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The peculiarities of the interaction of ibuprofen with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) have been studied by FTIR spectroscopy and computer simulation. Quantum chemical calculations of the optimal geometry and IR spectra of two conformers of the ibuprofen molecule were performed at the MP2/6-311 + G (2d,p) level of theory. The calculation results were compared with the experimentally recorded spectra of pure ibuprofen. FTIR spectra of pure ibuprofen and PEG 400 and their solutions at different concentrations (4% and 30%) were registered and analyzed. Molecular docking simulation of non-covalent interactions between ibuprofen and PEG molecules was performed using AutoDock4.2.6 software. It was established that PEG 400 can act as an effective inert matrix for the transfer of ibuprofen without changing its functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravaginal drug administration offers several advantages over other routes, primarily bypassing the initial stages of metabolism. Additionally, this route has demonstrated both local and systemic effects. Mucoadhesive polymeric systems can be utilized to prevent dose loss due to the mucous barriers and the formation of wet cavities. This study employed various techniques to evaluate the performance and characteristics of a mucoadhesive film composed of HPMC-PEG 400 containing retinyl palmitate and ketorolac molecules. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze the porous structure of the film. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted at different temperatures to assess thermal stability. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the functional groups and intermolecular interactions between the film and the drug. Swelling and weight loss tests indicated that the film disintegrated within 3–4 days. UV-VIS spectroscopy was used for drug release evaluation based on the Higuchi equation. Additionally, the surface wetting properties were assessed through contact angle measurements. The system's biocompatibility was confirmed using the MTT assay. Finally, adhesion and glide tests demonstrated the film's interaction with porcine uterine tissue. This study shows that the HPMC-PEG 400 film containing retinyl palmitate molecules interacts effectively with tissue and could be considered a novel tool for treating damaged epithelial tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective catalytic system for the synthesis of ß-enaminoesters from ß-ketoesters under mechanochemical conditions using mortar and pestle in recyclable PEG 400 as solvent-drop approach was developed. This method has a number of benefits, including shorter reaction times, use of inexpensive recyclable solvent cum catalyst system, compatible reaction conditions, and high product yields. ©2024 ACG Publications. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the effect of different polymers and plasticizers on oral disintegrating films (ODFs) containing triamcinolone acetonide (TA), a glucocorticosteroid indicated for the treatment of oral wounds. Materials and Methods: Thirteen different formulations with the same amount of polymer and plasticizer were prepared by solvent casting. Briefly, the solutions containing polymer, plasticizer, and other ingredients were poured into Petri dishes and kept at room temperature for 20 hours to obtain ODFs. Physical properties of ODFs such as visual appearance, weight and thickness uniformity, pH, mechanical durability (tensile strength, elongation at break and folded insurance), and disintegration time were assessed and drug content analysis was performed on ODFs. Results: Suitable ODFs were produced with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin, and pectin, while film integrity was not achieved with polyethyleneglycol 4000 (PEG 4000), chitosan and starch. Glycerin made ODFs more transparent, reduced their thickness, and improved their mechanical properties. On the other hand, PEG 400 reduced the weight variation. Regarding drug content, PEG-containing gelatin-based ODF (ODF10) and pectin-based ODF (ODF12) complied with pharmacopeial limits. In addition, all ODFs except HPMC-based ODFs had an appropriate pH range. Conclusion: When all features were evaluated together in terms of the applicability of an ODF to the patient, the most convenient formulation was found to be gelatin-based with PEG 400 ODF (ODF10). In short, patients will benefit from ease of application and transportation and effective therapy with correct dosing with the development of ODF forms of TA for which there are no preparations except for cream, gel, and pomade forms for topical use in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Miconazole nitrate, a BCS class II drug which is used for treatment of fungal infections. To minimize the disadvantages of sticky creams and ointments and their tendency to rub off, an intelligent dosage regimen needs to be designed as a film-forming spray formulation. The aim of this investigation was to develop a film-forming spray formulation containing 0.5% Miconazole nitrate for the treatment of fungal infections on the skin. Materials and Methods: The Miconazole nitrate film-forming spray formulation was prepared using different concentrations