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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been a research focus in recent years. VANETs are not only used to enhance the road safety and reduce the traffic accidents earlier but also conducted more researches in network value-added service. As a result, the security requirements of vehicle communication are given more attention. In order to prevent the security threat of VANETs, the security requirements, such as the message integrity, availability, and confidentiality are needed to be guaranteed further. Therefore, a secured and efficient verification scheme for VANETs is proposed to satisfy these requirements and reduce the computational cost by combining the asymmetric and symmetric cryptology, certificate, digital signature, and session key update mechanism. In addition, our proposed scheme can resist malicious attacks or prevent illegal users' access via security and performance analysis. In summary, the proposed scheme is proved to achieve the requirements of resist known attacks, non-repudiation, authentication, availability, integrity, and confidentiality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One can apply cell phones to access e-bank, buy stocks, pay credit card bills, and so on. The security issues of cell phones become extremely important. Most of subscribers use personal identification number (PIN) codes which combined with 6-8 numbers to protect their subscriber identity module cards from illegal accesses. It is easily to be decoded by the dictionary attack or shoulder surfing attack. Many studies employed keystroke dynamics to protect the PIN code, and the relative results exhibit that keystroke dynamics can indeed improve the security of a PIN code. However, the traditional keystroke dynamics-based authentication (KDA) system has to collect user's keystroke dynamics firstly and then produce a unique personal biometrics. It is inconvenient for users when changing their PIN codes is required, because the corresponding KDA systems should be retrained. To solve the previously mentioned drawbacks, this paper proposes a novel technique that allows users to change their PIN codes anytime without any extra retraining. This technique not only enhance the security of the PIN codes but also enrich the security of accessing e-bank, buying stocks, paying credit card bill, and other service via smart phones. Conducted experiment results show that the proposed system can effectively improve the KDA system to distinguish legitimate users and impostors even when users change their original passwords. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sequence of musical chords can facilitate musicians in music arrangement and accompaniment. To implement an intelligent system for chord recognition, in this article we propose a novel approach using artificial neural networks (ANN) trained bythe particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique and back-propagation (BP) learning algorithm. All of the training and testing data are generated from musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) symbolic data. Furthermore, in order to improve the recognition efficiency, an additional feature of cadencesis included. In other words, cadence is not only the structural punctuation of a melodic phrase but is considered as the important feature for chord recognition. Experimental results of our proposed approach show that adding a cadence feature significantly improves recognition rate, and the ANN-PSO method outperforms ANN-BP in chord recognition. In addition, because preliminary experimental recognition rates are generally not stable enough, we chose the optimal ANNs to propose a two-phase ANN model to integrate the results among many models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]