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Background: Forensic investigations often rely on DNA analysis from biological samples such as saliva, which provides a non-invasive and accessible source of DNA. However, efficient isolation of high-quality DNA from saliva remains challenging due to the presence of inhibitors and mucins. In this study, a DNA isolation method was evaluated for isolating DNA from saliva samples using polyethyleneimine-functionalized iron-oxide nanoparticles, utilizing their high DNA binding capacity and the magnetic properties. Saliva samples (200 µL) were obtained from 20 healthy individuals, and DNA was isolated using PEI-IONPs followed by elution in 200 µL of elution buffer. DNA yield, purity, and integrity were assessed using UV–vis spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: DNA isolated using PEI-IONP-based method showed an average yield of 5.8 µg per 200 µL of saliva, with an average concentration of 29.0 ng/µL. The purity ratio (OD260/OD280) of 1.82 indicated minimal contamination from proteins or RNA, and agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the high molecular weight and integrity of the DNA. Conclusions: This study establishes PEI-IONP as a reliable, safe, and efficient approach for DNA isolation from saliva samples, with potential applications in forensic science. The method also minimizes the use of hazardous chemicals, providing an environment friendly alternative to traditional isolation techniques. However, future research should evaluate the compatibility of the isolated DNA with PCR-based applications, such as STR profiling and mitochondrial DNA typing, comparing its recovery efficiency with established methods and validate its effectiveness with actual forensic casework samples, e.g., dried samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites have achieved unique properties for multiple applications. This investigation focused on the impact of the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) or silicon oxide (SiO2) nanomaterials (NM) with the combination of SiO2@GO as hybrid nanomaterials (HNMs). Either SiO2 or GO and SiO@GO HNMs were utilized to reinforce blended polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to fabricate new PCL–PEI/SiO2, PCL–PEI/GO, and PCL–PEI/SiO2@GO nanocomposites using a developed acoustic-mixing-sonications procedure. Fourier transform infrared analysis reveals substantial interfacial bonds among blended polymers, SiO2, nanoparticles, and GO nanosheets in nanocomposites. The X-ray diffraction confirms the semi-crystalline nature of samples. Optical and field emission electron microscopy revealed homogenous and rough surfaces turned to smother with the contribution of nanomaterials. Incorporating NM and HNMs in the matrix presented transition elections at 240 nm, significantly improving compared with the blend polymer. HNMs contributions notably reduced the energy gap of the blended PCL–PEI polymers from 3.4 to 1.92 eV and 2.97 to 0.75 eV for allowed and forbidden transitions, respectively. HNMs showed the best efficacy against Gram-negative P. aeruginosa bacteria up to 30 mm and Gram-positive (E. faecalis) up to 16 mm compared to blended polymers. Using the MTT assay, the toxic effect of (PCL–PEI/SiO2@GO) nanocomposites against breast cancer cells was notable, growing with concentration and toxic effect on cancer cells. Combining two nanomaterials presented results instead of one nanomaterial, making nanocomposites excellent candidates for several advanced applications, including optoelectronic devices, disinfectants, and antimicrobial materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meeting the demands for faster data rates and minimized latency, one of the significant difficulties facing Millimeter Wave (mmWave) 5 G wireless communication technology is energy consumption. As a result, the battery of the User Equipment (UE) experiences energy absorption. Discontinuous Reception (DRX) sleep mode is activated in the absence of incoming traffic at the Base Station (BS) to prolong the UE battery life and investigate a green communication. To extend the lifespan of the UE battery, the paper presents an enhanced DRX sleep mode. This paper suggests using the DRX mechanism to simultaneously control latency, heat, and energy consumption. Data packets or paging messages are typically the types of traffic that arrive at the BS. Our proposal assesses two system models by considering traffic that enters the UE during its wake-up periods. The Signaling Based DRX is the first system model, and the Enhanced Paging Monitoring (EPM) is the second system model. Both system models rely on the Power Saving Indicator (PSI) and Paging Early Indicator (PEI) as their primary indicators. When compared to the conventional method, these indicators improve power savings, delay, and steady temperature. However, the paper studies different traffic arrival types. The performance assessment of both models involves measuring the power saving factor, average delay and steady temperature of the UE under a uniform rate of data and paging traffic arrivals. The system model and numerical analysis are validated through a MATLAB simulation program. Analytical and computational results are obtained. Power saving factor is increased up to 97 %, average delay is reduced down to 0.1 µsec and steady temperature is reduced to match the normal room temperature of about 27 º C. At the end of this study, the obtained analytical results are compared with some real world measurements related to various international vendors in order to assess relevance and significance. Moreover, impact of the proposal on the maximum throughput is discussed with existence of Line Of Sight (LOS) and None Line Of Sight (NLOS) path loss models appropriate in 5 G communication.