877 results on '"PETSCHER, YAACOV"'
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2. Metrics for quantifying co-development at the individual level
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Edwards, Ashley A. and Petscher, Yaacov
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- 2024
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3. Monster, P.I.: Validation Evidence for an Assessment of Adolescent Language That Assesses Vocabulary Knowledge, Morphological Knowledge, and Syntactical Awareness
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, Tock, Jamie, McFadden, Sara, Reynolds, Dan, Lantos, Tess, and Jones, Sara
- Abstract
Assessment of language skills for upper elementary and middle schoolers is important due to the strong link between language and reading comprehension. Yet, currently few practical, reliable, valid, and instructionally informative assessments of language exist. This study provides validation evidence for Monster, P.I., which is a gamified, standardized, computer-adaptive assessment (CAT) of language for fifth to eighth grade students. Creating Monster, P.I. involved an assessment of the dimensionality of morphology and vocabulary and an assessment of syntax. Results using multiple-group item response theory (IRT) with 3,214 fifth through eighth graders indicated morphology and vocabulary were best assessed via bifactor models and syntax unidimensionally. Therefore, Monster, P.I. provides scores on three component areas of language (multidimensional morphology and vocabulary and unidimensional syntax) with the goal of informing instruction. Validity results also suggest that Monster, P.I. scores show moderate correlations with each other and with standardized reading vocabulary and reading comprehension assessments. Furthermore, hierarchical regression results suggest an important link between Monster, P.I. and standardized reading comprehension, explaining between 56% and 75% of the variance. Such results indicate that Monster, P.I. can provide meaningful understandings of language performance which can guide instruction that can impact reading comprehension performance.
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- 2022
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4. Study Skills Profiles of Normal-Achieving and Academically-Struggling College Students
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Proctor, Briley E, Prevatt, Frances F., Adams, Katharine S. (Katharine Susan), Reaser, Abigail, and Petscher, Yaacov
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- 2006
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5. Game Design Considerations for Screening, Interim, and Diagnostic Educational Assessments
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Dockterman, David, Petscher, Yaacov, McAfee, Alison, Klopfer, Eric, Osterweil, Scot, and Diefenthaler, Cody
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To inform instruction, screening and diagnostic assessments must collect accurate data about the current state of the learner. Unfortunately, students may find assessments unengaging, intimidating, or irrelevant, undermining the quality of their effort and the quality of the data. The application of gaming to assessments may provide a way to boost and sustain effortful test-taker engagement, an integration that has thus far yielded mixed results, at best. Our interdisciplinary team reviewed and evaluated existing gamification research to consolidate a set of guiding principles for effectively merging diagnostic assessment tasks and protocols with a motivating game-like context in ways that specifically foster high levels of test-taker effort. We share our work in this paper to help inform ongoing research and development leading to more efficient and effective assessments of children.
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- 2021
6. Unraveling Adolescent Language & Reading Comprehension: The Monster's Data
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, and Reynolds, Dan
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Purpose: This study explores the roles of morphological skills (Morphological Awareness, Morphological-Syntactic-Knowledge, Morphological-Semantic-Knowledge, and Morphological-Orthographic/Phonological-Knowledge), vocabulary (knowledge of definitions, relationships between words, and polysemous meanings), and syntax in contributing to adolescent reading comprehension. Specifically, we identify the relative importance of these language skills. Methods: A racially diverse sample of 1,027 students grades 5 to 8 were studied. Dominance Analysis was used, which allows a rank ordering of the contribution of predictors. Results: Results suggest unique roles for each language area with particularly important roles for vocabulary and morphological awareness. Considering just morphology, four morphology skills each explained meaningful variance (13-17%) in reading comprehension, together explaining half the variance in standardized reading comprehension. Considering each language area, vocabulary, the four morphology skills, and syntax were shown to each explain meaningful variance, ranging from 9-13%, together explaining 62.9% of the variance in reading comprehension. Conclusions: Findings are interpreted within the Reading Systems framework. Findings confirm the role of vocabulary, morphology, and syntax in supporting reading comprehension and suggest a relatively stronger role for vocabulary and morphological awareness. The meaningful role of the four morphological skills also suggests a broad role for morphology. Implications for theory, research, and practice are shared. [This paper will be published in "Scientific Studies of Reading."]
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- 2021
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7. Establishing a Reading Mindset Measure: A Validation Study
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Tock, Jamie L., Quinn, Jamie M., Otaiba, Stephanie Al, Petscher, Yaacov, and Wanzek, Jeanne
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Much attention has been given to the development and validation of measures of growth mindset and its impact on learning, but the previous work has largely been focused on general measures of growth mindset. This research was focused on establishing the psychometric properties of a reading mindset (RM) measure among a sample of upper elementary school students and validating the measure through its relations with standardized measures of word reading and comprehension. The RM measure was developed to capture student's beliefs about their ability, learning goals, and effort during reading. Item response theory was used to select items that optimally measured the RM measure from a pool of existing items from previous research. The final five-item RM measure predicted reading comprehension outcomes above and beyond the effects of word reading, indicating that this measure may be an important tool for diagnosing noncognitive areas of improvement for developing readers. The implications, limitations, and future directions for expanding upon the measure were discussed.
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- 2021
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8. Examining the Relationship between Word Reading and Nonword Reading Development within an Orthographic Learning Framework: Are There Variations as a Function of SES and Reading Ability?
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Edwards, Ashley A., Steacy, Laura M., Rigobon, Valeria M., Petscher, Yaacov, and Compton, Donald L.
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Perfetti's representational quality hypothesis suggests that orthographic learning in developing readers is associated with two important changes to the orthographic lexicon that drive continued word reading development, namely, addition of word-specific representations and acquisition of complex context-dependent decoding skills. Perfetti further hypothesizes that these two changes are mutually facilitative suggesting a bidirectional relationship. To test this hypothesis, cross-lagged panel models were used to model the relationship between word reading and nonword reading longitudinally across Grades 1-4 in a diverse sample (N = 433) of developing readers. Overall results revealed the codevelopmental pattern between word and nonword reading to be bidirectional in nature such that word reading impacted later nonword reading and vice versa. These bidirectional relations did not differ significantly between those who qualify for free and reduced lunch and those who do not. However, differences were observed between those at-risk for dyslexia and those not at-risk.
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- 2023
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9. The Impact of Student Race, Sex, and Mindset on Reading Intervention Response at the Upper Elementary Level
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Donegan, Rachel E., Wanzek, Jeanne, Petscher, Yaacov, and Al Otaiba, Stephanie
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Effects from different studies of reading and mindset interventions are inconsistent, pointing to the need to investigate moderating factors affecting response. In this study, we implemented two intensive intervention conditions for fourth-grade students with/at risk for reading disabilities (N = 360). One intervention condition included reading intervention only, whereas the other intervention condition incorporated both reading and mindset interventions. Through exploratory analyses, we examined student characteristics (sex, race/ethnicity, mindset) as moderators of the effects of the interventions on mindset, word attack, and reading comprehension outcomes and also explored potential interactions. Overall, we found no differential outcomes of intervention by race, sex, or initial mindset level. Our exploration of the interactions also did not yield any significant effects; however, we were limited by small sample sizes in subgroups. Overall, more research is needed to explore potential interactions moderating intervention outcomes.
