externalizing symptomatology (a × b = 0.02, p <.05). Additionally, childhood peer problems mediated the association between chronic maltreatment and caregiver-reported internalizing problems (a × b = 0.04, p <.05). Chronic maltreatment is particularly harmful for interpersonal outcomes of children. Mediation findings differed by who reported on psychopathology, showing the importance of considering multireporter measures of psychopathology. Child maltreatment is an interpersonal stressor that may impact developmental outcomes throughout a youth's life. In this study of 697 children who participated in a 1-week research summer camp and were contacted in young adulthood, the authors found that chronic maltreatment significantly increased the risk of difficulties in forming secure attachments as well as having problems with peers during childhood. In turn, these challenges were linked to emotional and behavioral symptomology in young adulthood. These findings emphasize the need to support children facing chronic maltreatment to improve their long-term mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we research the phenomenon of early school leaving through the biography of school leavers. The participants were 14 individuals (five females and nine males) who had left school early before completing secondary education. The interviewees' discourse highlighted the mediating factors and the reasons for leaving school. Also, early school leavers are a heterogeneous group of individuals, where the diversity of their family's cultural capital has shaped different inclusion conditions in the Greek educational system. According to the typology of Nairz-Wirth and Gitschthaler, we identified four types of early school leavers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Research has highlighted the potential adverse effects of weight bias internalization (WBI) on adolescents, but there has been little examination of WBI and sources of weight teasing (family, peers, or both) or across racial/ethnic diversity of adolescents. We aimed to examine the relationship between WBI and sources of weight teasing across sociodemographic characteristics and weight status in a diverse community sample of adolescents. Methods Data were collected from a U.S. sample of 1859 adolescents aged 10–17 years (59% female; 43% White, 27% Black or African American, and 25% Latino). An online questionnaire was used to assess participants' experiences of weight teasing from family members, peers, or both, and their weight status, weight-related goals, WBI, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results Adolescents experiencing weight teasing from both family and peers reported the highest levels of WBI, while those reporting no teasing exhibited the lowest levels. These patterns were observed across sex, race/ethnicity, weight status, and weight goals, and persisted after controlling for depressive symptoms. Notably, family influences played a salient role, with adolescents reporting higher WBI if teased by family only compared to teasing from peers only. Sex and racial differences were also observed in adolescents' experiences with weight-based teasing. Conclusion Our study reveals associations between adolescent weight-based teasing, WBI, and sociodemographic factors. Weight-based teasing, whether from family and peers or from family only, was associated with increased WBI. Interventions targeting weight stigma in youth should not be limited to peer-focused efforts, but should also emphasize supportive family communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the setting of analyst coverage networks to shed light on the nature of peer effects in financial policies. First, we use the "friends-of-friends" approach and exploit the fact that analyst coverage networks partially overlap to identify endogenous peer effects, in which firms respond directly to the capital structure choices of their peers, separately from contextual effects, in which they respond to their peers' characteristics. We further show evidence that analysts facilitate these peer effects through their role as informational intermediaries. Analyst network peer effects are distinct from industry peer effects and are more pronounced among peers connected by analysts that are more experienced and from more influential brokerage houses. Finally, the analyst peer effects become weaker after exogenous reductions in common coverage as a consequence of brokerage closures. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Funding: F. Marcet acknowledges funding from ANID/CONICYT Proyecto FONDECYT Iniciacion [Grant 11221187]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4891. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Internet age, income inequality within peer groups has raised attention. We examine the effect of Internet penetration on peer income inequality and investigate whether the Internet penetration and peer income inequality relationship can be reinforced by human capital. Using a combination of macro and microdatabases of China over the period 2010–2018, we find that peer income inequality in China generally follows a downward trend from 2010. In addition, we show that Internet penetration significantly reduces peer income inequality. Internet penetration has a negative effect on peer income inequality among those under 40 years old, while the effect is reversed among those aged 40–60. Furthermore, human capital can reinforce the links between Internet penetration and peer income inequality. Our results confirm that a mixed indicator of Internet penetration and human capital investment should be part of an active economic