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for the next generation of solar energy-harvesting devices. Despite their impressive efficiency potential, conventional fabrication methods, such as spin-coating, have limitations in terms of scalability for large-scale production. To address this challenge, the roll-to-roll (R2R) process has emerged as a commendable approach for the cost-effective and high-throughput manufacturing of PSCs. In this research article, we propose electron transport layer (ETL) engineering as a strategy to enhance the performance of R2R-processed PSCs. Specifically, we introduce polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a dispersant within the ETL and systematically optimize the PEI concentration to achieve improved uniformity and bandgap control. Through systematic experimentation, we demonstrate that the optimal PEI concentration (1 wt%) leads to a perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.8%. In addition, the solar cell device with the optimized ETL recorded a stable efficiency of 15.8% even in MPPT measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using PEI as an aggregating agent with β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis was investigated with no solid support. PEI, a cationic polymer initiated instant aggregation with the enzyme in solution. The factors affecting the aggregation such as PEI to enzyme ratio, glutar aldehyde for cross-linking and pH were investigated. Aggregation and sedimentation as well as the residual activity of aggregates were effectively dependent on the PEI to enzyme ratios. Easily precipitating aggregates at the ratio of 1/8, PEI enzyme aggregates were able to contain all enzyme in the complexation and displayed 60% of initial lactase activity. The PEI aggregation of enzyme led to enhancements in chemical and physical characteristics compered to free enzyme. The soluble enzyme showed a narrow optimum at about pH 7 while pH optimum of the aggregates extended one pH unit toward the alkaline range. Upon overnight incubation at 40 °C, aggregated enzyme displayed 30% greater stability on average at all pHs tested. Although the free enzyme showed the highest activity at 40°C, it rapidly lost 50% of its activity at 50°C. In contrast, the aggregated enzyme retained full activity at 50°C and 70% activity at 65°C. With markedly enhanced thermal stability, the half-life of the aggregated enzyme increased from 76 hours to 254 hours at 40°C. Overall, the simple and rapid aggregation of PEI with the enzyme led to instant and intense clustering, resulting in higher thermal and pH stabilities. This method may potentially offer efficient and cost-effective catalysis in lactase conversion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary healthcare centres are burdened by the management of patients with skin conditions, while general practitioners might lack the expertise to assess skin changes accurately. The traditional care chain for skin findings is a multistage process that can cause delayed diagnosis and treatment, distressing the patient. This study aimed to determine whether adding a dermatologist to the primary care team would streamline the care pathway of patients with skin conditions, while examining levels of satisfaction among patients and healthcare professionals. Methods: A quasi-experimental multicentre study was conducted in three primary health centres in Finland. A dermatologist was integrated into two of the centres (intervention) but not the third (control). Data on timing of diagnosis and treatment and number of contacts were collected from records and analysed per care path. The Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) and Net Promoter Score (NPS) were used to measure the patient's experience of the appointment. NPS and professional satisfaction queries were used to measure professional satisfaction. Results: In total 186 intervention and 176 control patients were included, with 38 primary care professionals. Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed a significantly shorter time to confirmed diagnosis and to treatment start (25 vs. 49 days, p < 0.001), with a higher proportion (49% vs. 27%, p < 0.001) receiving immediate treatment in the primary care setting. Patients in the intervention group required fewer visits. Patient experience by PEI and NPS scores were higher in the intervention group (p ≤ 0.022 for each). Satisfaction levels among professionals in both groups were higher after the intervention than before, although the NPS score did not improve significantly in the control group. Almost all professionals advocated for the continuation of the integrated care pathway. Conclusions: The integration of dermatologists into the primary care streamlined the management of skin conditions from diagnosis to treatment, while improving the experiences of both patients and healthcare professionals. This integrated care path is beneficial for the management of patients with skin findings in primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post COVID-19 pandemic era has emerged with more efficient vaccines, all based on genetic materials. However, to expand the use of nucleic components as vaccines, a new generation of nanosystems particularly constructed to increase RNA/DNA stability, half-life and facilitate administration are still required. This review highlights novel developments in mRNA and pDNA vaccines formulated into nanostructures exclusively composed by biopolymeric materials. Recent advances suggest that a new generation of vaccines may arise by adapting the structural features of biopolymers with the effectiveness of nucleic acids. The advantages offered by biopolymers, such as increased stability and targeting ability may cause a revolution in the immunization field for offering promptly adaptable and effective formulations for worldwide distribution. Graphical Abstract Article highlights Polymeric biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery in vaccines We review the potential of