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- 2023
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10. Teaching Together: Pilot Study of a Tiered Language and Literacy Intervention with Head Start Teachers and Linguistically Diverse Families
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Zucker, Tricia A., Cabell, Sonia Q., Petscher, Yaacov, Mui, Heather, Landry, Susan H., and Tock, Jamie
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This study examines blending of classroom- and family-based supports within a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS). The present study focuses on a sample of Head Start children who are both experiencing poverty and scoring below early language and literacy screening benchmarks. This study begins to explore which combination of resources are the most parsimonious, yet effective for improving language and literacy skills for such learners. We examine a model that first establishes Tier 1 and 2 supports in the classroom and then adds two aligned tiers of family engagement supports called Teaching Together. This study occurred in a large, metropolitan area in the southcentral region of the United States. It included 33 classrooms from three Head Start agencies (20 school sites). Pre-K classrooms were eligible to participate if: (a) instruction was predominantly in English, and (b) the teacher had not participated in PD projects offered by the university researchers in the past five years. These data suggest that Teaching Together holds promise as a school- and home-based intervention for increasing language skills amongst pre-K children at risk for later reading difficulties and eligible for Tier 2 services. Academic language is an essential skill for later reading and success in school. An aligned approach to explaining sophisticated vocabulary and engaging in extended, inferential conversation across the classroom and home could help close the vocabulary gap observed for DLLs and children from low-income backgrounds. Yet we found heterogeneity in response with greater vocabulary benefits mostly for children at the higher end of the distribution, suggesting future efforts should continue to examine for whom and under what conditions such academic language interventions are most beneficial.
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- 2021
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11. What Is Text Reading Fluency and Is It a Predictor or an Outcome of Reading Comprehension? A Longitudinal Investigation
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Quinn, Jamie M., and Petscher, Yaacov
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Text reading fluency refers to the ability to read connected texts with accuracy, speed, and expression (prosody), and has garnered substantial attention as an important skill for reading comprehension. However, two fundamental questions remain--the dimensionality of text reading fluency including text reading efficiency (accuracy and speed) and reading prosody, and the directionality of the relation between text reading fluency and reading comprehension. These questions were addressed using longitudinal data from Grade 1 (M[subscript age] = 6.36 years) to Grade 3 (M[subscript age] = 8.34 years). Majority of children were White (approximately 60%) and African American (26%) with 39% to 52% from low-SES backgrounds, depending on the grade. Text reading fluency, word reading, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension were measured. Results from confirmatory factor analysis revealed that text reading fluency is a multidimensional construct with a trifactor structure, which has a general factor that captures common ability across text reading efficiency and reading prosody as well as local and specific factors that are unique beyond the general factor. However, the general factor was the most reliable factor, whereas local and specific factors were not reliable. The directionality of the relation between text reading fluency and reading comprehension was addressed by examining two competing structural equation models--text-reading-fluency-as-a-predictor/mediator model and text-reading-fluency-as-an-outcome model--and data supported the former. These results indicate that text reading fluency is a multidimensional construct, and it acts as a predictor, mediating the relations of word reading and listening comprehension to reading comprehension. [This article was published in "Developmental Psychology" (EJ1300306).]
- Published
- 2021
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12. Multidimensional Morphological Assessment for Middle School Students
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, and Tock, Jamie
- Abstract
Background: Middle school students use the information conveyed by morphemes (i.e., units of meaning such as prefixes, root words and suffixes) in different ways to support their literacy endeavours, suggesting the likelihood that morphological knowledge is multidimensional. This has important implications for assessment. Methods: The current study investigates the dimensionality of morphological knowledge considering the performance of 3,214 fifth through eighth graders on a range of morphological tasks (N = 14 across the project's development and 10 for dimensionality analyses) and items (N = 491) using multiple-group item response modelling. It then presents validation evidence related to performance of 1,140 fifth through eighth graders on a gamified, computer-adaptive, multidimensional assessment of morphological knowledge, which consists of seven morphological tasks and 181 items that make four morphological skills. Results: Results indicate morphological knowledge is multidimensional and best represented via a bifactor model of four skills as well as task-related variance. These skills are Skill 1: Morphological Awareness; Skill 2: Morphological-Syntactic Knowledge; Skill 3: Morphological-Semantic Knowledge; and Skill 4: Morphological-Orthographic/Phonological Knowledge. The assessment designed after this model, called Monster, PI, was shown to be both reliable and valid, with each morphological knowledge skill explaining unique variance in standardised reading vocabulary. Conclusions: Findings suggest that morphological skills play unique roles in language and literacy outcomes. This indicates the importance of conceptualising and assessing morphological knowledge as multidimensional. Implications for theory, research, policy and practice are considered. [This paper was published in "Journal of Research in Reading" v44 n1 p70-89 2021 (EJ1283025).]
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- 2021
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13. Influences of Individual, Text, and Assessment Factors on Text/Discourse Comprehension in Oral Language (Listening Comprehension)
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace and Petscher, Yaacov
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We investigated the contributions of multiple strands of factors--individual characteristics (struggling reader status, working memory, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, knowledge-based inference, theory of mind, comprehension monitoring), a text feature (narrative vs. expository genre), and question types (literal and inferential)--to one's performance on discourse comprehension in oral language (listening comprehension), using data from 529 second graders. Results from explanatory item response models revealed that substantial variance in listening comprehension was attributable to differences between items, texts, and children, respectively. Narrative versus expository genre distinctions explained almost all of the variance attributable to text differences. In contrast, literal versus inferential question distinctions did not explain item responses after accounting for text and reading comprehension status. However, there was a moderation between struggling reader status and question type such that struggling readers had a slightly higher (2%) probability of getting inferential questions right compared to typically developing readers, after accounting for individual and text factors. Struggling readers have a lower probability of accurate item responses than typically developing readers, but the difference disappeared once language and cognitive skills (e.g., working memory, vocabulary) were taken into consideration. The effects of text genre and question type on item responses did not differ as a function of children's language and cognitive skills. Overall, these results underscore the importance of considering individual, text, and assessment factors for children's performance in listening comprehension. [This is the online version of an article published in "Annals of Dyslexia" (ISSN 0736-9387).]
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- 2020
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14. Heterogeneity in Parental Trauma, Parental Behaviors, and Parental Academic Involvement
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Petscher, Yaacov, Noel, La Tonya, Yun, Hye-Jung, and Catts, Hugh
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- 2023
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15. Effects of Affix Type and Base Word Transparency on Students' Performance on Different Morphological Awareness Measures
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Apel, Kenn, Henbest, Victoria S., and Petscher, Yaacov
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Purpose: We examined whether affix type and base word transparency explained variation in third- through sixth-grade students' performance on a number of morphological awareness tasks. Method: Third- through sixth-grade students (n > 500 at each grade) completed morphological awareness tasks from the Morphological Awareness Test for Reading and Spelling, which represent the ways individuals may use their morphological awareness to support reading and spelling. Explanatory item response models were used to understand the role of affix type and base word transparency on students' performance on six morphological awareness tasks. Results: For all grades, 73%-83% of variance in students' performance was due to differences across individual items. Furthermore, when task effects, affix type, and base word transparency were included simultaneously in the model, affix type was not a significant predictor; there was a significant effect of base word transparency and task. Specifically, the probability of a correct response was greater on task items in which inflected or derived words were transparent with their base word (e.g., friend > friendly) compared to items in which there was a shift in both the phonological and orthographic aspects of the base word (e.g., attend > attention). Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of considering base word transparency when assessing students' morphological awareness skills with less emphasis on affix type, at least for third- through sixth-grade students. Our results also point to the importance of administering a variety of morphological awareness tasks to fully capture an individual's morphological awareness skills. Collectively, researchers and practitioners should ensure assessment items on multiple measures of morphological awareness vary in their base word transparency to potentially capture a range of student performances. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED624675.]
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- 2023
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16. Heterogeneity in Reading Achievement and Mindset of Readers with Reading Difficulties
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Gesel, Samantha A., Donegan, Rachel E., Heo, Jungyeong, Petscher, Yaacov, Wanzek, Jeanne, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, and Lemons, Christopher J.
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Recent research has focused on evaluating the relation between mindset and reading achievement. We used exploratory factor mixture models (E-FMMs) to examine the heterogeneity in reading achievement and mindset of 650 fourth graders with reading difficulties. To build E-FMMs, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses to examine the factor structure of scores of (a) mindset, (b) reading, and (c) mindset/reading combined. Our results indicated (a) a 2-factor model for mindset ("General Mindset vs. Reading Mindset"), (b) a 2-factor model for reading ("Word Reading vs. Comprehension"; four covariances), and (c) a combined model with significant correlations across mindset and reading factors. We ran E-FMMs on the combined model. Overall, we found three classes of students. We situate these results within the existing literature and discuss implications for practice and research.
