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© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.In this study, we have synthesized a series of 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylimino)thiazolidin-4-ol derivatives regioselectively from 2-iminothiazolidin-4-ones using LiAlH4 at room temperature. Due to the presence of the restricted rotation around the N3-Caryl single bond, the formation of M/P isomers was observed. The OH group of the hemiaminal was found to orient itself on the same side with pyridyl nitrogen during this restricted rotation to form an intramolecular hydrogen bond, which was demonstrated by the computational DFT study. This orientation presumably inhibited the occurrence of dehydration and stabilized the molecule.

Background Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and more advanced fibrosis tend to have more impairment in their health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Aim To assess the association of PROs with select non-invasive tests (NITs) for fibrosis including FAST, Agile 3+ and Agile 4 scores Methods We enrolled patients with an established diagnosis of NAFLD who were seen in a tertiary care clinic into the NAFLD/NASH Registry. The FAST, Agile 3+ and Agile 4 scores were calculated using liver stiffness measurements by transient elastography and laboratory parameters. PROs were assessed using FACIT-F, CLDQ-NASH and WPAI instruments (total of 17 domain and summary scores). Results There were 1509 patients with NAFLD (mean age: 49 +/- 11 years, 50% men, 41% employed, 30% advanced fibrosis and 20% cirrhosis). The mean FAST, Agile 3+ and Agile 4 scores were 0.39 +/- 0.26, 0.35 +/- 0.31 and 0.12 +/- 0.23, respectively. Subjects with lower FAST, Agile 3+ and Agile 4 scores had the highest scores in select domains of FACIT-F, CLDQ-NASH and WPAI (p < 0.05 in comparison to subjects with elevated or high-risk NIT scores). Correlations with continuous NITs were significantly negative for Emotional and Functional well-being (FACIT-F), Activity/energy, Systemic symptoms, Worry and total scores (CLDQ-NASH), and Activity of WPAI (p < 0.05); the strongest was for Worry (CLDQ-NASH) with FAST (R = -0.17, p < 0.0001). The PRO scores of patients with NAFLD were lower than those of matched patients with chronic hepatitis B (p < 0.05 for 9/17 domain and summary scores). Conclusion Patients with NAFLD and high FAST, Agile 3+ or Agile 4 scores experience impairment of health-related quality of life.

What is known and objective:Drug-related problems (DRPs) are common inhospitalized patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the study is to reduceDRPs and associated costs with clinical pharmacist's (CP) recommendations.Methods:The study is a prospective, non-randomized controlled study conducted inthe ICU for a total of 6 months (1 January 2021–30 June 2021) in 2-month con-trol, 2-month study, and 2-month control periods. Patients who were hospitalizedfor more than 24 h and used more than one medication were included in thestudy. The PCNE V9.1 Classification system was used in the classification ofDRPs. During the intervention period, CP recommendations for DRPs wereproposed to the healthcare team.Results and discussion:A total of 146 patients were included in the study. A total of1061 DRPs from all periods were detected. The most common causes of DRPs werepotential drug–drug interactions (31.76%), high dose (12.44%), and dose timinginstruction errors (9.24%). For 347 DRPs identified during the study period, 259 inter-ventions (74.63%) were recommended, and 238 (91.89%) were accepted by physi-cians. Interventions were mostly made as interrupting/discontinuing the drug(28.02%), changing the dose (25.27%), changing the instructions for use (20.32%),and starting a new drug (15.93%). Cost savings were achieved with CP recommenda-tions applied.What is new and conclusion:The CP's recommendations were highly accepted bythe healthcare team. With the CP's participation in routine patient rounds in thehealthcare team of the ICU, drug-related costs would also decrease.

Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a neuropeptide that has been shown to prevent oxidative damage and stimulates insulin secretion. We investigated the effects of PNX on pancreatic injury induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and nicotinamide (NAD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats, in control (C) and diabetic (STZ) groups, were treated with either saline, or PNX (0.45 nmol/kg, or 45 nmol/kg) daily for 3 days 1 week after STZ injection. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and gastric emptying rate (GER) were measured. Tissue and blood samples were collected. PNX treatments prevented pancreatic damage and β cell loss. Increased luminol and lucigenin levels in the pancreas, ileum and liver tissues of STZ groups were alleviated by PNX treatment in pancreatic and ileal tissues. PNX0.45 decreased FBG without any change in insulin blood level and pancreatic mRNA. GER increased in all diabetic rats while PNX0.45 delayed GER only in the C group. PNX diminishes pancreatic damage and lowers FBG by reducing oxidative load.