chitosan, PLL, PEI, PLA and PLGA as mRNA/DNA vaccine systems. Chitosan Chitosan has significant potential for new intranasal vaccine designs. Poly(L-lysine) Vaccines based on PLL still require long, difficult and costly biomaterial modifications for translation. Poly(ethyleneimine) PEI's cytotoxicity may be circumvented by reducing the molar mass and using shorter chains. Poly(lactic acid) & poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PLA or PLGA lack chemical functionalities for optimal nuclei acid anchoring. Conclusion & future perspectives The cationic character causes a balance between nuclei material deliver efficiency and cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of coal resources is currently focused on the clean and efficient use of coal. Coal processing and use generates sulfides, primarily hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has a severe impact on production and environment. Adsorption desulfurization has become a popular desulfurization process in recent years because of its high desulfurization effectiveness, high precision, and ease of operation. With their large specific surface area and porosity, ease of modification and functionalization, the metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) have great potential in the field of gas adsorption. The introduction of polyethyleneimine (PEI), a polymer containing both primary, secondary and tertiary amines, has a strong affinity for H2S and undergoes reversible chemical reactions, and the introduction of PEI into MOFs is expected to further enhance the H2S adsorption performance. To this end, the PEI-loaded MIL-101(Cr), UiO-66, MOF-801, and ZIF-8 adsorbents were prepared by the impregnation method. The effect of carrier type and PEI loading on the H2S adsorption performance was investigated, and the recyclability of the adsorbents was examined. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of all carriers increased after PEI loading, with ZIF-8 increasing the most, which was attributed to the large specific surface area and pore volume of the ZIF-8 carrier itself, the maintenance of the crystal structure after loading, and the interaction between PEI and ZIF-8. The rest of the MOFs showed an unsatisfactory adsorption capacity after PEI loading due to their small specific surface area and pore volume or structural damage after PEI loading. The loading of PEI affected the pore structure and skeleton stability of ZIF-8. The highest ZIF-8 breakthrough capacity after 50% PEI loading was 56.3 mg/g, which is 55 times higher than the carrier itself. Regeneration cycling experiments showed that ZIF-8 loaded with PEI could only partially regenerate, that the adsorbent with low loadings had a better adsorption cycling performance than those with high loadings, and that the introduction of PEI made ZIF-8 more susceptible to the attack of H2S to form ZnS.

Carbon nanotube (CNT)‐polyetherimide (PEI) hybrid nanofibrous veils were prepared through the electrospinning process to function as an interlayer in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP), and the effects of the addition of the hybrid fiber veils on the interlaminar fracture properties and flexural properties of CFRP were investigated. The results showed that interleaving CNT/PEI hybrid veils can effectively avoid long‐troubled trade‐off between mode‐I interlaminar fracture toughness and in‐plane properties when using thermoplastic toughening materials. Specifically, the GIc value and flexural strength of the laminates were increased by as much as 86.2% and 14.3%, respectively when CNT content was reached up to 0.7 wt% in CNT/PEI hybrid veil. This method adopts ultra‐low PEI and CNT additions, and the limited quantity of these additives demonstrates a notably high interlaminar toughening efficiency while concurrently enhancing the strength, rendering it a promising strategy for both toughening and strengthening. Highlights: PEI is used as a carrier to transport CNT to the CFRP interlaminar layers.PEI‐CNT hybrid fiber veils improve GIC and flexural strength of CFRP.PEI‐CNT hybrid fiber veils impede crack expansion through various mechanisms.This method adopts ultra‐low PEI and CNT additions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance engineering thermoplastics are important emerging materials, particularly when processed using additive manufacturing technologies. One of the most important among these is polyetherimide, also known as PEI or ULTEM. Using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing (AM) process to form this material is a good option, but it is difficult to control the properties in some cases due to the very high processing temperature compared with most engineering thermoplastics. One way to "even‐out" the properties is to wrap the specimens in continuous glass or carbon fibers embedded in a thermosetting matrix, as this allows strategic placement and orientation of reinforcement. This also complements the natural structure of the FFF‐manufactured materials, helping to minimize the amount of additional weight that needs to be added to a part. To further knowledge in this area, the present study explored and compared the interlaminar tensile strength of FFF‐processed PEI/ULTEM 9085 specimens and compared them with ones wrapped in carbon fibers with a 2‐part resin matrix. Experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines given in the ASTM D6415 standard and replicated five times. Variations were introduced in thickness of the specimen and raster angle during the manufacturing process to identify the significant impact of the failure. The results show a fall in interlaminar tensile strength with increasing specimen thickness and a very large effect from natural printing defects in the samples. The carbon fiber wrap decreased the ILTS but made the results far more consistent between experimental runs. This study provides a good, replicated