of Eudragit RL-100, Ethylcellulose, Camphor and Menthol crystals (Eutectic mixture), Polyethene glycol 400 and Ethanol by simple solvent dissolving method using a statistical tool, 23 full factorial design to optimize the film forming spray formulation. The film-forming spray underwent thorough testing to evaluate its formulation characteristics, including pH, viscosity, evaporation time, density, drug release and container-related factors such as spray angle, spray diameter and amount of spray solutions released per actuation at valve assembly. To carry out an antifungal activity test on an optimized spray formulation and compare it with a commercially available cream. Results and Discussion: From the study, the ethyl cellulose concentration has a greater influence on the viscosity and density, 45 cps and 0.8472 g/mL of the spray formulation respectively. Eudragit RL-100 and the eutectic mixture have a higher impact on the drug release 92.44% at 8 hr in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Conclusion: The topical treatment of fungal infections proved to be suitable for the Miconazole nitrate film-forming spray formulation. Longer, continuous medication administration is facilitated by the skin's longer retention period. The medication exhibits good antifungal effectiveness in preventing fungal infections, according to antifungal investigations. The Miconazole nitrate film-forming spray is a considerably better alternative to current dosage forms for treating topical fungal infections, as evidenced by its good stability, simplicity of administration and action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, a lot of research is committed to developing new heat transfer fluids for medium to high temperatures applications. This experimental analysis is dedicated to a less studied fluid, PEG 400 enhanced with titanium oxide nanoparticles, and started with suspensions manufacturing, morphology analysis and a strong discussion on viscosity, rheological behavior and isobaric heat capacity. Precisely, five suspensions of up to 2.5 %wt. TiO2 were analyzed through the entire experimental in terms of their behavior at ambient temperature and heating. Plus, viscosity was checked for possible hysteresis and the experimental revealed that this is almost absent for these nanocolloids, which is favorable for heat transfer applications, especially in heat exchange. The rheological tests revealed a non-Newtonian comportment for all of the samples, comportment that is more obvious when nanoparticles concentration increases. In terms of viscosity outputs, a normal fluidic behavior was noticed at heating, while the viscosity upsurges between 8 and 36 %, depending on nanoparticle concentration. Isobaric heat capacity tests demonstrated a decrease of up to 6.3 % for higher loaded nanocolloids and a relatively small variation with temperature, which is, somehow, in line with state of the art. As a conclusion, it may affirm that nanocolloids based on PEG 400 and oxides can be a good alternative for heat exchange applications.

Larval control is remain the best method in reducing the high incidence of Dengue Fever, but temephos-resistance has also been reported. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) leaves are thought to be a promising material to replace temephos. This study aim to identify the larvicidal effect of lime leaves ethanolic extract on Aedes aegypti. Lime leaves were extracted by maceration method and PEG 400 diluent was added as a dispersing agent. Total of 400 Aedes aegypti larvae at stages III-IV were enrolled. At 24 hours of observation, mortality rate of Aedes aegypti larvae in group with extract concentration of 0.3% and 0.4% was 92% and 100%, respectively. From post-hoc Mann Whitney test, p-value of

Herein, thermal and non-thermal techniques were used to elucidate the putative physical and chemical interactions between poorly water-soluble Kaempferia methoxyflavones and PEG400/propylene glycol. Additionally, the biocompatibility of methoxyflavone-glycol solutions was evaluated using Caco-2 cells whereas the absorptive transport was investigated by measuring the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the methoxyflavones and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Data from differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic analysis revealed physico-chemical compatibility between the three methoxyflavones and PEG400/propylene glycol. Furthermore, PEG400 and propylene glycol solutions of the methoxyflavones were shown to be compatible with Caco-2 cells at pharmacologically effective concentrations. In vitro transport studies across the Caco-2 cell monolayer revealed high Papp values of 24.07 × 10–6 to 19.63 × 10–6 cm s–1 for PEG400 solutions of the methoxyflavones. The TEER values of the Caco-2 cell monolayers indicated that the increased drug transport was partly due to increased tight junction openings, but without compromising the epithelial barrier integrity. The good pharmaceutical and biocompatibility profiles, as well as improved transport of the methoxyflavones in PEG400 and propylene glycol solutions, are suggestive of the worthiness of this approach for further consideration pertaining to the development of these drugs into oral liquid dosage forms.