policy aimed at reducing peer income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School engagement, encompassing affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions, is key to promoting school retention and preventing absenteeism. Previous research has shown that maintaining high engagement is crucial for a positive educational trajectory. This study investigates the individual contributions of contextual factors, including family, teacher, and peer support, on students who initially had a lower level of school engagement in one dimension and then advanced to a higher level in the same dimension over time. The study involved students enrolled in their first year of secondary education in public schools in Chile during 2021, with the same students being evaluated again the following year. We used means cluster analysis to identify a group of students who initially had low school engagement but showed high engagement by the second evaluation. This allowed us to identify profiles of school engagement longitudinally. Our results indicated that contextual factors had a stronger association with affective engagement, followed by cognitive and behavioral engagement, respectively. Among the contextual factors, family and teachers had a stronger impact compared to peers. These findings highlight the importance of adults, particularly family and teachers, in enhancing school engagement during secondary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, raw image may suffer from various uncertain distortions arising due to many factors like low dynamic range of imaging device, low illumination, bad weather conditions. In this paper, a new idea of fuzzy peer group-based image denoising algorithm has been presented with a novel similarity measure function. Unlikely the Gaussian membership function based conventional similarity measure; here proposed method hired the local spatial information induced similarity measure together with Gaussian membership function by exploiting the significance of both. Using the proposed similarity measure, fuzzy peer group of similar pixels contrived and color image having contamination of mixed noise i.e., impulse noise and Gaussian noise is decontaminated with refashioned form of bilateral filter. The algorithm proposed has been compared with some state-of-the-art methods in studies and other techniques. The experimental performance shows that proposed approach is having leading filtering outcome with edge preserving and color information from existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsDiscussionHearing Voices Groups (HVGs) have proliferated internationally. They are premised on the notion that connections between peers facilitate personal recovery. Little systematic research exists into if, and how, HVGs may be effective, especially when convened online. This paper aims to harmonise standardised research methodology with the liberatory, survivor-led ethos of many HVGs to outline a protocol for the first longitudinal, nonrandomised trial of an online HVG to take place within UK mental health services.Six to ten adults who hear voices will be recruited from both community and UK National Health Service (NHS) settings to participate in a six-month peer-support group that is delivered via videoconference. Participants will complete questionnaires assessing social support, voice-hearing and feelings of personal recovery and qualitative interviews at baseline and at the end of the group. Participants will also complete measures of group cohesion at weeks 4 and 12.Data will be analysed for feasibility, acceptability and safety.This is the first longitudinal study evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of an online HVG held within the NHS. The findings may provide insights into the impact of such interventions and inform the design of a future, definitive study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the peer and economic effects of corporate poverty alleviation behavior. Using the data of A-share non-financial listed corporates in Shanghai and Shenzhen of China from 2016 to 2020, the empirical analysis of this study finds that: corporate poverty alleviation behavior has significant peer effects; the guidance of local poverty alleviation policies weakens the peer effects of corporate poverty alleviation behavior; compared to private enterprises, the poverty alleviation behavior of the peer firms has a more significant impact on state-owned enterprises; and corporate poverty alleviation behavior can result in the backflow of economic benefits and achieve the organic unity of economic and social benefits. The purpose of this paper is to explore the peer effects of corporate poverty alleviation behaviors through empirical analysis using available public data. The results of the study not only increase the motivation of corporate to participate in poverty alleviation from a peer effects perspective, but also reveal key factors for sustaining corporate poverty alleviation behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENTChild sexual exploitation perpetrated by organised networks has been a major child protection concern in the UK. This paper uses police investigation files and interviews with police officers to reconstruct and explore the structures and mechanisms underlying offender and victim networks in five cases of network-based CSE perpetrated within UK communities between 2010 and 2021. Using social network analysis and content analysis this paper finds that, while structures vary, most offender networks are loosely connected, lack centres of power and lack structural sophistication. Additionally, examination of