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- 2023
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17. Effects of a Virtually Delivered Reading and Embedded Mindset Intervention on Reading Performance for Fourth-Grader Struggling Readers
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Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Wanzek, Jeanne, Petscher, Yaacov, Fluhler, Sally, Rivas, Brenna, and Russell Freudenthal, Dayna
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a virtual intensive reading intervention embedded with mindset training compared with typical reading instruction in a business-as-usual (BAU) condition delivered to fourth-grade students with or at risk for reading disabilities. After screening, the 59 participants were stratified and assigned randomly to condition. Highly trained interventionists delivered the intervention one-to-one with high fidelity and student engagement during the intensive intervention. Classroom teachers delivered the BAU. We examined the effects of the intervention on a variety of standardized timed and untimed measures of word reading and decoding, reading fluency, comprehension, and mindset. We addressed two research questions: What are the effects of intensive virtual reading intervention embedded with mindset training relative to a BAU comparison on the reading outcomes of fourth-grade students with or at risk for reading disabilities? Was initial mindset related to student response to intervention? Data analyses examined the main effect and moderation using linear mixed effects models. Significant differences in reading favored the virtual treatment condition for letter and word identification (g = 0.38). No other significant effects were observed. We note limitations in our study and offer directions for future research, including the need to explore additional moderators.
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- 2023
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18. Do Spelling and Vocabulary Improve Classification Accuracy of Children's Reading Difficulties over and above Word Reading?
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace and Petscher, Yaacov
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It is widely recognized that individuals with dyslexia have difficulties with word reading and spelling, and individuals with reading comprehension difficulties have low vocabulary knowledge. However, little is known about the extent to which spelling and vocabulary are informative of reading difficulties. In the present study, we investigated whether information on students' spelling and vocabulary in kindergarten increases the precision of identifying students with reading difficulties, using longitudinal data from kindergarten to Grade 2. The sample was composed of 247 kindergartners (55% boys; 56% White children, 35% African American children, and 5% mixed-race children; 72% from low SES) who were followed to Grade 2. Spelling improved the accuracy of identifying students who experienced word reading difficulties in kindergarten and Grade 1. In contrast, vocabulary did not improve the accuracy of identifying students with reading difficulties over and above word reading and spelling. These results indicate the importance and utility of including spelling, in addition to word reading, as an integral part of accurately identifying children with reading difficulties as early as kindergarten. In addition, although vocabulary did not contribute additional predictive power, it is likely to exert its influence at a later phase of reading development. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED626819.]
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- 2023
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19. Letter Features as Predictors of Letter-Name Acquisition in Four Languages with Three Scripts
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Petscher, Yaacov, Treiman, Rebecca, and Kelcey, Benjamin
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To expand our understanding of script-general and script-specific principles in the learning of letter names, we examined how three characteristics of alphabet letters -- their frequency in printed materials, order in the alphabet, and visual similarity to other letters -- relate to children's letter-name knowledge in four languages with three distinct scripts (English [N = 318; M age = 4.90], Portuguese [N = 366; M age = 5.80], Korean [N = 168; M age = 5.48], and Hebrew [N = 645; M age = 5.42]). Explanatory item response modeling analysis showed that the frequency of letters in printed materials was consistently related to letter difficulty across the four languages. There were also moderation effects for letter difficulty in English and Korean, and for discriminatory power of letters in Korean. The results suggest that exposure to letters as measured by letter frequency is a language-general mechanism in the learning of alphabet letters. [This is the online first version of an article published in "Scientific Studies of Reading."]
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- 2020
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20. The Relations of Online Reading Processes (Eye Movements) with Working Memory, Emergent Literacy Skills, and Reading Proficiency
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Petscher, Yaacov, and Vorstius, Christian
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We examined the relations between working memory, emergent literacy skills (e.g., phonological awareness, orthographic awareness, rapid automatized naming), word reading, and listening comprehension to online reading processes (eye movements), and their relations to reading comprehension. A total of 292 students were assessed on working memory and emergent literacy skills in Grade 1, and eye movements, language, and reading skills in Grade 3. Structural equation model results showed that word reading was related to gaze duration and rereading duration, but listening comprehension was not. Working memory and emergent literacy skills were related to eye movements, but their relations to eye movements were largely mediated by word reading. Eye movements were related to reading comprehension, but not after accounting for word reading and listening comprehension. These results expand our understanding of reading development by revealing the nature of relations of emergent literacy skills, reading, and listening comprehension to online processes. [This is the online version of an article published in "Scientific Studies of Reading."]
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- 2020
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21. Morphological Supports: Investigating Differences in How Morphological Knowledge Supports Reading Comprehension for Middle School Students with Limited Reading Vocabulary
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, and Tock, Jamie
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Purpose: The current study takes a practical and theoretically grounded look at assessment of morphological knowledge and its potential to deepen understanding of how morphological knowledge supports reading comprehension for students with limited reading vocabulary. Specifically, we explore how different morphological skills support reading comprehension for students with typical reading vocabulary development compared to students with limited reading vocabulary. Method: A sample of 1,140 fifth through eighth graders were assessed via a gamified, computer-adaptive measure of language that contained a morphological knowledge assessment. Links to standardized reading comprehension were explored with a focus on determining differences for the 184 students in the sample who showed limited reading vocabulary knowledge. Specifically, multiple regression analyses were used to test for the relation between morphology skills and standardized reading comprehension, as well as the moderator effect of reading vocabulary on the relation between morphological knowledge and standardized reading comprehension. Results: Findings indicate that the four instructionally malleable morphological skills identified by the assessment differentially supported reading comprehension. These skills were (a) Morphological Awareness; (b) Syntactic Morphological Knowledge; (c) Semantic Morphological Knowledge; and (d) Phonological/Orthographic Morphological Knowledge. Significant interactions for students with limited reading vocabulary were shown in how the skills of Syntactic Morphological Knowledge, Semantic Morphological Knowledge, and Phonological/Orthographic Morphological Knowledge supported standardized Reading Comprehension. Conclusions: Given the challenges students with limited reading vocabulary have with semantic information, Syntactic Morphological Knowledge and Phonological/Orthographic Morphological Knowledge were particularly supportive, suggesting the compensatory role of these morphological skills. In contrast, Semantic Morphological Knowledge had a negative relationship with Reading Comprehension for students with limited reading vocabulary. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
- Published
- 2020
22. Reading Prosody Unpacked: A Longitudinal Investigation of Its Dimensionality and the Relation with Word Reading and Listening Comprehension for Children in Primary Grades
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Quinn, Jamie, and Petscher, Yaacov
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We investigated the dimensionality of various indicators of reading prosody, and the relations of word reading and listening comprehension to the identified dimension(s) of reading prosody, using longitudinal data from Grades 1 to 3. A total of 371 English-speaking children were assessed on oral text reading, word reading, and listening comprehension in the fall and spring of each year (i.e., 6 waves of data). From oral text reading, reading prosody was evaluated on pause structures (pause duration, pause frequency) and pitch (intonation contour, F[subscript 0] change) using spectrographic analysis, and on expressiveness, smoothness, phrasing, and pacing using the Multi-Dimensional Fluency Scale (MFS). A bifactor structure described the data best across the 6 waves, composed of (a) a ratings and pause "general" factor, which captured common variance among MFS, pause frequency, and pause duration; (b) ratings (MFS) and pause "specific" factors, which captured variance over and above the ratings and pause general factor; and (c) a separate pitch factor, which captured variance in intonation contour and F[subscript 0] change. Word reading and listening comprehension were related to the identified dimensions of reading prosody, but when they were in a model together, word reading, not listening comprehension, was uniquely related to reading prosody across the six waves. These results indicate that reading prosody is multidimensional and that a pitch factor is a dissociable skill from the general ratings and pause prosody. Furthermore, word reading is the primary driver for the development of various dimensions of reading prosody, at least for children in primary grades. [This is the online version of an article published in "Journal of Educational Psychology" (ISSN 0022-0663).]