• TiO 2 suspended in PEG 400 fluids properties are debated. • Viscosity decreases with temperature increase and increases with TiO 2 addition. • Isobaric heat capacity of samples declines when nanoparticles are added to PEG 400. • Correlations are proposed for PEG 400 + TiO 2 fluids, in terms of viscosity and isobaric heat capacity. In the last years, a lot of research is committed to developing new heat transfer fluids for medium to high temperatures applications. This experimental analysis is dedicated to a less studied fluid, PEG 400 enhanced with titanium oxide nanoparticles, and started with suspensions manufacturing, morphology analysis and a strong discussion on viscosity, rheological behavior and isobaric heat capacity. Precisely, five suspensions of up to 2.5 %wt. TiO 2 were analyzed through the entire experimental in terms of their behavior at ambient temperature and heating. Plus, viscosity was checked for possible hysteresis and the experimental revealed that this is almost absent for these nanocolloids, which is favorable for heat transfer applications, especially in heat exchange. The rheological tests revealed a non-Newtonian comportment for all of the samples, comportment that is more obvious when nanoparticles concentration increases. In terms of viscosity outputs, a normal fluidic behavior was noticed at heating, while the viscosity upsurges between 8 and 36 %, depending on nanoparticle concentration. Isobaric heat capacity tests demonstrated a decrease of up to 6.3 % for higher loaded nanocolloids and a relatively small variation with temperature, which is, somehow, in line with state of the art. As a conclusion, it may affirm that nanocolloids based on PEG 400 and oxides can be a good alternative for heat exchange applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide some insights into the pH and electrical conductivity of two classes of nanocolloids with PEG 400 as the base fluid. Thus, nanoparticles of two oxides—MgO and TiO2—were added to the base fluid in 5 mass concentrations in the range 0.25–2.5 %wt. The stability was evaluated in terms of pH at ambient temperature, while the electrical conductivity was discussed at both ambient temperature and up to 333.15 K. The electrical conductivity of PEG 400 was previously discussed by this group, while the behavior of the new nanocolloids was debated in terms of the state of the art. More precisely, the influence of MgO increases electrical conductivity, and an enhancement of up to 48% for 0.25% MgO was found, while the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be in similar ranges. In conclusion, electrical conductivity varies with temperature and the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid, although the mechanisms that are driving the nanoparticle type and concentration influence are not yet entirely assumed in the available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article depicts several novel experimental data on thermophysical properties of Al2O3/PEG 400 nanoparticle enhanced fluids. Both temperature variation and nanoparticle mass concentration are investigated as main factors for influencing the viscosity and heat capacity of studied nanofluids. Different approaches were used in this study to compare the data and to outline the theoretical interpretation of our experimental data.Rheological experiments at two temperatures, 288.15 K and 298.15 K show a Newtonian behavior for PEG 400 and the fluids with Al2O3 nanoparticles, while the increase in viscosity is up to 32 %, depending on the mass concentration of nanoparticles. The experimental work involved also several heating–cooling cycles and it was noticed that viscosity decreases while temperature increase and a small hysteresis (up to 10 %) was noticed for higher loadings of nanoparticles. Viscosity data analysis involved a comparison with well-known correlations as well as a VFT analysis followed by a 3D analysis of all experimental data. Specific heat for most of the nanofluids increase both with nanoparticle mass concentration and temperature; exception is the 5 %wt alumina–PEG 400. The goodness of theoretical correlations for viscosity are discussed and new correlations for viscosity and specific heat are proposed.

Infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed on Lysozyme aqueous solutions also in the presence of PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG 400) as a function of an increasing temperature from T = 27 °C to 90 °C, and, successively in sequence, by decreasing temperatures from T = 90 °C to 27 °C. Data were analyzed by evaluating the spectral difference with respect to the initial spectrum collected at 27 °C. This procedure allows to quantitatively evaluate the thermal restraint related to the thermal scan from T = 27 °C to 90 °C, as well as to introduce a spectral resilience concerning the entire increasing and decreasing thermal paths which allow to highlight the bioprotectant effectiveness of low molecular weight PEG. In particular, the main purpose of the present work is to highlight the effects of a thermal treatment on a mixture of Lysozyme/water and of Lysozyme/water/PEG 400 during an increasing temperature scan, and then after a successive decreasing temperature scan, in order to highlight the bioprotectant role of PEG 400. On that score, an evaluation of the spectral distances of the registered spectra as a function of increasing and decreasing temperatures has been performed and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furosemide is a potent diuretic drug that has low bioavailability. Furosemide can be formulated into nanoemulsion preparations using the SNEDDS method to increase its bioavailability as SNEDDS can form stable nanoemulsions with droplet sizes is less than 200 nm. This study aims to identify the optimum formula for variations in the concentration of surfactant Tween 80 and cosurfactant PEG 400 based on the characterization tests of emulsification time, percent transmittance, and drug loading. The independent variables used in this study were Tween 80 and PEG 400. Seven furosemide SNEDDS formulas from the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method were tested for characterization in the form of emulsification time, percent transmittance, and drug loading. The characterization results were optimized using Simplex Lattice Design. The optimum formula was re-characterized, including emulsification time, percent transmittance, drug loading, particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro dissolution. The results were then compared with theoretical values and analyzed using the One-Sample T-test method. Optimization results showed Tween of 61.4922% and PEG 400 of 18.5078% with the characterization of emulsification time 15.25 seconds, percentage transmittance 94.20%, drug loading 50 100.2 ppm, particle size 12.18 nm. Furthermore, the zeta potential was -17.6 mV, and the in vitro dissolution rate reached 106.71% within 15 minutes.

• New PEG 400 based Al 2 O 3 nanofluids were manufactured. • Rheological properties and viscosity is discussed for PEG based nanofluids. • VFT equations for viscosity are deliberated and suggested for the investigated fluids. • PEG 400 – alumina new fluids specific heat is argued. • Polynomials of second order are proposed to correlate the experimental results for specific heat. This article depicts several novel experimental data on thermophysical properties of Al 2 O 3 /PEG 400 nanoparticle enhanced fluids. Both temperature variation and nanoparticle mass concentration are investigated as main factors for influencing the viscosity and heat capacity of studied nanofluids. Different approaches were used in this study to compare the data and to outline the theoretical interpretation of our experimental data. Rheological experiments at two temperatures, 288.15 K and 298.15 K show a Newtonian behavior for PEG 400 and the fluids with Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, while the increase in viscosity is up to 32 %, depending on the mass concentration of nanoparticles. The experimental work involved also several heating–cooling cycles and it was noticed that viscosity decreases while temperature increase and a small hysteresis (up to 10 %) was noticed for higher loadings of nanoparticles. Viscosity data analysis involved a comparison with well-known correlations as well as a VFT analysis followed by a 3D analysis of all experimental data. Specific heat for most of the nanofluids increase both with nanoparticle mass concentration and temperature; exception is the 5 %wt alumina–PEG 400. The goodness of theoretical correlations for viscosity are discussed and new correlations for viscosity and specific heat are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental work was performed in defining several properties for polyethylene glycol PEG 400 and nano-enhanced PEG 400 + ZnO in the range of mass percentages of up to 5 mass% ZnO. Thus, the article depicts several novel experimental data on viscosity and isobaric specific heat for PEG 400-ZnO nanoparticle enhanced fluids. The isobaric specific heat was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The rheological behavior of the nanofluids is explored through rotational rheometry. The properties are investigated in the temperature interval 283.15–333.15 K for nanoparticle mass concentrations