the corresponding victim cohorts demonstrates that victims often come from interconnected peer groups intrinsically involved in introducing each other to offender networks. Specific roles in network activity could be identified and matched to both offenders and victims. Statistical analysis shows that an offender’s structural position in the network is related to the specific roles they perform, with different roles showing distinct structural profiles.The study suggests that identifying and targeting offenders with specific roles within CSE networks could aid strategic network disruption. However, it is also implied that when it comes to dismantling networks, taking an offender-centred approach may not be the most effective strategy, as they are structured in a way that is resilient to these tactics. Instead, the study proposes that engaging with victim networks could serve as a more effective alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Becoming a parent, while often perceived as a joyous event, can also be a vulnerable life transition, with approximately one in five mothers experiencing perinatal mental illness. Peer support is recommended for its preventive and therapeutic benefits. However, relevant program components of perinatal mental health peer support remain to be identified. Objectives: This review aims to (1) identify peer support programs in perinatal mental health through existing reviews and to (2) synthesize the components of these programs. Methods: A systematic literature review guided by PRISMA was conducted searching four databases, supplemented by hand searches. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist facilitated the systematic extraction and synthesis of program components. Results: Eleven peer support programs were identified from three reviews, largely conducted in English-speaking countries. The identified reviews highlight the benefits of peer support in perinatal mental health. Key components of individual programs were contextual background, materials, provider training and support, delivery modes and locations, and evaluation. Sharing lived experience and providing flexible support were central to all programs. Conclusion: Aspects of flexibility, authenticity and the challenges of program evaluation in peer support must be considered. Findings can now inform future planning and implementation efforts of peer support programs in periantal mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microteaching is a way of doing professional development for teachers wanting to incorporate new evidence-based and high-leverage practices into their instructional toolboxes. Given how much work is required in teaching and the limited time professionals have available, microteaching is an accessible process that supports instructional improvement by practicing evidence-based and high leverage strategies. Professionals, working with a small group of peers, engage a four-phase process that includes planning, enactment of a strategy, as well as individual and group reflection. Professionals use the opportunity to explore a teaching strategy that is responsive to student needs in the context of critical friends. Having an opportunity to try it out before introducing it in the classroom can be a valuable way to work out bugs, discover aspects that need development, and build a sense of efficacy. Microteaching is a way to support collegial growth by seeing into each other's classroom practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pervasive health and healthcare disparities experienced by transgender (trans) and gender diverse (TGD) people require innovative solutions. Peer-based interventions may address disparities, and are an approach endorsed by TGD communities. However, the scope of the literature examining peer-based interventions to address health and healthcare access inclusive of TGD people is uncharted. Aim: This scoping review aimed to understand the extent of the literature about peer-based interventions conducted with and/or inclusive of TGD populations; specifically, study participants (e.g. sociodemographics), study designs/outcomes, intervention components (e.g. facilitator characteristics), and intervention effectiveness. Methods: Underpinned by Arksey and O'Malley's framework: (1) identifying the research question; (2) identifying studies; (3) study selection; (4) charting data; and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting results, eligible studies were identified, charted, and thematically analyzed. Databases (e.g. ProQuest) and snowball searching were utilized to identify peer-reviewed literature published within 15 years of February 2023. Extracted data included overarching study characteristics (e.g. author[s]), methodological characteristics (e.g. type of research), intervention characteristics (e.g. delivery modality), and study findings. Results: Thirty-six eligible studies documented in 38 peer-reviewed articles detailing 40 unique peer-based interventions were identified. Forty-four percent (n = 16/36) of studies took place in United States (U.S.) urban centers. Over half (n = 23/40, 58%) focused exclusively on TGD people, nearly three-quarters of which (n = 17/23, 74%) focused exclusively on trans women/transfeminine people. Ninety-two percent (n = 33/36) included quantitative methods, of which 30% (n = 10/33) were randomized controlled trials. HIV was a primary focus (n = 30/36, 83.3%). Few interventions discussed promotion of gender affirmation for TGD participants. Most studies showed positive impacts of peer-based intervention. Discussion: Although promising in their effectiveness, limited peer-based