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Matematički elementi karata, uz metode prikazivanja sadržaja kartografskim simbolima i kriterije kartografske generalizacije, najvažniji su elementi suvremenih tlocrtnih karata. Istodobno, kod karata za orijentacijsko trčanje i druge oblike sportske orijentacije, koje su međunarodno najunificiranije karte u svijetu, matematička podloga nije detaljno definirana. U radu opisujemo pozadinu i razloge očigledne ograničene značajnosti matematičkih sadržaja u orijentacijskim kartama, a na primjeru analize odabranih karata Hrvatske i Slovenije utvrđujemo u kojem su razdoblju i u kojoj mjeri matematički elementi bili prisutni na tim kartama., Mathematical elements of maps, in addition to the methods of presenting content with cartographic symbols and the criteria of cartographic generalization, are the most important elements of modern ground plan view maps. At the same time, on maps for orienteering disciplines, which are the most internationally unified maps in the world, the mathematical basis is not defined in very detailed specifications. In this paper, we describe the background and reasons for the apparent insignificance of mathematical content in orienteering maps, and on the example of the analysis of selected maps of Croatia and Slovenia, we determine in which period and to what extent mathematical elements were present on the maps.

Alluvial (torrential) fans, especially those created from debris-flow activity, often endanger built environments and human life. It is well known that these kinds of territories where human activities are favored are characterized by increasing instability and related hydrological risk therefore, treating the problem of its assessment and management is becoming strongly relevant. The aim of this study was to analyze and model the geomorphological aspects and the physical processes of alluvial fans in relation to the environmental characteristics of the territory for classification and prediction purposes. The main geomorphometric parameters capable of describing complex properties, such as relative fan position depending on the neighborhood, which can affect their formation or shape, or properties delineating specific parts of fans, were identified and evaluated through digital elevation model (DEM) data. Five machine learning (ML) methods, including a hybrid Euler graph ML method, were compared to analyze the geomorphometric parameters and physical characteristics of alluvial fans. The results obtained in 14 case studies of Slovenian torrential fans, validated with data of the empirical model proposed by Bertrand et al. (2013), confirm the validity of the developed method and the possibility to identify alluvial fans that can be considered as debris-flow prone.

Creating digital models of important cultural heritage objects for documentation or reconstruction purposes is usually challenging: the object can be a complex building, may be placed on remote areas, entirely or partly difficult to access, survey has to be done in different conditions, etc. however, final resulting models should provide adequate geometrical accuracy and completeness. Using a combination of different technologies and methods, where accuracy estimation of each methodology and often also an establishment of basic geodetic network are fundamental for ensuring the geometrically accurate final product (model), we can create three-dimensional (3D) models for documentation, inspection, maintenance and restoration purposes. Attractive 3D augmented reality (AR) and other presentations can be created, too. These outputs can be used by authorities, maintainers, conservators, investors and also public communities. Procedures and results are presented in selected cultural heritage objects in Slovenia: Chapel on Krvavec, Smlednik castle, Brestanica castle and Ljubljana castle.

Vzdrževanje podatkov v topografskih bazah je ena od pomembnejših nalog organizacij, ki te podatkovne baze vodijo. Eden od pomembnih podatkovnih slojev v topografskih bazah so podatki o stavbah. V člankusta opisani metoda za samodejen zajem stavb iz digitalnega modela površja in multispektralnega ortofota ter uporaba rezultatov zajema za samodejno iskanje sprememb v topografskih bazah, v katerih se vodijo podatki o stavbah. Začetno masko stavb smo izdelali iz normaliziranega digitalnega modela površja (nDMP). Vegetacijo smo iz maske stavb izločili z modificiranim vegetacijskim indeksom, izračunanim iz infrardečega ortofota ob upoštevanju indeksa senc in teksture nDMP. Na končni maski smo stavbe vektorizirali z uporabo transformacije Radon. Rezultate samodejnega zajema stavb smo primerjali s katastrom stavb in dejanskim stanjem na terenu. Ssamodejnim postopkom smo našli 94,4 % vseh stavb na območju in ocenili, da je opisana metoda primerna za zajem podatkov o stavbah za topografske baze v merilih 1 : 10 000 in manj. Rezultat samodejnegaiskanja sprememb (popolnost 93,5 % in pravilnost 78,4 %) kaže, da je opisana metoda primerna za iskanje sprememb med podatki o stavbah : The update of topographic databases is an important task for organizations that maintain them. Building data are one of the important data types in topographic databases. The article describes a method for automatic building extraction from digital surfacemodel and multispectral orthophoto and the use of extraction results for the building change detection in the topographic database. The initial building mask was created from the normalized digital surface model (nDSM).Vegetation was eliminated from the building mask using a modified vegetation index calculated from the infrared orthophoto and also considering the shadow index and the nDMP texture. The finalbuilding mask was vectorised using Radon transform. The results of the automatic building extraction were compared to the building cadastre and the actual situation on the ground. The automatic methoddetected 94.4% of all buildings in the area. We concluded that the described method is appropriate for capturing of the building data for the topographic database in scales 1 : 10 000 and smaller. Automatic change detection results (completeness 93.5% and correctness 78.4%) indicate that the described method is appropriate for building change detection.

SI: V skladu s prenovo visokošolskih študijskih programov po načelih bolonjske reforme smo v letih 2007 in 2008 na Fakulteti za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani pripravili nove študijske programe s področja geodezije. Dosedanje študije nadomešča pet novih študijskih programov na treh stopnjah, kot predvideva bolonjska deklaracija: na prvi stopnji univerzitetni študijski program Geodezija in geoinformatika ter visokošolski strokovni študijski program Tehnično upravljanje nepremičnin, na drugi stopnji magistrska študijska programa Geodezija in geoinformatika ter interdisciplinarno usmerjen študijski program Prostorsko načrtovanje, na tretji stopnji pa fakultetni doktorski program Grajeno okolje z geodezijo ter načrtovanjem in urejanjem prostora kot dvema izmed skupaj treh znanstvenih področij doktorskega študija. EN: In the framework of higher education programmes renovation according to the principles of Bologna process new study programmes in the fields of surveying and geodesy have been prepared at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, in 2007 and 2008. Current study programmes have been replaced with five new programmes at three higher education levels as proposed by Bologna Declaration: at 1st Level University Bachelor degree study programme Geodesy and Geoinformatics and Professional Bachelor degree program Technical Real Estate Management; at 2nd Level Master degree programme Geodesy and Geoinformatics and interdisciplinary programme Spatial Planning, and at 3rd Level Doctoral study programme Built Environment with three study orientations, among which two orientations are Geodesy, and Spatial Planning and Land management.