of up to 5 mass% and data were compared with the open literature models and correlations. Experimental data were found to be in agreement with existing results and data interpretation was performed, while several correlations were proposed. Plus, the viscosity was modeled with the help of Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equations, while the hysteresis was also checked. Concluding, no major hysteresis in viscosity was noticed, while the viscosity increase with nanoparticle addition and decrease by 10% when temperature is increasing. The isobaric heat capacity is increasing up to 5.4% with nanoparticle addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosilver (AgNPs) can be synthesized using plant extracts that safe, simple, and environmentally friendly. Sweet orange contains flavonoids and citric acid, which can be a bioreductor and capping agent in silver biosynthesis to increase antimicrobial activity. AgNPs are then dispersed in a gel for acne treatment through a peel-off mask preparation. Humectants provide moisture, prevent skin irritation and regulate the viscosity of the preparation. Propylene Glycol (PG) and Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG 400) are humectants combined to obtain good physicochemical properties of the preparation. This study aims to determine the character of AgNPs and the effect of humectant combinations on the physicochemical properties of peel-off mask preparations. AgNPs characterization was performed using UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, Particle Size Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscope. The PG-PEG 400 combinations are F1 (0: 100%); F2 (25%: 75%); F3 (50%: 50%); F4 (75%: 25%) and F5 (100%: 0). The physical-chemical test for 28 days included organoleptic, viscosity, dry time, and pH. The biosynthesis results produced AgNPs with maximum absorption of nanoparticles at 435 nm, rod morphological shapes measuring 106 ± 10.6 nm, and PI 0.26 ± 0.06. Statistical analysis showed that the PG-PEG 400 combination significantly affected the viscosity, dispersibility, and dry time of the preparation but affected nothing to pH. The combination of PG-PEG 400 decreased the viscosity and increased the dispersibility of peel-off mask preparation. The higher concentration of propylene glycol caused the dry time of preparation to become longer. Formulas with PG-PEG 400 combination of 25%: 75% and 75%: 25% meet the requirements of viscosity, dispersibility, dry time, and pH and not significant changes during 28 days of storage at room temperature.

Introduction: Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa) is known to have anti-inflammatory activity because it contains thymoquinone. Manufacturing in the form of nanoemulsion extracts can accelerate the absorption process in the body. A Nanoemulsion is a transparent or translucent system with a uniform and very small globule size (usually in the 2-500 nm range). Nanoemulsions consist of surfactants, co surfactants, oil and water. Tween 80 is used as a surfactant, which when combined with VCO, will form a small nanoemulsion globule size (2-500 nm). PEG 400 act as a co surfactant to help lower interfacial tension. This study aims to determine the concentration of VCO, tween 80, and PEG 400, which can be formulated as nanoemulsion preparations. Methods: The preparation of black cumin extract nanoemulsion was carried out by a combination of the low energy emulsification method with a magnetic stirrer and the high energy emulsification method with a sonicator. Results: The results showed the test results droplet size nanoemulsion extract cumin, a black in colour with a concentration of 1 % produced a grain size of 139.3 nm, at a concentration of 2% obtained the particle size of 122.7 nm and at a concentration of 3% obtained the particle size of 154.8 nm. Conclusion: The polydisperse index is in the range of 0.57-0.59, which shows particle size uniformity nanoemulsi, because all three formulations have a similar polydisperse index, which means that the distribution of particles with particle size uniformity levels were very good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This project aims to prepare hydrogel microneedle patches (MNs) as a painless method to deliver carbamazepine transdermally. This can be used as a sustained release system that offers the advantages of lower gastrointestinal side effects and avoids the first-pass metabolism of the drug. MNs were composed of two medicated layers, a microneedle layer and a base layer. MNs were fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol with or without polyvinylpyrrolidone Kollidon 30 as a matrix polymer and in the presence of selected solubilizing agent (polyethylene glycol 400, Tween 80, or α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol). Freezing–thawing cycle was evaluated as one of the processing parameters that may affect the drug release. The MNs were evaluated for their weight variation, base thickness, and content uniformity. The physicochemical compatibility between carbamazepine and the polymers was estimated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction. Evaluation for the in vitro release studies and ex vivo permeation studies was performed. The prepared MNs were flexible, clear, and uniform in weight, base thickness, and drug content. Physicochemical characterizations showed that carbamazepine was amorphous in most of the MNs. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies of carbamazepine were significantly higher for MNs containing a combination of 1:1 w/w of PEG 400 and Tween 80 as solubilizing agents where the release was extended over 96 h, with the release of 85.2% and 59.6% permeation percentage compared to other MNs. A significant effect of the freezing–thawing cycle on the release profile of the drug was observed. The hydrogel MNs are shown to be stable under the studied storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Leather artefacts in historical collections and old leather bookbindings in archives and libraries frequently show a variety of visible changes which alter their appearance and ability to be used, such as powdery surface, weakened structure, complete or partial loss of the grain layer. However, historical leather stabilization and consolidation yet represent a challenging problem for conservators due to the sensitivity of collagen to the action of most of the conservation and restoration formulations currently used. In this paper we report our recent research concerning the development of halloysite nanoparticles dispersions for enhancing the hydrothermal stability of weakened historical vegetable tanned leather. The effects of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) dispersed in various aqueous and non-aqueous mediums on the thermal stability of collagen in historical leather were tested using thermal microscopy, thermogravimetry and micro differential scanning calorimetry. Unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance was used to evaluate the changes in water dynamics due to collagen matrix interaction with dispersion media. The treated samples were also characterized using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The analytical assessment confirmed the leather thermal stability increase and a partial recovery of fibres cohesion, thus validating the use of HNT dispersions as a basic tool for the preservation of collagen-based materials. Further functionalisation and encapsulation using antimicrobials, fungicides and pH adjustment nanoparticles will deliver novel and more durable HNTs-based conservation treatments.

In this experimental study, nanofluids based on polyethylene-glycol PEG 400 enhanced with zinc and aluminum oxide nanoparticles were studied in terms of pH and electrical conductivity. The nanofluids were found to be stable with a pH in the range 7.45 to 8.90 at ambient temperature. Electrical conductivity was evaluated both at ambient temperature and at heating up to 60 °C and results showed that the nanofluids electrical conductivity increases with temperature and a correlation is proposed. Plus, PEG 400 electrical conductivity variation with temperature was found to be in line with state of the art, while Al2O3 addition decreases the electrical conductivity and ZnO nanoparticle have little to no influence. As a conclusion, the variation of electrical conductivity with nanoparticle concentration is not fully understood in the open literature and intense studies are needed in order to fully understand the mechanisms of its variation and predictability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a novel acetaminophen and tramadol hydrochloride-loaded soft capsule (ATSC) with enhanced bioavailability of tramadol. The ATSC was manufactured in a pilot-scale batch size with the capsule contents composed of tramadol, acetaminophen, PEG 400 and Capmul MCM at a weight ratio of 37.5:325:177.5:30. Moreover, its dissolution, stability and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs were carried out compared to commercial tablet. The dissolved amounts of acetaminophen from the ATSC and commercial tablet were not significantly different. However, compared to the latter, the former had significantly higher dissolution rate of tramadol at the initial times. In beagle dogs, the ATSC provided no significant difference in plasma concentrations and AUC of acetaminophen than did the commercial tablet; however, it significantly improved those of tramadol compared to the other, indicating the enhanced oral bioavailability of tramadol. Compared to the commercial tablet, the ATSC had a larger AUC value for tramadol (55.27 ± 11.06 vs. 92.62 ± 21.52 h·ng/ml). In the accelerated long-term stability, the ATSC offered higher than 96% drug content of acetaminophen and tramadol, suggesting that it was stable for at least six months. Therefore, this ATSC would be a recommendable candidate with enhanced oral bioavailability and excellent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kafirin-based films can be a potential alternative to petroleum-derived plastic and is an essential step towards environmental waste management. This study presents kafirin as a bio-polymer with the potential for