interventions have been developed and/or evaluated that are inclusive of gender-diverse TGD people (e.g. trans men and nonbinary people). Studies are urgently need that expand this literature beyond HIV to address holistic needs and healthcare barriers among TGD communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to an unprecedented demand for services, college counseling centers have been forced to innovate new strategies to meet student demand and protect staff from burnout. One private university developed a unique Comprehensive Collaborative Care Model. Drawing on the tradition of collegiate recovery communities, this model includes the use of Peer Support Communities (PSCs). This brief discusses the structure of PSCs, as well as the positive response from both students and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is considerable evidence that children's early ability to understand others' mental states, called "theory of mind," is shaped by family experiences, it remains unclear whether children's social interactions at school influence theory of mind (ToM) beyond early childhood. We tested whether the mean level ("quantity") and/or the diversity ("variety") of peers' ToM influenced children's own ToM. We also examined whether peer effects on ToM were independent of possible confounding variables (e.g., verbal ability, social isolation) and comparable across children with different initial levels of ToM and social status. Four hundred fifty-four 8–12-year-old children completed assessments of ToM and peer and friendship nominations at baseline and (for ToM only) 1 year later. The variety (but not the quantity) of peers' ToM predicted the development of children's ToM over and above control variables. The magnitude of the peer effect was comparable across different levels of children's ToM and between children indexed as socially isolated and those who were not. These findings fit with sociocultural models and highlight the importance of the school environment in the development of ToM. Public Significance Statement: This study delves into the critical question of whether peers influence the development of "theory of mind" defined as children's ability to understand others' mental states such as desires, beliefs, and emotions. Involving 454 children aged 8–12, the research reveals that belonging to a classroom with greater heterogeneity in theory of mind performance predicts the advancement of children's own theory of mind, irrespective of other factors such as verbal ability and social isolation. These findings underscore the importance of the school environment in fostering the development of fundamental social cognitive skills, with significant implications for enhancing children's educational experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper examines the acquisition and dissemination of harm reduction information among people who inject drugs, as well as preferred sources of information. Methods: Data were obtained from 862 people who inject drugs, recruited from Australian capital cities for the 2021 Illicit Drug Reporting System. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess potential factors associated with knowledge sharing. Results: Almost two‐fifths (37%) reported that they had received information about how to keep themselves safe when using drugs within the past 6 months. Reporting on their last occasion of receiving information, participants stated that it was commonly about injecting practices (56%), overdose prevention (26%) and injection‐related injuries (22%), and was mostly received from an alcohol and other drug worker (54%), followed by other health professional (24%) and social network (18%). Among those who reported receiving information, 50% shared this information with other people, predominantly with their social network: no factors were found to be significantly associated with sharing information. The majority reported that peer workers and/or people with lived experience would be the first person they would talk to for information about a range of topics (e.g., injecting/harm reduction practices, overdose prevention). Discussion and Conclusions: Two in five participants had recently obtained information about how to keep themselves safe while using drugs, with half sharing this information with their social network. Peer workers were the preferred source of information, suggesting that the peer educator workforce should be expanded to embrace the capacities and expertise of people who inject drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, sexual violence in K–12 public schools saw a 55% increase in incidents from the 2015–2016 school year to the 2017–2018 school year. These incidents included sexual violence by school employees against students and peers against other peers. The current study estimated the overall weighted average number of sexual assault/sexual battery, rapes/attempted rapes, and overall sexual violence within districts and across the states using the 2017–2018 data gathered by the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC). The two-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) results showed that the average number of incidents of sexual assault/sexual battery per district across states was 3.74, with a variance of 61.81 per district within the states. The average variability in the average incidents of sexual assault/sexual battery between the states was 265. Finally, future studies should use moderators to explain the variations in sexual violence within and across states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the synergies between relationship‐based practice and contextual