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- 2020
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23. Using Intensive Intervention to Improve Mathematics Skills of Students with Disabilities: Project Evaluation Report
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American Institutes for Research (AIR), Petscher, Yaacov, Zumeta Edmonds, Rebecca, Arden, Sarah, and Weingarten, Zachary
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The purpose of this project evaluation was to assess the impact of data-based individualization (DBI) on the mathematics achievement of students with intensive mathematics learning needs, including students with disabilities. The evaluation study used a cluster randomized trial in which elementary schools were randomly assigned to treatment using a delayed-intervention design. Since this was a development project, the evaluation delineated between the primary, confirmatory impact question and exploratory research questions. The confirmatory question included students in Grades 1-2 and was concerned with the relationship of one year of DBI implementation support in comparison with a business-as-usual, delayed intervention group. Because of the developmental, iterative nature of the project, exploratory questions were concerned with cumulative longitudinal relations between years of DBI implementation support between two cohorts of elementary schools. In addition, project staff supported DBI implementation pilot in two middle schools and tracked student progress in those sites. Analytic results provided preliminary evidence to suggest that there may be contextual factors that govern the likelihood a student will profit from DBI. In addition, schools may require significant ongoing support to sustain implementation.
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- 2020
24. Intensive Intervention for Upper Elementary Students with Severe Reading Comprehension Difficulties
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Wanzek, Jeanne, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Schatschneider, Christopher, Donegan, Rachel E., Rivas, Brenna, Jones, Francesca, and Petscher, Yaacov
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This study examined the effectiveness of the intensive implementation of a multicomponent reading intervention (Voyager Passport) with 306 fourth grade students with severe reading difficulties. Students with reading comprehension achievement below the 15%ile in the fall of fourth grade were randomly assigned to the intensive intervention or to typical school services. Students assigned to the intensive intervention were placed in instructional groups of 2-3 students and received daily, 45 min sessions of supplemental, multicomponent reading intervention throughout the school year. Students in the intensive intervention significantly outperformed their peers receiving typical school services in word reading (ES = 0.25) and word reading fluency (ES = 0.19). Study groups performed similarly on measures of reading fluency and comprehension. Ultimately, students with severe reading difficulties accelerated their word reading and word reading efficiency achievement, but the acceleration was not enough to also accelerate their reading fluency or reading comprehension. [This paper was published in "Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness" v13 p408-429 2020 (EJ1261968).]
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- 2020
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25. The Monster in the Classroom: Assessing Language to Inform Instruction
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, Jones, Sara, McFadden, Sara, Reynolds, Dan, and Lantos, Tess
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The authors describe Monster, PI, which is an app-based, gamified assessment that measures language skills (knowledge of morphology, vocabulary, and syntax) of students in grades 5-8 and provides teachers with interpretable score reports to drive instruction that improves vocabulary, reading, and writing ability. Specifically, the authors describe why an assessment of language is important to include, the components of language that are assessed by Monster, PI, and how Monster, PI, uses gamification to add enjoyment and motivation to the assessment experience. The authors then explain how to use Monster, PI, to inform instructional decisions, specifically explaining the overall instructional framework, what each score means, and examples of instruction that link to each area assessed by the app. Links to Common Core State Standards are included. The authors conclude by sharing teachers' feedback on the assessment and how they used it to support instruction in their classrooms. [This paper was published in "Reading Teacher" v73 n5 p603-616 2020 (EJ1245158).]
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- 2020
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26. Document Analysis of State Dyslexia Legislation Suggests Likely Heterogeneous Effects on Student and School Outcomes
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Gearin, Brian, Petscher, Yaacov, Stanley, Christopher, Nelson, Nancy J., and Fien, Hank
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Previous studies of K-12 dyslexia legislation have described broad trends in legislative content, such as the presence or absence of screening and intervention requirements. This study uses document analysis to provide a finer-grained description of the laws to highlight critical variation in policy that will directly affect (a) the number and type of students identified as having or being at risk for specific reading disabilities, including dyslexia, (b) the types of supports they receive, and (c) the implementation of the laws. Results of the study indicate that differences in legislative content across states, and ambiguity within states, may lead to heterogeneous effects on student and school outcomes. Areas needing special analytic attention by researchers and policy implementers are discussed.
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- 2022
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27. Academic Language and Listening Comprehension--Two Sides of the Same Coin? An Empirical Examination of Their Dimensionality, Relations to Reading Comprehension, and Assessment Modality
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Petscher, Yaacov, Uccelli, Paola, and Kelcey, Benjamin
- Abstract
Two widely studied language skills in relation to reading comprehension are listening comprehension skill and academic language proficiency. Although their constituent skills and theoretical accounts of how they are related to reading comprehension share a large overlap, they have been studied in separate lines of work. In this study, we investigated the dimensionality of listening comprehension and academic language proficiency tasks, their relations to reading comprehension, and the impact of assessment modality (reading vs. oral language) of academic language proficiency, using data from children in Grade 2 (N = 350). Two cohorts of children from the same schools were assessed on the same set of listening comprehension, word reading, reading comprehension, and academic language tasks. Whereas the first three constructs were assessed in identical manner across the 2 cohorts, academic language tasks were assessed in different modalities (1 cohort in a reading context and the other cohort in an oral language context). Academic language proficiency and listening comprehension skill tasks were best described as having a general oral language construct that captured common variance among all the tasks as well as having specific residual factors. Students' average performance on academic language tasks was lower in the reading context, wherein students' reading skill was also captured beyond the academic "language" proficiency. Across assessment modalities, it was the general oral language construct, not the specific factors, that was reliable, and consistently and most dominantly related to reading comprehension after accounting for word reading. [This is the online version of an article published in "Journal of Educational Psychology."]
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- 2019
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28. Using N-Level Structural Equation Models for Causal Modeling in Fully Nested, Partially Nested, and Cross-Classified Randomized Controlled Trials
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Petscher, Yaacov and Schatschneider, Christopher
- Abstract
Complex data structures are ubiquitous in psychological research, especially in educational settings. In the context of randomized controlled trials, students are nested in classrooms but may be cross-classified by other units, such as small groups. Furthermore, in many cases only some students may be nested within a unit while other students may not. Such instances of partial nesting requires a more flexible framework for estimating treatment effects so that the model coefficients are correctly estimated. Although several recommendations have been offered to the field on handling partially nested data, few are comprehensive in their treatment of manifest and latent variables in the context of partial nesting, full nesting, and cross-classification. The present study introduces n-level structural equation modeling (SEM) as a flexible measurement and analytic framework for the estimation of treatment effects for complex data structures that frequently present in randomized controlled trials. In this tutorial, we explore how the notation of n-level SEM allows for parsimonious model specification whether data are observed or latent and in the presence of partial nested or cross-classified designs. By using the xxm package in R, the advantage of using n-level SEM framework is demonstrated through five examples for single outcome manifest variables, as in the traditional multilevel model, as well as latent applications as in multilevel SEM.
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- 2019
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29. Retention of Reading Intervention Effects from Fourth to Fifth Grade for Students with Reading Difficulties
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Wanzek, Jeanne, Petscher, Yaacov, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, and Donegan, Rachel E.
- Abstract
This study examined and quantified the maintenance of reading comprehension effects from a fourth grade intervention for students with reading difficulties across the summer into the fall of fifth grade. Fourth grade students with reading comprehension difficulties were randomly assigned to a multi-component reading intervention (Passport) or to typical school services. Students in the treatment received daily intervention in small groups of 4-7 students across the fourth grade school year. Students (n = 269) were followed into their fifth grade year. Groups were equivalent at baseline and the treatment group significantly outperformed the comparison group at posttest. Students in the treatment continued to grow in reading comprehension over the summer at a rate of approximately 25% of the original growth, suggesting partially fleeting effects of the intervention. Treatment students maintained the higher levels of reading comprehension from the end of the fourth grade intervention to the beginning of fifth grade. [This paper was published in "Reading and Writing" v35 p277-288 2019 (EJ1216573).]