dataset on the performance of raw and fiber‐wrapped FFF‐processed ULTEM 9085 and gives insights into the structural behavior of the material that will be useful for use in design decisions and material selection. Highlights: Polyetherimide, also known as PEI/ULTEM, is a high‐performance engineering thermoplastic.Explored the interlaminar tensile properties (ILTS) of this material using ASTM D6415.Raster angle, thickness, and use of fiber wrap were experimental parameters.Fiber wrap was found to have little effect on strength but made results more consistent.Results are useful for material selection and design decisions using PEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyetherimide (PEI) fibers are classified as high-performance fibers due to their notable characteristics, including chemical resistance, heat resistance, and flame resistance. However, the amorphous structure and intrinsic dyeability of polyetherimide (PEI) fibers set them apart from other high-performance fibers. The fibers possess considerable potential due to their remarkable performance features and are utilized in a wide range of industries, containing fashion and technical textiles, for varied purposes. The present work utilized the Orthogonal Array Taguchi method to systematically improve the dyeing process parameters for fabric samples made of polyetherimide (PEI). The use of a systematic methodology enabled effective experimentation and enabled the determination of the most favorable values of factors, while simultaneously reducing the utilization of resources. The study involved conducting rigorous experiments to evaluate the influence of several parameters on the color strength, tensile qualities, and washing fastness properties of the fabric samples. Furthermore, the utilization of the Taguchi approach facilitated the anticipation of these pivotal fabric properties by considering certain parameters. The objectives of this research encompass not only the progression of textile industry, but also the provision of beneficial perspectives for augmenting the caliber and efficacy of PEI fabrics in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the preparation of a polyethyleneimine‐incorporated hydroxyapatite (PEI‐HAP) and its enhanced colloidal stability. Three PEI‐HAPs having different amine contents are synthesized by hydrothermal treatment (200 °C) of the HAP prepared at room temperature (rt‐HAP). The crystallinity of PEI‐HAP is improved compared to rt‐HAP due to the heat treatment. In addition, the size of PEI‐HAP (50.4 nm) increased compared to rt‐HAP (32.1 nm) after heat treatment. However, the presence (or concentration) of PEI has little effect on the crystallinity and size of the samples. Ninhydrin test indicates the presence of amine group in PEI‐HAPs. XPS experiments verified that maximum amine content amounts to 2.81%. As the amount of amine increases, the zeta potential is changed from −22.6 to +31.7 mV due to the adsorption of PEI on HAP surface. Consequently, the sample having high positive valuable zeta potential of +31.7 mV exhibits colloidal stability of more than 6 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) hold great promise for next-generation display applications owing to their exceptional optical properties and versatile tunability. In this study, we investigate the effects of quantum dot (QD) shell thickness, polyethylenimine (PEI) concentration, and PEI layer position on the performance of inverted QLED devices. Two types of alloyed-core/shell QDs with varying shell thicknesses were synthesized using a one-pot method with mean particle sizes of 8.0 ± 0.9 nm and 10.3 ± 1.3 nm for thin- and thick-shelled QDs, respectively. Thick-shelled QDs exhibited a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and a narrower emission linewidth compared to their thin-shelled counterparts. Next, QLEDs employing these QDs were fabricated. The incorporation of PEI layers on either side of the QD emissive layer significantly enhanced device performance. Using PEI on the hole transport side resulted in greater improvement than on the electron injection side. Sandwiching the QD layer between two PEI layers led to the best performance, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17% and a peak luminance of 91,174 cd/m2 achieved using an optimized PEI concentration of 0.025 wt% on both electron injection and hole injection sides. This study highlights the critical role of QD shell engineering and interfacial modification in achieving high-performance QLEDs for display applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented and unexpected change all around the globe. The long-term effects are still ongoing, especially those related to the confinement measures. The study took place during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, where everyone was forced to stay home in order to reduce the spread of the virus. The aim was to investigate the role of perceived emotional intelligence abilities (PEI) in coping with COVID-19-related anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, and this study used an online survey launched through social networks, inviting adults to participate. The participants anonymously completed a three-scale online measurement of self-reported emotional abilities, coping strategies (approach and avoidance), and state anxiety towards COVID-19. Results: perceived emotional intelligence and approach coping significantly predicted state anxiety. In addition, perceived emotional intelligence mediated the relationship between approach coping and state anxiety. Conclusions: the study highlights the positive role of perceived emotional abilities in dealing with the unprecedented event represented by the COVID-19 pandemic, and in particular, in coping with anxiety related to lockdown and confinement. Their results highlight the importance of fostering emotional intelligence for navigating critical life events.