safeguarding when working with young people experiencing extra‐familial risk and harm (EFRH). The article draws on data from interviews, observations, policy reviews and case files from two sites in England who are testing contextual safeguarding approaches to EFRH, including a children and families social work department and a voluntary and community sector organisation. The findings evidence how relationship‐based practice in contextual safeguarding facilitates practitioners' understanding of places and their peers. The discussion draws on the theory of social defences to evidence that despite willingness and commitment to relationship‐based practice, without systemic and cultural organisational support to respond to EFRH, efforts to do so may undermine and cause harm to practitioners engaging in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the Germanwings crash in 2015, several regulations have been instituted around pilots' mental health issues and flight safety. One of these (CAT.GEN.MPA.215) stipulates that European operators are to implement a Peer Support Program to encourage pilots' self-referral of mental health issues and identify mental wellbeing issues as early as possible. However, knowledge is scarce regarding how effective these programs are on a range of outcomes. This systematic review aimed to identify articles investigating peer support programs and their effectiveness in preventing and detecting mental health issues, in commercial aviation and other high-risk organizations. A systematic search was performed in three databases, following the structure of the PRISMA guidelines. All articles (2.123) were exported to Rayyan Citation, where the screening process was performed. Four articles met the final inclusion criteria. Overall, the search revealed little empirical evidence of the effectiveness of peer support in detecting and preventing mental health. Although there is limited or no evidence in any direction, the peer support programs seem to be without evident harm and were generally appreciated. The insufficient empirical evidence is nonetheless concerning, with these programs being implemented throughout Europe in such a high-risk context as the aviation industry. The results highlight the importance of more research on peer support in aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop a practical method for bivariate z-score analysis which can be applied to the survey of an external quality assessment programme. To develop the bivariate z-score analysis, the results of four surveys of the international D-Dimer external quality assessment programme of 2022 of the ECAT Foundation were used. The proposed methodology starts by identifying the bivariate outliers, using a Supervised Sequential Hotelling T2 control chart. The outlying data are removed, and all the remaining data are used to provide robust estimates of the parameters of the assumed underlying bivariate normal distribution. Based on these estimates two nested homocentric ellipses are drawn, corresponding to confidence levels of 95 and 99.7 %. The bivariate z-score plot described provides the laboratory with an indication of both systematic and random deviations from zero z-score values. The bivariate z-score analysis was examined within survey 2022-D4 across the three most frequently used methods. The number of z-score pairs included varied between 830 and 857 and the number of bivariate outliers varied between 20 and 28. The correlation between the z-score pairs varied between 0.431 and 0.647. The correlation between the z-score pairs for the three most frequently used varied between 0.208 and 0.636. The use of the bivariate z-score analysis is of major importance when multiple samples are distributed around in the same survey and dependency of the results is likely. Important lessons can be drawn from the shape of the ellipse with respect to random and systematic deviations, while individual laboratories have been informed about their position in the state-of-the-art distribution and whether they have to deal with systematic and/or random deviations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During adolescence, socialization of gender role attitudes (GRA) shifts from parents to peers, friends, and classmates; thus, it takes place primarily in the school context. Accordingly, previous studies identified school-related factors associated to adolescents' GRA. However, little is known about the relative importance of these factors as well as about the factors' differences between females' and males' GRA. This study investigates the relevance of several school factors on adolescents' GRA and gender differences. Using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (N = 10,866), the results show that attending a higher educational school type, higher classmates' socio-economic background, lower proportion of female classmates, and more egalitarian classmates' GRA are related to more individual egalitarian GRA. Furthermore, the relation between classmates' GRA and individual GRA is more pronounced for males than females. The study further discusses starting points for possible interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether varying dimensions of teacher-child relationship quality and gender moderated associations between knowledge of negative emotion-eliciting situations and peer victimization among Black preschoolers (60 boys, 54 girls) who ranged in age from 35 to 65 months. Fifty-one children had a Black teacher, 46 had a White teacher, and 17 had a Latine teacher. All teachers were female. Knowledge of negative emotion-eliciting situations was assessed directly in the