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- 2019
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30. Unpacking Eye Movements during Oral and Silent Reading and Their Relations to Reading Proficiency in Beginning Readers
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Kim, Young-Suk, Petscher, Yaacov, and Vorstius, Christian
- Abstract
Our understanding about the developmental similarities and differences between oral and silent reading and their relations to reading proficiency (word reading and reading comprehension) in beginning readers is limited. To fill this gap, we investigated 368 first graders' oral and silent reading using eye-tracking technology at the beginning and end of the school year. Oral reading took a longer time (greater rereading times and refixations) than silent reading, but showed greater development (greater reduction in rereading times and fixations) from the beginning to the end of the year. The relation of eye-movement behaviors to reading proficiency was such that, for example, less rereading time was positively related to reading proficiency, and the relation was stronger in oral reading than in silent reading. Moreover, the nature of relations between eye movements and reading skill varied as a function of the child's reading proficiency such that the relations were weaker for poor readers, particularly at the beginning of the year. The relations between eye movements and reading proficiency stabilized in the spring for children whose reading skill was 0.30 quantile and above, but weaker relations remained for readers below 0.30 quantile. These findings suggest the importance of examining eye-movement behaviors in both oral and silent reading modes and their developmental relations to reading proficiency.
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- 2019
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31. Predicting Second and Third Graders' Reading Comprehension Gains: Observing Students' and Classmates' Talk during Literacy Instruction Using COLT
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Connor, Carol McDonald, Kelcey, Benjamin, Sparapani, Nicole, Petscher, Yaacov, Siegal, Sarah W., Adams, Ashley, Hwang, Jin Kyoung, and Carlisle, Joanne F.
- Abstract
This paper introduces a new observation system that is designed to investigate students' and teachers' talk during literacy instruction, "Creating Opportunities to Learn from Text" (COLT). Using video-recorded observations of 2nd-3rd grade literacy instruction (N=51 classrooms, 337 students, 151 observations), we found that nine types of student talk ranged from using non-verbal gestures to generating new ideas. The more a student talked, the greater were his/her reading comprehension (RC) gains. Classmate talk also predicted RC outcomes (total effect size=0.27). We found that 11 types of teacher talk ranged from asking simple questions to encouraging students' thinking and reasoning. Teacher talk predicted student talk but did not predict students' RC gains directly. Findings highlight the importance of each student's discourse during literacy instruction, how classmates' talk contributes to the learning environments that each student experiences, and how this affects RC gains, with implications for improving the effectiveness of literacy instruction. [This paper will be published in "Scientific Studies of Reading."]
- Published
- 2019
32. English Narrative Language Growth across the School Year: Young Spanish-English Dual Language Learners
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Wood, Carla, Wofford, Mary Claire, Gabas, Clariebelle, and Petscher, Yaacov
- Abstract
This study aimed to describe the narrative retell performance of dual language learners (DLLs) in the fall and spring of the school year and examine predictive relationships. Participants included 74 DLLs in kindergarten and first grade from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Microstructural measures included number of different words (NDW), words per minute (WPM), and verb accuracy. Macrostructural measures included number of total story elements and number of different types of story elements. Path analysis models were used to test the relations among variables. Findings indicated that narrative measures were sensitive to developmental differences across the school year. Fall NDW performance in narrative retells was moderately related to both spring NDW and the total number of macrostructural elements in the spring. Spring WPM was uniquely predicted by fall WPM. Authors concluded that narrative retells are sensitive to developmental differences across a school year for DLLs. Findings support the use of narrative retell measures as a promising tool to examine and describe English language growth of young DLLs within a school year.
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- 2018
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33. Influences of individual, text, and assessment factors on text/discourse comprehension in oral language (listening comprehension)
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace and Petscher, Yaacov
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Biological Psychology ,Cognitive and Computational Psychology ,Psychology ,Clinical Research ,Mental health ,Auditory Perception ,Child ,Cohort Studies ,Comprehension ,Female ,Humans ,Language ,Male ,Memory ,Short-Term ,Narration ,Reading ,Vocabulary ,Assessment ,Discourse comprehension ,Expository ,Listening comprehension ,Narrative ,Text ,Clinical Sciences ,Specialist Studies in Education ,Cognitive Sciences ,Specialist studies in education ,Applied and developmental psychology ,Biological psychology - Abstract
We investigated the contributions of multiple strands of factors-individual characteristics (struggling reader status, working memory, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, knowledge-based inference, theory of mind, comprehension monitoring), a text feature (narrative vs. expository genre), and question types (literal and inferential)-to one's performance on discourse comprehension in oral language (listening comprehension), using data from 529 second graders. Results from explanatory item response models revealed that substantial variance in listening comprehension was attributable to differences between items, texts, and children, respectively. Narrative versus expository genre distinctions explained almost all of the variance attributable to text differences. In contrast, literal versus inferential question distinctions did not explain item responses after accounting for text and reading comprehension status. However, there was a moderation between struggling reader status and question type such that struggling readers had a slightly higher (2%) probability of getting inferential questions right compared to typically developing readers, after accounting for individual and text factors. Struggling readers have a lower probability of accurate item responses than typically developing readers, but the difference disappeared once language and cognitive skills (e.g., working memory, vocabulary) were taken into consideration. The effects of text genre and question type on item responses did not differ as a function of children's language and cognitive skills. Overall, these results underscore the importance of considering individual, text, and assessment factors for children's performance in listening comprehension.
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- 2021
34. What is text reading fluency and is it a predictor or an outcome of reading comprehension? A longitudinal investigation.
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Kim, Young-Suk, Quinn, Jamie, and Petscher, Yaacov
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Auditory Perception ,Child ,Comprehension ,Humans ,Reading ,Time - Abstract
Text reading fluency refers to the ability to read connected texts with accuracy, speed, and expression (prosody), and has garnered substantial attention as an important skill for reading comprehension. However, two fundamental questions remain-the dimensionality of text reading fluency including text reading efficiency (accuracy and speed) and reading prosody, and the directionality of the relation between text reading fluency and reading comprehension. These questions were addressed using longitudinal data from Grade 1 (Mage = 6.36 years) to Grade 3 (Mage = 8.34 years). Majority of children were White (approximately 60%) and African American (26%) with 39% to 52% from low-SES backgrounds, depending on the grade. Text reading fluency, word reading, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension were measured. Results from confirmatory factor analysis revealed that text reading fluency is a multidimensional construct with a trifactor structure, which has a general factor that captures common ability across text reading efficiency and reading prosody as well as local and specific factors that are unique beyond the general factor. However, the general factor was the most reliable factor, whereas local and specific factors were not reliable. The directionality of the relation between text reading fluency and reading comprehension was addressed by examining two competing structural equation models-text-reading-fluency-as-a-predictor/mediator model and text-reading-fluency-as-an-outcome model-and data supported the former. These results indicate that text reading fluency is a multidimensional construct, and it acts as a predictor, mediating the relations of word reading and listening comprehension to reading comprehension. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
35. Morphological Awareness Performance Profiles of First- Through Sixth-Grade Students
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Apel, Kenn, Henbest, Victoria S., and Petscher, Yaacov
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Purpose: We examined whether diverse profiles of strengths and weaknesses would emerge when assessing different aspects of morphological awareness in first- through sixth-grade students using a recently developed standardized test, the Morphological Awareness Test for Reading and Spelling (MATRS; Apel et al., 2021). Method: Four thousand fifty-nine first- through sixth-grade students completed the eight morphological awareness tasks of the MATRS. The eight tasks represent the multiple ways that morphological awareness impacts both spoken and written language skills for the English language. Exploratory finite mixture models estimated the number of latent subgroups that best reflected heterogeneity in task-level performance by grade level. Specific profiles were chosen that demonstrated strong reliability and included a set of tasks that were consistent between first- and second-grade students and between third- and sixth-grade students. Results: Different performance profiles emerged when the students completed multiple morphological awareness tasks. At each of the six grades (first through sixth), clusters of students performed differentially on specific tasks. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that students can differ in patterns of strength and weaknesses of their morphological awareness given a range of tasks that assess different aspects of morphological awareness. The clinical implications of these findings suggest that by identifying students struggling in specific areas of morphological awareness, clinicians can develop and implement specific prescriptive instructional plans. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED619910.]