Substrate materials for printed circuit boards must meet ever-increasing requirements to keep up with electronics technology development. Especially in the field of high-frequency applications such as radar and cellular broadcasting, low permittivity and the dielectric loss factor are key material parameters. In this work, the dielectric properties of a high-temperature, thermoplastic PEEK/PEI blend system are investigated at frequencies of 5 and 10 GHz under dried and ambient conditions. This material blend, modified with a suitable filler system, is capable of being used in the laser direct structuring (LDS) process. It is revealed that the degree of crystallinity of neat PEEK has a notable influence on the dielectric properties, as well as the PEEK phase structure in the blend system developed through annealing. This phenomenon can in turn be exploited to minimize permittivity values at 30 to 40 wt.-% PEI in the blend, even taking into account the water uptake present in thermoplastics. The dielectric loss follows a linear mixing rule over the blend range, which proved to be true also for PEEK/PEI LDS compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEI fibers are considered a high-performance type of fiber, known for their exceptional heat resistance and mechanical strength. These fibers, made of polyetherimide (PEI) polymer, have a completely amorphous structure, and can be dyed with disperse dyes, similar to how polyester fibers are dyed. This study focused on the reduction clearing process after dyeing PEI fibers with disperse dyes and examined various clearing agents used in both alkaline and acidic conditions, assessing how different concentrations, temperatures, and durations of reduction clearing processes affected the PEI samples. The main goal was to find the best reduction clearing parameters for disperse-dyed PEI samples, taking into account environmental impact, fabric durability, and color fastness. Analytical techniques like chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic carbon (TOC), and carbon footprint analysis were used for evaluation. The study revealed that most disperse-dyed PEI fibers require a reduction clearing process, with few exceptions. It is important to note that clearing with sulfuric acid-based agents or in acidic conditions may slightly reduce the fiber's strength. On the other hand, the study identified that utilizing a solution containing 2 g/l sodium dithionite and 4 g/l NaOH for 30 min at 70 °C resulted in the least strength loss. Similarly, when considering the environmental impact, this same reduction clearing process was found to have the least detrimental effects based on COD, BOD5, TOC, and carbon footprint analyses. The data collection process was thoroughly documented throughout the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusion has been a cornerstone of the Italian school system since the 1970s, when special sections were gradually abolished, students with disabilities merged into regular classrooms, introducing specialized support teachers who became co-teachers in every aspect of the classes. Over the years, it has become increasingly evident that working with disabilities means creating synergies among professionals – not only educators – through longitudinal and transversal skills and knowledge, in an interdisciplinary perspective. The paper presents the results of a research, involving a group of support teachers, regarding the complexity of their role within the inclusive school. It highlights the relationships among various stakeholders – families, educators, healthcare professionals, etc. – in addressing the needs of students with disabilities and in designing interventions specific to the Individualized Educational Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented and unexpected change all around the globe. The long-term effects are still ongoing, especially those related to the confinement measures. The study took place during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, where everyone was forced to stay home in order to reduce the spread of the virus. The aim was to investigate the role of perceived emotional intelligence abilities (PEI) in coping with COVID-19-related anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, and this study used an online survey launched through social networks, inviting adults to participate. The participants anonymously completed a three-scale online measurement of self-reported emotional abilities, coping strategies (approach and avoidance), and state anxiety towards COVID-19. Results: perceived emotional intelligence and approach coping significantly predicted state anxiety. In addition, perceived emotional intelligence mediated the relationship between approach coping and state anxiety. Conclusions: the study highlights the positive role of perceived emotional abilities in dealing with the unprecedented event represented by the COVID-19 pandemic, and in particular, in coping with anxiety related to lockdown and confinement. Their results highlight the importance of fostering emotional intelligence for navigating critical life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The patient-doctor relationship (DPR), promotes shared decision-making and patient-centered care, implying emotional intelligence and good communication, leading to positive health outcomes. Objective: To culturally adapt the Patient-Doctor Depth of Relationship Scale (PDDR) and convergently validate with the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) to ascertain the correlation between PDR and enablement. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation process of the PDDR questionnaire to European Portuguese, through translation, linguistic verification, and reverse translation and also its understandability. Convergent validation with the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI), after their doctor’s appointment, in a general practice/family medicine health unit. Context information, such as gender, age, living status, educational level, monthly income, Socioeconomic Deprivation Index (SEDI), and clinical appointment with the usual doctor, was also collected. Results: PDDR showed good understandability and acceptance and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.785; intraclass correlation coefficient=0.785). A total of 81 patients participated in the study, most of them female (70.4%). There was a significant difference in the PDDR total score depending on whether the appointment had been with the usual doctor (p