fall. Lead teachers reported on teacher-child relationship quality between September and December. A second teacher completed peer victimization ratings in the spring of the following year. When teacher-child closeness was high, there was a positive association between knowledge of negative emotion-eliciting situations and physical victimization, but a negative association emerged when teacher-child closeness was low. In accord with the victim schema model that undergirded this study, knowledge of negative emotion-eliciting situations was negatively related to physical victimization for children who experienced high teacher-child conflict and dependency. Black teachers perceived more relational victimization. Our findings highlight the need for further examination of peer victimization among young Black children and suggest that identifying the individual and ecological correlates of peer victimization should be a priority for school psychologists working in early educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent health-related behaviours and outcomes are shaped by their peers through various social processes. Research using network data on friendship ties has uncovered evidence for processes such as peer influence and imitation. Much less is known about how the structure of small groups within a network, network communities that represents its meso level, affect individuals. The structure and composition of peer groups could play an important role in shaping health behaviour but knowledge of the effects of groups is limited. We used data from The Peers and Levels of Stress study, a cross-sectional social network study conducted in 2006 of 22 secondary schools in Glasgow, Scotland. Students from one year group (15–16 yrs., N = 3148; 50.8% women) provided information on socio-demographics, health behaviour and friendships via a questionnaire. Dependent variables were substance use and general mental wellbeing measured via principal components. We used a series of multilevel models with students (level 1), network communities (peer groups) identified by the Walktrap algorithm (level 2), and schools (level 3). We found substantial and moderate clustering at the peer group level for substance use and mental wellbeing, respectively. Larger and more transitive groups were associated with less substance use, but worse mental wellbeing. Addressing the methodological gap regarding the influence of the choice of group detection method on findings, we repeated our analysis using nine additional methods. The choice of the method somewhat influenced peer group variance and greatly influenced association of peer group properties with health. This study makes two key contributions to school-health improvement research. Beyond describing peer group clustering health outcomes, this is the first demonstration that structural and compositional characteristics of peer groups are associated with individual health, while highlighting the sensitivity of findings to group detection method used. • Network meso level - network communities – are underused in social network and health research. • We used series of multi-level models with network communities as random effects. • Characteristics of friendship network communities in schools are associated with individual health. • We check the sensitivity of findings by using 10 different group detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer evaluations place organizational members in a dual role: they evaluate their peers and are being evaluated by their peers. We theorize that when evaluating their peers, they anticipate how their evaluations will be perceived and adjust their evaluations strategically to be evaluated more positively themselves when their peers assess them. Building on this overarching claim of role duality resulting in strategic peer evaluations, we focus on a dilemma that evaluating members face: they want to leverage their evaluations of peers to portray themselves as engaged and having high standards, but at the same time, they must be careful not to offend anyone as doing so may cause retaliation. We suggest that organizational members about to be evaluated resolve this dilemma by participating in more peer evaluations but carefully targeting which evaluations they participate in. We test our theory by analyzing peer evaluations on Wikipedia, supplemented by in-depth semistructured interviews. Our study informs research on peer evaluation and organizational design by revealing how being an evaluator and evaluated can make evaluations more strategic. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15302. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Under a randomized setting, this article finds workers with entrepreneurial ambitions—intended entrepreneurs—are (1) far more common than workers with past entrepreneurial experience and (2) increase the rate of entrepreneurship among their peers. Peer effects are persistent, stronger for tighter networks, and extend to the decision to join a startup. As intended peers explain half of the variation in entrepreneurship rates in our sample, our results demonstrate that intended entrepreneurs, even those that never personally start a firm, represent a vital component of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study empirically examines the nonlinear effects of mimicking peer firms' cash holdings on shareholder value, with consideration of macroeconomic conditions. Design/methodology/approach: An instrumental variable approach for nonlinear models is estimated for a large sample of US firms over the period 1991–2019. This approach addresses the reflection problem in examining