making films by using a solution casting technique. Kafirin films with varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol (400), triacetin and triethyl citrate were cast. The interaction of kafirin by the plasticizer was confirmed by FTIR spectra studies. The effect of plasticizers on the crystallinity of the polymers has been studied by using the XRD technique. The change in glass transition temperature (Tg) of the films was analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal stability of films was ascertained by TGA. The measurement of breaking strength and elongation at break helped in studying the effect of plasticizers on the mechanical properties of the films. The water permeability and water contact angle test have been carried out to understand the barrier properties that are necessary for food-grade applications. By comparing test results, it was found that various plasticizers are suitable to be used with kafirin depending on the end-use application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel has wide applicability in biomedical applications and other industrial applications due to its strong biocompatibility. A natural polymer is eco-friendly, nontoxic, and biocompatible. There are vast varieties of natural polymers whose combination can form excellent hydrogels. Pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are some such kinds of polymers. Plasticizer has wide applicability to enhance properties of polymers mix. Glycerol has been widely used as a plasticizer in many hydrogels but it does not render thermostability whereas, PEG is known to render thermostability. Thermostable hydrogel provides easy sterilization by using heat and pressure such as an autoclave. Small molecular size plasticizer is known to provide more space among the polymer mix and affect the porosity and water uptake capability. PEG 400 has wide applications in pharmaceutical industries and it is one of the small molecular size plasticizers. Other than this, copper ions are known to render skin regenerative property with biocidal property help in the wound healing treatment. Thus, a hydrogel was fabricated using pectin and CMC with PEG 400 as the plasticizer and copper ion as cross-linker (PCPEG2). The resulted hydrogel not only showed high thermal stability but also has high porosity, a high degree of swelling, pH sensitivity and good cytocompatibility and good drug release efficiency. The hydrogel was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA/DTG/DTA, and XPS which showed good fabrication of hydrogel with high thermal stability. Thus, a novel hydrogel of pectin/CMC with PEG 400 was fabricated with enhancing properties applicable in biomedical applications and other industrial applications. Highlights: Fabrication of pH responsive thermostable PEG 400 based hydrogel. The hydrogel has high porosity (21.72 μm), which favors high cell viability (Live/Dead cell staining). Cu2+ is used for ionic cross-linking among the polymers, which is explained via XPS analysis. Capability of having high industrial value especially as skin dressing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Surgical adhesives are an attractive alternative to traditional mechanical tissue fixation methods of sutures and staples. Ease of application, biocompatibility, enhanced functionality (drug delivery) are known advantages but weak adhesion strength in the wet environment and lack of tissue compliant behavior still pose a challenge. In order to address these issues, non-aqueous bioadhesive based on blends of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, conjugated with 4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl] benzyl bromide (PAMAM-g-diazirine) and liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) has been developed. PEG 400 biocompatible solvent reduces the viscosity of PAMAM-g-diazirine dendrimer without incorporating aqueous solvents or plasticizers, allowing application by syringe or spray. Upon UV activation, diazirine-generated reactive intermediates lead to intermolecular dendrimer crosslinking. The properties of the crosslinked matrix are tissue compliant, with anisotropic material properties dependent on the PEG 400 wt%, UV dose, pressure and uncured adhesive thickness. The hygroscopic PAMAM-g-diazirine/PEG 400 blend was hypothesized to absorb water at the tissue interface, leading to high interfacial adhesion, however porous matrices led to cohesive failure. The hydrophilic nature of the polyether backbone (PEG 400) shielded cationic PAMAM dendrimers with cured bioadhesive film displaying significantly less platelet activation than neat PAMAM-g-diazirine or PLGA thin films. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Carbene bioadhesive blended with water-free PEG 400 accelerates gelation time. • Real-time photometry demonstrates tuneable modulus via UV dose and PEG 400 content. • Photocured bioadhesive mimics J-curve tissue moduli with flexible microporous structures. • PEG 400 improves wet adhesion strength on ex vivo soft tissues. • Shielded cationic dendrimers reduce human derived platelet adhesion and activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Polyethylenglycole (PEG) is a widespread linear polymer which can be utilized as a solute digestive and intestinal permeability marker in nutritional physiology studies depending on chain length/molecular mass. PEG 400 is proposed to be an ideal permeability marker. Due to its molecular mass (238–590 g/mol) and characteristics, PEG 400 is suggested to be used as a surrogate for studying the paracellular permeability of small hydrophilic molecules. For this purpose, a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed for the determination of the major oligomers of PEG 400 in porcine plasma. The analysis included a simple and rapid clean-up step where proteins were precipitated. The most intense ions corresponding to seven PEG 400 oligomers were separated within 7 min. Validation of the optimized method was performed in the range of 500–18,000 ng/mL. Mean recoveries between 93 and 105% were achieved using spiked plasma samples in three different concentration levels. The limit of quantification ranged between 11 and 244 ng/mL. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of porcine plasma samples obtained from an animal experiment with barrows. The kinetic course of administrated PEG 400 was shown based on the dataset of two barrows selected from the control group, and it was figured out that relative proportion of each PEG oligomer in portal plasma decreased with increasing molecular mass. Highlights • PEG 400 as a paracellular permeability marker of small hydrophilic molecules • Development of a LC-MS/MS method of PEG 400 oligomers • Method includes a simple and rapid sample preparation. • Application by the analysis of porcine plasma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surfactant effects on the size and crystallinity of ZnO powders prepared by Solid-state mechanochemical method. The present method is a simple and efficient method for the preparation of nanoparticles with high yield at low cost. The size and crystallinity of the nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDAX). Optical properties and band gap were studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy. XRD shown that the lattice constants have been changed to some extent. These results showed that the band gap energy decreases with increase in lattice constants, which can be attributed to the improvement in crystallinity of the samples. The band gap of the ZnO can be tuned in the range of 3.37–3.33 eV respectively, by the use of PEG 400 surfactant.

In this study the effect of liquisolid technique on the dissolution profile of spironolactone was evaluated. Different formulations of spironolactone liquisolid compacts were prepared using various amounts of non-volatile vehicles (Poly ethylene glycol 400 and glycerin). The ratio of microcrystalline cellulose (as carrier) to silica (as coating powder material) was 20 for all formulations. After preparing tablets by direct compression with constant compression load, the release profiles were evaluated by USP paddle method. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and FTIR were used to evaluate any interaction between spironolactone and other ingredients. The liquisolid tablets exhibited significantly higher dissolution rates in comparison with conventionally direct compressed tablets. Furthermore results showed dissolution rate enhancement of liquisolid tablets by increase in the amounts of non-volatile vehicles. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that, the drug has got solubilized in the liquid vehicle. FT-IR spectroscopy studies of pure spironolactone, liquisolid compacts, glycerin and PEG400 supported solubilization of the drug in the liquid vehicle too. The FT-IR spectra also showed that no interactions have been occurred between spironolactone and other ingredients. In conclusion the liquisolid technique can be a suitable method in order to prepare rapid release tablets of poorly water-soluble drugs such as spironolactone.

Abstract The goal of this work was to study the solubilization and thermodynamic behavior of budesonide (BDS) in the aqueous mixtures of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) within the temperature range of 293.2–313.2 K by using a shake-flask method. The obtained molar solubility data were correlated by using some cosolvency models. The mean relative deviations (MRDs %) for back-calculated solubility data were employed to show the accuracy of the fitness. Furthermore, the apparent thermodynamic properties of dissolution of BDS in the binary mixtures of solvent including entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy were computed using van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. Finally, by means of IKBI method was observed that BDS was preferentially solvated by PEG 400 in all the mixtures compositions. Highlights • Solubility study of BDS in {PEG 400 + water} mixture at temperature of 293.2 K–313.2 K • Correlation/back-calculation of the solubility data by some cosolvency models • Computing thermodynamic parameters by using the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]