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- 2022
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36. Unraveling Adolescent Language & Reading Comprehension: The Monster's Data
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, and Reynolds, Dan
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Purpose: This study explores the roles of morphological skills (Morphological Awareness, Morphological-Syntactic-Knowledge,Morphological-Semantic-Knowledge, and Morphological-Orthographic/Phonological-Knowledge), vocabulary (knowledge of definitions, relationships between words, and polysemous meanings), and syntax in contributing to adolescent reading comprehension. Specifically, we identify the relative importance of these language skills. Methods: A racially diverse sample of 1,027 students grades 5 to 8 were studied. Dominance Analysis was used, which allows a rank ordering of the contribution of predictors. Results: Results suggest unique roles for each language area with particularly important roles for vocabulary and morphological awareness. Considering just morphology, four morphology skills each explained meaningful variance (13-17%) in reading comprehension, together explaining half the variance in standardized reading comprehension. Considering each language area, vocabulary, the four morphology skills, and syntax were shown to each explain meaningful variance, ranging from 9-13%, together explaining 62.9% of the variance in reading comprehension. Conclusions: Findings are interpreted within the Reading Systems framework. Findings confirm the role of vocabulary, morphology, and syntax in supporting reading comprehension and suggest a relatively stronger role for vocabulary and morphological awareness. The meaningful role of the four morphological skills also suggests a broad role for morphology. Implications for theory, research, and practice are shared. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED617077.]
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- 2022
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37. Developmental Trajectories of Eye Movements in Oral and Silent Reading for Beginning Readers: A Longitudinal Investigation
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Little, Callie, Petscher, Yaacov, and Vorstius, Christian
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Eye movements provide a sensitive window into cognitive processing during reading. In the present study, we investigated beginning readers' longitudinal changes in temporal and spatial measures of eye movements during oral versus silent reading, the extent to which variation in eye movements is attributable to individual differences and text differences, and the functional form of growth trajectories of eye-movement variables. Data were from 363 English-speaking children (52% male; 59.8% White) in the US who were followed longitudinally from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Results showed a rapid decrease in temporal eye-movement measures (e.g., first fixation) and an increase in spatial eye-movement measures (initial landing position) in both oral and silent reading. The majority of variance in eye movements was attributable to individual differences whereas some variance in initial landing position was due to text differences. Most eye-movement measures had nonlinear growth trajectories where fast development tapered off near the end of Grade 3 while initial fixation count and total gaze count in silent reading had a linear growth trajectory. The findings provide a first large-scale look into the developmental progression of eye movements during oral and silent reading during a critical period when reading skills rapidly develop.
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- 2022
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38. A Cumulative Risk and Resilience Model of Dyslexia
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Catts, Hugh W. and Petscher, Yaacov
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Considerable attention and legislation are currently focused on developmental dyslexia. A major challenge to these efforts is how to define and operationalize dyslexia. In this article, we argue that rather than defining dyslexia on the basis of an underlying condition, dyslexia is best viewed as a label for an unexpected reading disability. This view fits well with a preventive approach in which risk for reading disability is identified and addressed prior to children experiencing reading failure. A risk-resilience model is introduced that proposes that dyslexia is due to the cumulative effects of risk and resilience factors. Evidence for the multifactorial causal basis of dyslexia is reviewed and potential factors that may offset this risk are considered. The implications of a cumulative risk and resilience model for early identification and intervention is discussed.
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- 2022
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39. Effects of Affix Type and Base Word Transparency on Students' Performance on Different Morphological Awareness Measures
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Apel, Kenn, Henbest, Victoria S., and Petscher, Yaacov
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Purpose: We examined whether affix type and base word transparency explained variation in third- through sixth-grade students' performance on a number of morphological awareness tasks. Method: Third- through sixth-grade students (n > 500 at each grade) completed morphological awareness tasks from the Morphological Awareness Test for Reading and Spelling, which represent the ways individuals may use their morphological awareness to support reading and spelling. Explanatory item response models were used to understand the role of affix type and base word transparency on students' performance on six morphological awareness tasks. Results: For all grades, 73%-83% of variance in students' performance was due to differences across individual items. Furthermore, when task effects, affix type, and base word transparency were included simultaneously in the model, affix type was not a significant predictor; there was a significant effect of base word transparency and task. Specifically, the probability of a correct response was greater on task items in which inflected or derived words were transparent with their base word (e.g., friend > friendly) compared to items in which there was a shift in both the phonological and orthographic aspects of the base word (e.g., attend > attention). Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of considering base word transparency when assessing students' morphological awareness skills with less emphasis on affix type, at least for third- through sixth-grade students. Our results also point to the importance of administering a variety of morphological awareness tasks to fully capture an individual's morphological awareness skills. Collectively, researchers and practitioners should ensure assessment items on multiple measures of morphological awareness vary in their base word transparency to potentially capture a range of student performances. [This is the online version of an article published in "Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research."]
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- 2022
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40. The Effect of e-Book Vocabulary Instruction on Spanish-English Speaking Children
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Wood, Carla, Fitton, Lisa, Petscher, Yaacov, Rodriguez, Estrella, Sunderman, Gretchen, and Lim, Taehyeong
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Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of an intensive vocabulary intervention embedded in e-books on the vocabulary skills of young Spanish-English speaking English learners (ELs) from low-socioeconomic status backgrounds. Method: Children (N = 288) in kindergarten and 1st grade were randomly assigned to treatment and read-only conditions. All children received e-book readings approximately 3 times a week for 10-20 weeks using the same books. Children in the treatment condition received e-books supplemented with vocabulary instruction that included scaffolding through explanations in Spanish, repetition in English, checks for understanding, and highlighted morphology. Results: There was a main effect of the intervention on expressive labeling (g = 0.38) and vocabulary on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Fourth Edition (g = 0.14; Dunn & Dunn, 2007), with no significant moderation effect of initial Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test score. There was no significant difference between conditions on children's expressive definitions. Conclusion: Findings substantiate the effectiveness of computer-implemented embedded vocabulary intervention for increasing ELs' vocabulary knowledge.
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- 2018
41. Improving Kindergarten Students' Writing Outcomes Using Peer-Assisted Strategies
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Puranik, Cynthia S., Petscher, Yaacov, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, and Lemons, Christopher J.
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The primary focus of this study was to determine the feasibility of teacher implementation of peer-assisted writing strategies (PAWS) in improving the writing outcomes of kindergarten children. Six classrooms were recruited, and 3 were randomly assigned to the experimental condition. Results indicated that the content, length, and formatting of the lessons were adequate for the teachers to deliver the lessons with fidelity. Students enjoyed PAWS, as reflected in the end-of-the-year surveys. Statistically significant differences between the experimental and control classrooms were noted for punctuation and sentence writing quality. In addition, preliminary results with our small sample size suggest that differences in writing performance between the PAWS and control classrooms were moderated by school type. In the medium performing schools, differences between pre- and posttest scores were statistically significant for alphabet-writing fluency, punctuation, and sentence and essay curriculum based writing measures, with effect sizes ranging from 0.69 to 1.96. [This article was published in "Elementary School Journal" (EJ1180329).]