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is frequently described as underscreened, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. The treatment for EPI is pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT), which is costly, and provider confidence in prescribing may be one barrier to reducing undertreatment. The lack of interchangeability studies for prescription PERT and/or lack of efficacy studies of over-the-counter enzyme options may be another barrier. This paper reviewed the prevalence of EPI in the general population and in co-conditions. Prevalence of EPI in the general population is commonly estimated around 10-20%, and further research is needed to evaluate EPI across all age groups and to better understand in which age group EPI becomes more prevalent, as an age effect is often seen in EPI prevalence studies. EPI is perceived to be highly correlated with certain co-conditions, and the majority (~65%) of EPI literature is related to a co-condition such as cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, post-surgery, cancer, or diabetes. It can be estimated that 85% of literature in identified co-conditions, or 56% of total EPI literature, is on rarer co-conditions which only represent <1% of EPI overall. In contrast, there is very little research and literature on EPI in the general population. The highest absolute rates of EPI with co-conditions are likely diabetes and possibly irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, yet they are among the least commonly researched in co-condition and EPI studies. A lack of research on EPI in the general population and in the more common co-conditions may be contributing to the rates of underdiagnosis and underscreening, as well as undertreatment for those with low fecal elastase-1 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to optimize the ultrasonic consolidation (USC) parameters for 'PEI adherend/Prepreg (CF-PEI fabric)/PEI adherend' lap joints. For this purpose, artificial neural network (ANN) simulation was carried out. Two ANNs were trained using an ultra-small data sample, which did not provide acceptable predictive accuracy for the applied simulation methods. To solve this issue, it was proposed to artificially increase the learning sample by including additional data synthesized according to the knowledge and experience of experts. As a result, a relationship between the USC parameters and the functional characteristics of the lap joints was determined. The results of ANN simulation were successfully verified; the developed USC procedures were able to form a laminate with an even regular structure characterized by a minimum number of discontinuities and minimal damage to the consolidated components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) utilize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) as an electron injection layer (EIL). However, the use of the ZnO NP EIL material often results in a charge imbalance within the quantum dot (QD) emitting layer (EML) and exciton quenching at the interface of the QD EML and ZnO NP EIL. To overcome these challenges, we introduced an arginine (Arg) interlayer (IL) onto the ZnO NP EIL. The Arg IL elevated the work function of ZnO NPs, thereby suppressing electron injection into the QD, leading to an improved charge balance within the QDs. Additionally, the inherent insulating nature of the Arg IL prevented direct contact between QDs and ZnO NPs, reducing exciton quenching and consequently improving device efficiency. An inverted QLED (IQLED) utilizing a 20 nm-thick Arg IL on the ZnO NP EIL exhibited a 2.22-fold increase in current efficiency and a 2.28-fold increase in external quantum efficiency (EQE) compared to an IQLED without an IL. Likewise, the IQLED with a 20 nm-thick Arg IL on the ZnO NP EIL demonstrated a 1.34-fold improvement in current efficiency and a 1.36-fold increase in EQE compared to the IQLED with a 5 nm-thick polyethylenimine IL on ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the standard treatment for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). However, many individuals are inadequately treated, with gaps in clinical dosing, guidelines, and tools to aid individual titration. Methods: A systematic review identified research and guidelines on PERT dosing recommendations across conditions, systematically reviewing and synthesizing total PERT intake, meal/snack guidelines, and changes over time to provide an up-to-date look at the most common doses used in studies and guidelines. Results: This review of 257 articles found wide variability in PERT dosing guidelines within and across conditions. Many patients with EPI are underdosed, with guidelines differing globally and by disease type, and clinician prescribing may also play a role. The most common dosing guidelines focus on starting doses at 40,000–50,000 units of lipase/meal with increases of up to two to three times this amount before pursuing additive therapies. Guidelines and studies typically focus only on fat digestion, and comparison by total daily dose shows underdosing is common. Most PERT studies are on safety and efficacy rather than optimal titration. Conclusion: The current guidelines for PERT in EPI demonstrate substantial variability in dosing recommendations, both within and across disease types. This variation highlights the need for further research to optimize PERT dosing and improve patient outcomes. Healthcare providers should consider individualizing PERT dosing based on nutritional status and response to therapy, ensuring regular follow-up with patients for dose titrations with consideration that most guidelines are framed as initial doses rather than upper limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) hold great promise for next-generation display applications owing to their exceptional optical properties and versatile tunability. In this study, we investigate the effects of quantum dot (QD) shell thickness, polyethylenimine (PEI) concentration, and PEI layer position on the performance of inverted QLED devices. Two types of alloyed-core/shell QDs with varying shell thicknesses were synthesized using a one-pot method with mean particle sizes of 8.0 ± 0.9 nm and 10.3 ± 1.3 nm for thin- and thick-shelled QDs, respectively. Thick-shelled QDs exhibited a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and a narrower emission linewidth compared to their thin-shelled counterparts. Next, QLEDs employing these QDs were fabricated. The incorporation of PEI layers on either side of the QD emissive layer significantly enhanced device performance. Using PEI on the hole transport side resulted in greater improvement than on the electron injection side. Sandwiching the QD layer between two PEI layers led to the best performance, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17% and a peak luminance of 91,174 cd/m2 achieved using an optimized PEI concentration of 0.025 wt% on both electron injection and hole injection sides. This study highlights the critical role of QD shell engineering and interfacial modification in achieving high-performance QLEDs for display applications.

