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Defects, such as scratches, cleavage fracture, and cleavage pit, occur during surface processing and affect the surface integrity of β-Ga2O3(100) substrates. This study analyzes the effects of polishing materials (polyurethane, lead, and copper) and substrate surface temperatures (25, 10, and 0 ℃) on the polishing results to overcome the effects of such defects on the substrates. Vickers indentation tests were used to detect the effects of the material and surface temperature on the hardness of the disc and substrate, respectively. Machining was verified by conducting ball-disk friction wear and polishing experiments. The experimental results indicate that the material of the polished optical disc significantly affected β-Ga2O3(100) during surface processing. The higher the hardness of the polished optical disc, the greater the material removal rate (MRR) of the substrate surface, and more serious the surface cleavage phenomenon. A lead disc with lower hardness could be used to process β-Ga2O3(100) for realizing a higher MRR, thereby effectively avoiding cleavage fractures and obtaining a surface roughness (Ra) and scratch depth of 3.4 nm and 18 nm, respectively. The hardness and mechanical strength of the substrate could be enhanced at low temperatures, and the indentation depth would become smaller under the action of external forces, effectively inhibiting the formation of scratches and pits on the surface of the substrate during polishing. After polishing the substrate at 0 ℃, the Ra, scratch depth, and total number of cleavage pits were 2.2 nm, 14.3 nm, and 246 nm, respectively. Compared with 25℃, Polishing the substrate at 0 ℃ decreased the Ra, scratch depth, and number of cleavage pits by 35.3, 20.6, and 34.9%, respectively. At 0 ℃, the substrate effectively avoided cleavage fracture and inhibited scratch and pit formation, thereby significantly improving the polishing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically probed the relationship between the medium of taking classroom notes (virtual variable, electronic notetaking = 0 vs. traditional notetaking = 1), the word count in each medium, as well as the review process, and the students' delayed learning effect for each notetaking approach. Data were collected from 189 college students, with the influence of gender and prior knowledge being controlled. The conclusions were as follows. (1) The notetaking medium was positively correlated with delayed test scores, irrespective of whether reviews were allowed or not. (2) The mediating role of word count between notetaking medium and delayed test scores was moderated by review. That is, when reviews were allowed, a significant correlation was found between the medium of the notes and the delayed test scores; when reviews were not allowed, the mediating effect of word count was not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a link between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and the formation of benign vocal fold lesions (BVFLs). However, previous studies have mainly focused on LPR suggested by symptoms and signs, rather than objectively diagnosed LPR via pharyngeal pH monitoring. We, therefore, conducted a Meta‐analysis to evaluate the association between pharyngeal pH monitoring diagnosed LPR and the odds of BVFLs. Data Sources: Relevant observational studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Review Methods: We evaluated between‐study heterogeneity using the Cochrane Q test and estimated the I2 statistic. Random‐effects models were used when significant heterogeneity was observed; otherwise, fixed‐effects models were used. Results: Thirteen datasets from 9 studies were included. Among them, 493 were diagnosed with LPR and 344 had BVFLs. LPR was related to a higher odds of BVFLs (odds ratio: 3.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.84‐5.76, P <.001) with moderate heterogeneity (P for Cochrane Q test =.006, I2 = 57%). Subgroup analyses showed that the association was similar in studies with only pharyngeal pH monitoring (Restech), with double‐probe or 3‐site pH monitoring, and with 24‐hour multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH monitoring (P for subgroup difference =.15). In addition, subgroup analysis showed consistent results in studies from Asia and Europe (P for subgroup analysis =.12), and the association seemed to be consistent for vocal Reinke's edema, nodules, and polyps (P for subgroup difference =.09). Conclusion: Pharyngeal pH monitoring diagnosed LPR is associated with the formation of BVFLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latent heat storage of phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Storing cool energy during the nighttime (off-peak hours) and releasing the cool energy during the daytime (on-peak hours) to reduce the number of starts of the chiller and pumps is a practical approach for achieving energy saving and carbon reduction. Therefore, selecting PCMs is vital for improving energy efficiency and preventing future energy shortages. However, selecting PCMs is complicated by their unique characteristics and types. The purpose of this study was to establish a PCM selection model by combining the Delphi, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods to select the optimal PCM type applied in cold storage. A numerical example was used to verify the model's usability, confirming that A9 is the optimal PCM for the cold storage of an air conditioning system. This three-stage PCM selection model combining the Delphi, AHP, and VIKOR approaches provides a more suitable selection model and considers the selection method of material criteria. Moreover, it can solve the problem of difficult PCM selection. Simultaneously, it considers mechanisms to incorporate a company's primary considerations into material selection for real-world applications. These results can facilitate material evaluation and selection during system design and material qualification, helping companies achieve the goals of energy saving, carbon reduction, and sustainable management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although hypothermia therapy is effective to treat neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, many neonatal patients die or suffer from severe neurological dysfunction. Erythropoietin is considered one of the most promising neuroprotective agents. We hypothesized that erythropoietin combined with hypothermia will improve efficacy of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treatment. In this study, 41 neonates with moderate/severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were randomly divided into a control group (hypothermia alone for 72 hours, n = 20) and erythropoietin group (hypothermia + erythropoietin 200 IU/kg for 10 days, n = 21). Our results show that compared with the control group, serum tau protein levels were lower and neonatal behavioral neurological assessment scores higher in the erythropoietin group at 8 and 12 days. However, neurodevelopmental outcome was similar between the two groups at 9 months of age. These findings suggest that erythropoietin combined with hypothermia reduces serum tau protein levels and improves neonatal behavioral neurology outcome but does not affect long-term neurodevelopmental outcome.