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In this research paper, a simple clock wise and counter clock wise Schmitt trigger employing single four terminal floating nullor (FTFN) with two external resistors is presented. The proposed Schmitt trigger avails CMOS based FTFN and it is extended for the application as a square and triangular wave generator, by adding an external capacitor to it. In addition, the proposed waveform generator provides independent tunability of amplitude of square wave by implementing the passive resistors using MOS transistors which make the circuit to be integrated fully. Finally, the verification of the proposed design is verified using PSPICE to justify the theoretical analysis. Also, post layout simulation and the experimental verification using commercially available current feedback operational amplifier named as ICAD844 based implementation for FTFN are included to confirm the reliability of the circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromigration damage in interconnects is a well-known bottleneck of integrated circuits, as it is responsible for the performance degradation. High values of temperature and current density accelerate the damage, causing an increase in the lines resistance and circuit lifetime reduction. In this work, a method is proposed to evaluate the electromigration effects in an operational amplifier circuit performance due the void growth induced by electromigration. The performance parameters are simulated by AC, DC and transient analysis for a specific temperature and time interval and the results are compared with a circuit free of electromigration. The method is used to investigate the circuit response regarding the unit gain frequency, voltage gain, cutoff frequency, output swing voltage and settling time. There are three lines that can be traditionally classified as critical due to the large current density they carry. Nevertheless, a fourth line, which has a current density below the maximum limit set by the technology being typically considered as non-critical from the layout design point of view, leads to significant reduction of the voltage gain and voltage swing, of about 59% and 14% in 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a splittable amplifier technique that can be either decomposed into two identical halves or merged for enhancing the utilization of the amplifier power and alleviating the memory effect, when applying operational amplifier (opamp) sharing. In a two-phase clock system, the amplifier can be split into two identical small amplifiers in one phase simultaneously for use in two circuits. Next, the two small amplifiers can be merged into one amplifier in the other phase for usage in another circuit. Compared with the conventional opamp sharing, a more power-efficient amplifier arrangement is achieved in the split mode. In this paper, three individual sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits with the proposed technique are designed to demonstrate the efficiency of memory effect cancellation. The simulations show that in contrast to the output spectrum of two S/H circuits with conventional opamp sharing, the spurious tones due to the memory effect can be suppressed by at least 14.66 dB in the split mode and at least 7.32 dB in the combination mode with a 0.6-VP-P input signal when using the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peak detector effect is a phenomenon that makes single event transients much longer once an error amplifier switches from linear to saturation zone due to the presence of external capacitors. This is so-called since it was discovered in a simple voltage reference in which a parasitic lossy peak detector was unwillingly built in the output stage. In this paper, peak detector effect is generalized to explain the appearance of long duration pulses in typical low dropout voltage regulator built with discrete devices. This effect has been related to the way in which the negative feedback loop is closed and to the kind of pass device in the output stage. Thus, if the linear voltage regulator consists in an error amplifier the output of which controls a current source, the peak detector effect will occur if the current source is unidirectional, the output load does not drain enough current and is in parallel with an external capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers the author's insights on an article by M. T. Abuelma'atti regarding novel lossless and lossy grounded inductor simulator with a canonical number of components. The author says that the article have some misunderstandings on voltage-mode (VM) filter operating well and new current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). He mentions the electrical symbols of the circuits and the transfer function of the filters. He also discusses the alternative circuit for high output impedance current and the alternative circuit, current mode (CM) low-pass filter.