The transfection efficiency and stability of the delivery vehicles of plasmid DNA (pDNA) are critical metrics to ensure high-quality and high-yield production of viral vectors. We previously identified that the optimal size of pDNA/poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) transfection particles is 400–500 nm and developed a bottom-up assembly method to construct stable 400-nm pDNA/PEI particles and benchmarked their transfection efficiency in producing lentiviral vectors (LVVs). Here, we report scale-up production protocols for such transfection particles. Using a two-inlet confined impinging jet (CIJ) mixer with a dual syringe pump set-up, we produced a 1-L batch at a flow rate of 100 mL/min, and further scaled up this process with a larger CIJ mixer and a dual peristaltic pump array, allowing for continuous production at a flow rate of 1 L/min without a lot size limit. We demonstrated the scalability of this process with a 5-L lot and validated the quality of these 400-nm transfection particles against the target product profile, including physical properties, shelf and on-bench stability, transfection efficiency, and LVV production yield in both 15-mL bench culture and 2-L bioreactor runs. These results confirm the potential of this particle assembly process as a scalable manufacturing platform for viral vector production.

Developing sensitive, reliable, and robust surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates relies heavily on fabricating a substantial number of hot spots. In this study, we present a straightforward method for creating Ag@PEI/Ag core-satellite nanocomposites. Large Ag nanospheres serve as the cores, and smaller Ag nanoparticles are electrostatically assembled around them through the introduction of polyethyleneimine (PEI). This assembly process generates numerous hot spots not only between two Ag satellites but also between the inner Ag core and Ag satellites, thanks to the sub-nm PEI interlayer. The nanocomposites exhibit great potential for SERS analysis, enabling effective sensing of various organic pollutants, such as thiram and ciprofloxacin, using a portable Raman spectrometer. Notably, these nanocomposites obtain an exceptional detection limit of as low as 10−8 M for them, which falls below the safety level set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Additionally, the substrates demonstrate excellent uniformity, reproducibility and storing stability. Consequently, the Ag@PEI/Ag core-satellite nanocomposites hold great promise as efficient SERS platforms for reliable and highly sensitive monitoring of food safety and environmental analysis.

Simple Summary: The early detection of pancreatic cancer is critical as it is usually too late for potentially curative surgical resection when obvious symptoms such as jaundice have developed. The pancreas has two main functions in the body, namely, an endocrine role, where it produces insulin to control blood glucose levels; and an exocrine role, where it produces enzymes that aid digestion. Impairment of this latter role is known as pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). It is an established feature of advanced pancreatic cancer, but it is unclear whether it is present in the early stages when surgery may still be an option. This study used two validated methods of testing pancreatic exocrine function, a breath test and a stool test, to demonstrate that exocrine insufficiency is associated with resectable pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is usually diagnosed late, leading to a high mortality rate. Early detection facilitates better treatment options. The aim of this UK-based case–control study was to determine whether two validated tests for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI), namely, the 13C-mixed triglyceride breath test (13C-MTGBT) and a faecal elastase (FE-1) test, can discriminate between patients with resectable PDAC versus healthy volunteers (HVs) along with a comparison group with chronic pancreatitis (CP). Discrimination between disease states and HVs was tested with receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. In total, 59 participants (23 PDAC (16 men), 24 HVs (13 men) and 12 CP (10 men)) were recruited, with a similar age in each population, and a combined median (IQR) age of 66 (57–71). The areas under the ROC curve for discriminating between PDAC and HVs were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70–0.96) for the 13C-MTGBT, and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75–0.95) for the FE-1 test. These were similar to CP vs. HV. In conclusion, PEI occurs in resectable PDAC to a similar extent as in CP; further large-scale, prospective studies using these tests in the primary care setting on high-risk groups are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the investigating results of the effect of different nanofillers like unmodified and modified halloysite nanotubes (HNT), nanosilica, and nano-titanium on the mechanical and thermal properties of polyetherimide (PEI)/silicone rubber-based nanocomposites. The PEI/silicone rubber nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers at 3 phr were prepared with the aid of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The developed nanocomposites were compared by various mechanical properties, thermal properties, and dynamic mechanical analyses. Morphological properties have been visualized by scanning electron microscope. The results obtained depict that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, storage modulus, and glass transition temperature have significantly increased with the incorporation of modified HNT at 3 phr loading due to the interfacial and inter-tubular interactions between HNT and polymer matrices. The enhancement in glass transition temperature may be because of the restricted movement of the polymer chains by the nanofillers, and the formation of HNT zig-zag structures is the main reason for the improvement of various properties. The bridging effect of modified nanosilica at the blend interface may also be responsible for the enhancement of elongation at break and impact strength which is higher than other nanofillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Image-guided hepatic interventions are integral to the management of infective and neoplastic liver lesions. Over the past decades, 2D US was used for guidance of hepatic interventions; with the recent advances