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- 2018
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42. Peer Effects on Vocabulary Knowledge: A Linear Quantile Mixed-Modeling Approach
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Quinn, Jamie M., Folsom, Jessica Sidler, and Petscher, Yaacov
- Abstract
Do your peers in the classroom have an effect on your vocabulary learning? The purpose of this study was to determine if group-level peer characteristics and group-level peer achievement account for individual-level differences in vocabulary achievement using a large sample of students in kindergarten through second grade (n = 389,917). We applied a mixed-modeling approach to control for students nested among peers, and used quantile regression to test if group-level peer effects functioned similarly across the range of conditional student ability in vocabulary knowledge. Group-level peer effects were more strongly related to vocabulary achievement for students at the low end of the conditional distribution of vocabulary. The difference in vocabulary achievement between children with and without an individualized education program increased as quantiles of the conditional vocabulary distribution increased. Children with lower relative fall scores had better spring scores when they were in homogenous classrooms (i.e., their peers had similar levels of achievement). The importance of classroom composition and implications for accounting for peer effects are discussed.
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- 2018
43. When Complexity Is Your Friend: Modeling the Complex Problem Space of Vocabulary
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Goodwin, Amanda P., Petscher, Yaacov, Reynolds, Dan, Lantos, Tess, Gould, Sara, and Tock, Jamie
- Abstract
The history of vocabulary research has specified a rich and complex construct, resulting in calls for vocabulary research, assessment, and instruction to take into account the complex problem space of vocabulary. At the intersection of vocabulary theory and assessment modeling, this paper suggests a suite of modeling techniques that model the complex structures present in vocabulary data in ways that can build an understanding of vocabulary development and its links to instruction. In particular, we highlight models that can help researchers and practitioners identify and understand construct-relevant and construct-irrelevant aspects of assessing vocabulary knowledge. Drawing on examples from recent research and from our own three-year project to develop a standardized measure of language and vocabulary, we present four types of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models: single-factor, correlated-traits, bi-factor, and tri-factor models. We highlight how each of these approaches offers particular insights into the complex problem space of assessing vocabulary in ways that can inform vocabulary assessment, theory, research, and instruction. Examples include identifying construct-relevant general or specific factors like skills or different aspects of word knowledge that could link to instruction while at the same time preventing an overly-narrow focus on construct-irrelevant factors like task-specific or word-specific demands. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
44. Relations between Reading and Writing: A Longitudinal Examination from Grades 3 to 6
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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Petscher, Yaacov, Wanzek, Jeanne, and Al Otaiba, Stephanie
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We investigated developmental trajectories of and the relation between reading and writing (word reading, reading comprehension, spelling, and written composition), using longitudinal data from students in Grades 3-6 in the US. Results revealed that word reading and spelling were best described as having linear growth trajectories whereas reading comprehension and written composition showed nonlinear growth trajectories with a quadratic function during the examined developmental period. Word reading and spelling were consistently strongly related (0.73 [less than or equal to] rs [less than or equal to] 0.80) whereas reading comprehension and written composition were weakly related (0.21 [less than or equal to] rs [less than or equal to] 0.37). Initial status and linear slope were negatively and moderately related for word reading (- 0.44) whereas they were strongly and positively related for spelling (0.73). Initial status of word reading predicted initial status and growth rate of spelling; and growth rate of word reading predicted growth rate of spelling. In contrast, spelling did not predict word reading. When it comes to reading comprehension and writing, initial status of reading comprehension predicted initial status (0.69), but not linear growth rate, of written comprehension. These results indicate that reading-writing relations are stronger at the lexical level than at the discourse level and may be a unidirectional one from reading to writing at least between Grades 3 and 6. Results are discussed in light of the interactive dynamic literacy model of reading-writing relations, and component skills of reading and writing development. [This article was published in "Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal" (EJ1188173).]
- Published
- 2018
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45. I'm Not Throwing Away My Shot: What Alexander Hamilton Can Tell Us about Standard Reading Interventions
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Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Petscher, Yaacov, Wanzek, Jeanne, Lan, Patrick, and Rivas, Brenna
- Abstract
This article summarizes findings from a two-year randomized control trial, focusing on a subset of 194 fourth graders with reading comprehension scores at or below the 15th percentile. Students in the treatment condition received an average of 94 daily 30-min sessions of small group intervention implemented with fidelity by well-trained research staff. Standardized measures of word identification, vocabulary, and comprehension, and an oral reading fluency measure were administered pre- and post-testing. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between students in the treatment or business-as-usual conditions; effect sizes for comprehension were small (0.14 and 0.19); a quantile regression, however, revealed slightly larger effect sizes for students at the 0.25 to 0.50 quantiles. The effect sizes for word identification, fluency, and vocabulary were less than 0.05. We discuss implications of the study, as well as limitations and directions for future research. We conclude with recommendations for intensifying interventions. [This paper was published in "Learning Disabilities Research & Practice" v33 n3 p156-167 2018 (EJ1187548).]
- Published
- 2018
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46. Predicting Second and Third Graders’ Reading Comprehension Gains: Observing Students’ and Classmates Talk During Literacy Instruction Using COLT
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Connor, Carol McDonald, Kelcey, Benjamin, Sparapani, Nicole, Petscher, Yaacov, Siegal, Sarah W, Adams, Ashley, Hwang, Jin Kyoung, and Carlisle, Joanne F
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Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Education Systems ,Specialist Studies In Education ,Education ,Pediatric ,Quality Education ,Classroom discourse ,English Language Arts ,Reading comprehension ,Reading instruction ,Student talk ,Teacher talk ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Language ,communication and culture ,Psychology - Abstract
This paper introduces a new observation system that is designed to investigate students' and teachers' talk during literacy instruction, Creating Opportunities to Learn from Text (COLT). Using video-recorded observations of 2nd-3rd grade literacy instruction (N=51 classrooms, 337 students, 151 observations), we found that nine types of student talk ranged from using non-verbal gestures to generating new ideas. The more a student talked, the greater were his/her reading comprehension (RC) gains. Classmate talk also predicted RC outcomes (total effect size=0.27). We found that 11 types of teacher talk ranged from asking simple questions to encouraging students' thinking and reasoning. Teacher talk predicted student talk but did not predict students' RC gains directly. Findings highlight the importance of each student's discourse during literacy instruction, how classmates' talk contributes to the learning environments that each student experiences, and how this affects RC gains, with implications for improving the effectiveness of literacy instruction.
- Published
- 2020
47. The Effect of Facilitative versus Inhibitory Word Training Corpora on Word Reading Accuracy Growth in Children with Dyslexia
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Steacy, Laura M., Petscher, Yaacov, Elliott, James D., Smith, Kathryn, Rigobon, Valeria M., Abes, Daniel R., Edwards, Ashley A., Himelhoch, Alexandra C., Rueckl, Jay G., and Compton, Donald L.
- Abstract
We modeled word reading growth in typically developing (n = 118) and children with dyslexia (n = 20), Grades 2-5, across multiple exposures to 30 words. We explored the facilitative versus inhibitory effects of exposures to differential mixes of words that support high- versus low-frequency vowel pronunciations. One training corpus contained a ratio of 80%-20% high- to low-frequency pronunciations (e.g., for "ea"; 80% "ea" pronounced as /i/ as in "bead" and 20% "ea" pronounced /[epsilon]/ as in "dead"), whereas the other consisted of a ratio of 20%-80%. We also modeled accuracy at the final exposure for a subset of 12 shared words across conditions using item-level crossed-random effects models with reading skill (i.e., typically developing vs. dyslexic), condition, word frequency, and vowel pronunciation (i.e., high- vs. low-frequency vowel pronunciation) as predictors in the model. We were particularly interested in the interaction between condition and vowel pronunciation across reading groups. Results suggest typically developing children were influenced by the interaction between condition and vowel pronunciation, suggesting both facilitation and inhibition, whereas children with dyslexia were influenced by condition and vowel pronunciation without an interaction. Results are interpreted within the overfitting model of dyslexia.