peer effects, whereby it is impossible to separate the individual's effects on the group, or vice versa, if both are simultaneously determined. Findings: The authors find an inverted U-shaped association between shareholder value and mimicking intensity of peer firms' cash holdings. This result suggests that mimicking peer firms' cash holdings is subject to diminishing returns. It is more beneficial at lower levels of mimicking intensity but less so or suboptimal at higher levels. Further evidence indicates that this inverted U-shaped shareholder value-mimicking intensity nexus is asymmetric. Specifically, it is salient for decreases relative to increases in cash holdings and, more importantly, in good relative to bad macroeconomic states. The findings are robust to several concerns and have important implications for liquidity management policies. Originality/value: The authors provide new empirical evidence of the nonlinear effects of mimicking peer firms' cash holdings on shareholder value, which varies with macroeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study an infinitely repeated game of team production, where agents must supply costly effort under moral hazard. The principal also has the option to delegate an additional production-relevant decision to a team member. We provide conditions under which delegation changes the scope of peer sanction and thus influences the implicit incentives generated by the agents' repeated interaction. Delegation can then become strictly optimal, despite misaligned preferences and symmetric information regarding the efficient decision. We show that implicit incentives under delegation are strongest in diverse teams and use our results to discuss various aspects of organizational design, including self-organized teamwork. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting. Funding: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Project-ID 403041268—TRR 266 Accounting for Transparency]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02212. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article builds on the stressor-strain-outcome framework to explain how entrepreneurial stressors (stressor) and emotional exhaustion (strain) hinder the growth intentions of women entrepreneurs (outcome). A stress-buffering hypothesis is also used to explain how peer support can buffer the entrepreneurial stressor – emotional exhaustion – growth intention relationship. Using a sample of 300 South African women entrepreneurs, our evidence demonstrates that in addition to a significant direct effect on growth intentions, entrepreneurial stressors also contribute to an increase in emotional exhaustion. This, in turn, hinders the growth intentions of women entrepreneurs. We argue that peer support plays a vital buffering role by significantly reducing the effect of entrepreneurial stressors on emotional exhaustion, shielding women entrepreneurs from the adverse effects of entrepreneurial stressors upon venture growth intentions. Finally, implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth in the population of women on probation and/or parole has prompted the need for research that examines static and dynamic risk predictors for recidivism among them, particularly substance use and negative peer associations. Using a longitudinal study of 402 drug-involved and justice-involved women on probation/parole in 16 Michigan counties, this study employed the Dual-Role Relationship Inventory—Short Form (DRI-SF) and personal characteristics to examine how the perceptions of women under community supervision regarding their supervising officers correlated to risks for substance use and negative peer associations. We found those perceptions to be robust predictors of substance use and negative peer associations among our sample. The dynamics of that correlation are discussed, as are implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the resource allocation of Chinese sixth-graders and the role of peer relationship in different resource conditions (N = 132, Mage = 11. 35 years, SD = 0.60). We designed the resource quantity as a between-group variable, with one group participating in a resource-limited experiment and another group in a resource-abundant experiment. Both groups of children allocated token resources to three types of peers relationships: good friends, disliked individuals, and strangers. Based on our experimental hypotheses, we presupposed three experimental outcomes: selfish allocation, equal allocation, and altruistic allocation. To analyze the data, we employed multivariate unordered regression analysis and performed two rounds of regression analyses using both selfish and altruistic allocations as reference categories to enhance the statistical power of regression model. Our results reveal that the resource quantity had a significant hindering effect on children's allocation behaviors, as the amount of available resources for allocation increased, so did their willingness to allocate selfishly. It was also found that an increase in resources led to a decrease in the proportion of children allocating equally. Nonetheless, the results still revealed generalized peer relationship preferences: children tended to allocate more resources to friends than to individuals they disliked. But when faced with disliked individuals, they were relatively more likely to allocate equally. Finally, we observed the proportion of equal allocation and discussed the similar impact of inequality aversion, different allocation contexts, and children's theory of mind on equitable allocation among sixth-graders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]