in US technology, 3D US was used to guide the hepatic interventions. This study aimed to illustrate the added value of 3D image-guided hepatic interventions by X matrix technology. Methods: This prospective study was performed on 100 patients that were divided into two groups: group A which included 50 patients who were managed by using 2D US probe guidance, and group B which included 50 patients who were managed by using 3D X matrix US probe guidance. Thermal ablation was done for 70 patients; 40 radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (20 by the 2D probe and 20 by the 3D X matrix probe) and 30 microwave ablation (MWA) (15 by the 2D probe and 15 by the 3D X matrix probe). Chemical ablation (PEI) was done for 20 patients (ten by the 2D probe and ten by the 3D X matrix probe). Drainage of hepatic collections and biopsy from undiagnosed hepatic focal lesions were done for ten patients (five by the 2D probe and five by the 3D X matrix probe). Results: The efficacy of US-guided hepatic interventions by 3D X matrix probe was higher than the 2D probe but not significantly higher, with a p value of 0.705, 0.5428 for RFA and MWA, respectively, 0.5312 for PEI, and 0.2918 for drainage of hepatic collections and biopsy. The complications related to the use of the 3D X matrix probe were significantly lower than the 2D probe with a p value of 0.003. The timing of the procedure was shorter by the usage of a 3D X matrix probe in comparison with the 2D probe with a p value of 0.08, 0.34 for RFA and PEI and significantly shorter for MWA and drainage of hepatic collection, biopsy with a p value of 0.02, 0.001, respectively. Conclusions: 3D US-guided hepatic interventions by X matrix probe have better efficacy, less complication, and shorter time of procedure than the 2D US-guided hepatic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethlyenimine (PEI) was introduced 1995 as a cationic polymer for nucleic acid delivery. PEI and its derivatives are extensively used in basic research and as reference formulations in the field of polymer-based gene delivery. Despite its widespread use, the number of clinical applications to date is limited. Thus, this review aims to consolidate the past applications of PEI in DNA delivery, elucidate the obstacles that hinder its transition to clinical use, and highlight potential prospects for novel iterations of PEI derivatives. The present review article is divided into three sections. The first section examines the mechanism of action employed by PEI, examining fundamental aspects of cellular delivery including uptake mechanisms, release from endosomes, and transport into the cell nucleus, along with potential strategies for enhancing these delivery phases. Moreover, an in-depth analysis is conducted concerning the mechanism underlying cellular toxicity, accompanied with approaches to overcome this major challenge. The second part is devoted to the in vivo performance of PEI and its application in various therapeutic indications. While systemic administration has proven to be challenging, alternative localized delivery routes hold promise, such as treatment of solid tumors, application as a vaccine, or serving as a therapeutic agent for pulmonary delivery. In the last section, the outcome of completed and ongoing clinical trials is summarized. Finally, an expert opinion is provided on the potential of PEI and its future applications. PEI-based formulations for nucleic acid delivery have a promising potential, it will be an important task for the years to come to introduce innovations that address PEI-associated shortcomings by introducing well-designed PEI formulations in combination with an appropriate route of administration. [Display omitted] • PEI was introduced 1985 as a cationic polymer for nucleic delivery. • PEI-based research has provided a wealth of pre-clinical data. • Challenges associated with the use of PEI are analyzed. • A comprehensive analysis of clinical trials is provided. • New generations of PEI-derivatives offer interesting options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed an osteoplastic material based on collagen–fibronectin hydrogel impregnated with siRNA molecules targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The hydrogel impregnated with polyplexes containing siRNA GSK3β and polyethylenimine has been shown to have no cytotoxic effect: there was no statistically significant change in the cell's viability after 7 days of incubation in its presence compared to the control group. On days 2 and 7, an increase in the level of expression of markers of osteogenic differentiation was observed, which confirms the osteoinductive qualities of the material. It has been demonstrated that the hydrogel maintains cell adhesion. Our results obtained in vitro indicate cytocompatibility and osteoinductive properties of collagen–fibronectin hydrogel impregnated with siRNA GSK3β molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is essential for treating exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a condition where the pancreas does not produce adequate enzymes for digestion. This study delves into the real-world experiences of individuals with EPI regarding their PERT usage. Methods: A study was executed using a tailored survey targeting individuals with EPI. Quantitative data analysis assessed factors such as age, duration of EPI, elastase levels, choice of PERT, perceived effectiveness of titration, and the time taken for effective titration. Results: The study comprised 111 participants, predominantly female (93%) and hailing from North America (79%). Of these, 36.7% had been diagnosed with EPI for 3 or more years. A significant 72% felt they were not consistently consuming adequate enzymes, with only 22% believing their intake was sufficient. There were 44 participants (42%) still in the process of adjusting their enzyme doses. In contrast, 17 participants (16%) took a few weeks, 21 (20%) a few months, 11 (10%) over six months, 10 (9%) more than a year, and 3 (3%) several years for dose adjustment. Regarding enzyme titration advice, 30 participants (29%) received vague guidance, while 22 (21%) found the advice beneficial. Conclusions: This study underscores the pressing need for enhanced PERT dosing guidance. The insights gleaned spotlight the prevalent undertreatment across the entire EPI demographic, including in those with lesser-studied co-conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]