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- 2021
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48. Examining School-Level Reading and Math Proficiency Trends and Changes in Achievement Gaps for Grades 3-8 in Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina. REL 2017-235
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Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast (ED), National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (ED), Florida State University, Florida Center for Reading Research, Herrera, Sarah, Zhou, Chengfu, and Petscher, Yaacov
- Abstract
The 2001 authorization of the No Child Left Behind Act and its standards and accountability requirements generated interest among state education agencies in Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina, which are served by the Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast, in monitoring changes in student reading and math proficiency at the school level. This study was requested by governing board members representing North Carolina, members of the Improving Literacy Research Alliance (which includes representatives from Florida) and, members of the Improving Schools in Mississippi Research Alliance. All three of these states monitor and report changes in performance for schools. However, this study goes beyond reporting averages to examine school-level academic performance using a growth curve modeling approach. This approach can provide stakeholders with a deeper understanding of trends in student proficiency at the school level, by grade at the school level, and among key demographic groups to allow for more accurate policy responses. This study uses growth curve modeling to investigate trends in student reading and math proficiency on state accountability assessments for grades 3-8. Growth curve modeling makes it possible to determine if growth rates in reading and math proficiency are statistically significant and if the differences in proficiency growth rates between grades and subgroups differ in statistically significant ways. Using four to six years of publicly available school-level data between school years 2007/08 and 2013/14 from each state department of education, this study assessed trends in three areas. First, it estimated trends in average school-level student growth rates in reading and math proficiency on the statewide assessment and examined whether these growth rates varied across grades 3 through 8. Second, it calculated average school-level student growth rates in reading and math proficiency for racial/ethnic subgroups and economic subgroups (eligibility for the federal school lunch program, a proxy for economic disadvantage) in grades 3-8. Third, it examined whether there were any statistically significant decreases in achievement gaps by grade between White and Black students, between White and Hispanic students, and between economic subgroups. This information was then used to estimate reading and math proficiency gaps that remained at the end of the period studied. In general, average school-level student academic proficiency rates increased for most subgroups across grades and subjects in all three states. In addition, reading and math achievement gaps decreased for most subgroups; however, achievement gaps remained large despite the decreases. More findings include: (1) The school-level percentage of students who scored proficient in reading and math increased in all three states--Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina--over the period studied; (2) School-level growth rates in student reading and math proficiency differed by grade level in each state, though most grades showed a statistically significant increase over the period examined; (3) School-level growth rates in student reading and math proficiency differed across racial/ethnic subgroups, though most subgroups showed a statistically significant increase; (4) The reading and math proficiency achievement gaps between White and Black students and White and Hispanic students decreased in most grades in all three states; however, the gaps still exceeded 10 percentage points; (5) Average school-level proficiency rates in reading and math differed by grade between economic subgroups in Florida and Mississippi, with most grade-economic subgroup combinations showing a significant increase. These data were not available for North Carolina; and (6) The achievement gap in reading and math proficiency between economic subgroups decreased in all grades in Florida and Mississippi; however, the gaps still exceed 13 percentage points. Details on the analyses are appended.
- Published
- 2017
49. The Relative Effectiveness of Two Approaches to Early Literacy Intervention in Grades K-2. REL 2017-251
- Author
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Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast (ED), National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (ED), Florida State University, Foorman, Barbara, Herrera, Sarah, Dombek, Jennifer, Schatschneider, Chris, and Petscher, Yaacov
- Abstract
Understanding written language is crucial to academic success in all content areas. Ensuring a strong foundation in the components of written language--that is, the literacy skills of reading, writing, and oral language--is essential if students are to read with understanding and, thus, is a primary goal of early literacy instruction and of the Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast Improving Literacy Research Alliance. When students fall behind in developing literacy skills, early literacy intervention in kindergarten through grade 2 can reduce the number of students failing to attain grade-level expectations. There is a strong research base on the skills targeted by effective early literacy intervention. Effective early literacy instruction includes explicit instruction in phonological awareness, links from letters to sounds, decoding, and word study, as well as practice reading for accuracy, fluency, and comprehension. These skills are often delivered in multiple tiers of instruction that include the classroom at tier 1, supplemental, small-group intervention at tier 2, and intensive intervention at tier 3 for students who do not progress after a reasonable amount of time with tier 2 intervention. Furthermore, research has demonstrated the efficacy of directly teaching academic vocabulary and language to students to improve their comprehension. In grades K-2 this includes the oral language skills of listening comprehension, syntax, and vocabulary that predict comprehension outcomes, along with reading skills. An important consideration for schools and this study is to determine which instructional materials to use in tier 2 early literacy intervention. One approach is to use the tier 2 materials embedded in the existing core reading program selected for classroom instruction, which is appealing because these materials are aligned with core classroom instruction and do not require the purchase of additional materials. But even though these embedded tier 2 materials may claim to be research-based, they are rarely evaluated empirically. Another approach is to select tier 2 standalone instructional materials and strategies outside the existing core reading program. If the standalone materials are backed by strong evidence that they support learning in reading and language, it is reasonable to expect that the standalone approach will lead to better outcomes for small-group tier 2 intervention than will an embedded approach that has not been empirically evaluated. Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast sought to explore whether providing at-risk students with small-group tier 2 intervention using a standalone intervention leads to better reading and language outcomes than does using an embedded intervention. To address this question, 55 low-performing schools, as identified by the state's school grading system, in south, central, and north Florida were randomly assigned to implement a pullout standalone or embedded tier 2 intervention for 45 minutes daily throughout the school year. In each school the intervention was used in groups of four students in grades K-1 and five students in grade 2. All students were among those identified as being at risk of literacy failure. Key findings include: (1) Students at risk of literacy failure in grades K-2 improved, on average, 13-25 percentile points on reading outcomes and 6-25 percentile points on language outcomes, in both standalone and embedded intervention schools; (2) The standalone intervention did not significantly improve reading or language outcomes relative to the embedded intervention among students in grades K-2, except for spelling in grade 2. The standalone intervention led to significantly better grade 2 spelling outcomes than did the embedded intervention; (3) The two interventions had similar impacts on reading and language outcomes in grades K-2 for groups of students who differed on baseline performance and for schools from the 2013/14 and 2014/15 cohorts, except for spelling in grade 2. Again, the standalone intervention led to significantly better grade 2 spelling outcomes among students with low baseline spelling scores than did the embedded intervention; (4) The two interventions had similar impacts on reading and language outcomes among English learner students and non-English learner students in grades K-2, except for some reading outcomes in kindergarten; and (5) In kindergarten, English learner students in embedded intervention schools performed better in phonological awareness than did non-English learner students, but non-English learner students in standalone intervention schools performed better in word reading than did English learner students. In embedded intervention schools, non-English learner students performed better in word reading in kindergarten than did English learner students. Data, outcomes, intervention, and methodology is appended.
- Published
- 2017
50. The Relation between Global and Specific Mindset with Reading Outcomes for Elementary School Students
- Author
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Petscher, Yaacov, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Wanzek, Jeanne, Rivas, Brenna, and Jones, Francesca
- Abstract
An emerging body of research has evaluated the role of growth mindset in educational achievement, yet little work has focused on the unique role of mindset to standardized reading outcomes. Our study presents four key outcomes in a sample of 195 fourth-grade students. First, we evaluated the dimensionality of general and reading-specific mindset and found that a global factor of growth mindset (GGM) existed along with specific factors of general and reading mindset. Second, GGM and reading mindset strongly predicted word reading and reading comprehension. Third, GGM and reading mindset uniquely predicted reading comprehension after controlling for basic word reading skills. Fourth, GGM was more strongly associated with reading comprehension for those individuals with weaker reading comprehension skills while reading mindset was more strongly associated with reading comprehension for those with stronger reading comprehension skills. Our findings suggest the potential importance of assessing general and reading-specific mindset linked to reading. [This paper was published in "Scientific Studies of Reading" v21 p376-391 2017 (EJ1152115).]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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