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While scholars have expended much effort recently on discerning American representations of Islam from the literature on the United States' contact with the so-called Barbary nations, there has been no systematic effort to examine representation of Jews in the same literature. Examining literature produced by captives, diplomats, missionaries, and others, the author argues that representations of Jews initially (1785-1815) were produced primarily by diplomats and sailors who made much use of the Shylock stereotype, but later (1815-1830) were produced by missionaries who focused more on what they viewed as Jewish stubbornness and intolerance. The final portion of the article discusses the relevance of these representations to the expanding domestic Jewish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about military officer William Eaton and the early national Antisemitism in U.S. Topics include American tolerance for Jews, criticism of Jewish religious practices, treaty negotiations in U.S., and activities of the Algerian Jews. The article also discusses the relations between Jews and Catholics. Also noted is the war between Tripoli and U.S. in 1801.

An essay is presented on Anglophobia and conspiracy theories in the U.S. from the American Revolutionary War to the War of 1812. It comments on Americans' grievances against Great Britain's relations with Native Americans, the impressment of sailors, and supposed efforts to undermine American manufacturing. The author analyzes Anglophobia and Francophobia in partisan conflicts between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. U.S. President James Madison and British spy John Henry are considered.

Focuses on the influence of the Algerian crisis on early American identity. Development of the concept of independence from Great Britain; Occurrence of kidnapping by Algerian pirates; Citation of the diplomatic difficulties faced by the U.S. government.

Explores the political economies of the Republican and Democratic Parties during the years of embargo and war in the U.S. Dominance of artisans in the manufacturing industry; Establishment of large-scale factory projects by urban merchants; Debate over foreign policy and commercial discrimination.

Discusses the evolution of manufacturing and mercantilism's protectionist atmosphere in New York City from 1783 to 1795. Colonists' non-importation of British products in response to the Sugar and Stamp Acts; New York radicals' revolutionary rhetoric of economic independence-through-production; Restructuring of the early American urban class system.

A reply is presented by the author in response a letter to the editor submitted regarding his review of the book "Thomas Barclay (1728-1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary," from the February 2010 issue.