Purpose: Several substances that have anti-inflammatory, antiproteinase, and anti-infective properties have been evaluated as modulators of the inflammatory response in periodontal disease. However, evidence for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of bromelain is limited. This study evaluated the impact of systemically administered bromelain on the progression of experimental periodontitis. Methods: Four equal groups of 32 Wistar albino rats were created as follows (n = 8): control, periodontitis + saline, periodontitis + 5 mg/kg/day bromelain, and periodontitis + 10 mg/kg/day bromelain. To quantify the resorption of bone and bone volume/tissue volume, bone surface / bone volume, and connectivity, lower jawbones were fixed and then scanned using microcomputed tomography (micro CT). Blood samples were taken to measure the macrophage colony-stimulating factor(M-CSF) concentrations, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), interleukin-6(IL-6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Histopathological assessments were made to examine the tissue. Results: Treatment with bromelain improved the healing of the periodontium by decreasing the number of leukocytes and ligament deterioration in the gingival connective tissue and by supporting reintegration with alveolar bone. Bromelain used in ligature-induced periodontitis reduced alveolar bone (AB) resorption as measured by microCT; reduced inflammatory parameters such as IL-6 and TNF-α; regulated oxidative-antioxidative processes by increasing GPx and SOD and reducing MDA levels; and regulated AB modeling by decreasing M-CSF, RANKL, and MMP-8 and increasing OPG levels. Conclusion: Bromelain may be an option in periodontal therapy by regulating cytokine levels, improving the healing process, and reducing bone resorption and oxidative stress.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A substantial body of literature supports the crucial role of vitamin D (VD) in the etiology, progression, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. Recent clinical studies have found an inverse correlation between CRC incidence and serum VD levels. However, the low water solubility of VD and its anticarcinogenic activity at supraphysiological plasma levels, which causes hypercalcemia, required carrier systems. Carbon-based nanomaterials are excellent eco-friendly candidates, with exceptional chemical resistance, efficient mechanical properties, and negligible weight. Furthermore, composite aerogels manufactured from these nanomaterials have gained interest due to their extensive surface areas and porous structures, which make them suitable for delivering drugs. Our research aimed to study the development of composite aerogels loaded with VD by utilizing carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in an aerogel matrix provided to colon cancer cells. For this purpose, Aero1 as a drug delivery system was first prepared and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM methods. Biochemical methods were employed to evaluate the antiproliferative, apoptotic, and anti-migratory effects on colon cancer cells. FTIR and XRD measurements confirmed the production of aerogels. SEM analysis revealed that aerogels have a non-uniform surface. The findings showed that aerogels can effectively deliver VD to the colon cancer cells, while also inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and migration. This research suggests that the Aero1 drug delivery system could be a valuable tool in the fight against colon cancer and other health issues.

Background and Aims: Pesticide poisoning is the most widespread occupational hazard for agricultural workers in the developing world, due to the extensive presence of pesticides in the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and DNA damaging effects of organophosphosphate and carbamate pesticides. Methods: In the present study, the cytotoxicity of chlorpyrifos methyl, azinphos ethyl, [(O-Ethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) pheriylphosphonothioate] (EPN), aldicarb sulfone, and ethiofencarb were assessed by the trypan blue dye exclusion method. An alkaline comet assay was performed to assess the genotoxic effects of applied pesticides in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results: We demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of EPN following 30 and 120 min exposure at 100 µg/mL concentration. Although chlorpyrifos-methyl and azinphos ethyl seem to be safer concerning cytotoxicity compared to other pesticides, significantly higher DNA damage levels were determined after exposure of these pesticides for 120 min at 100 µg/mL concentration by in vitro comet assay. The potential DNA-damaging effects of these pesticides were sorted from high to low, as chlorpyrifos-methyl, aldicarb sulfone, EPN, and azinphos ethyl after 30 min of exposure, and were sorted as chlorpyrifosmethyl, azinphos ethyl, aldicarb sulfone, and EPN after 120 min of exposure. Our results revealed that these pesticides tend to increase DNA damage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conclusion: The genotoxic effects of these widely used pesticides may cause prominent and serious health risks for human populations; hence, the DNA-damaging potential of pesticides can lead to genotoxic risk and adverse health effects like cancer.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) was shown to improve survival in recent studies. We aimed to share our real-life experience of patients who received NACT to compare the efficacy and toxicity profile of different chemotherapy regimens in our country. This retrospective multicentre study included locally advanced GC and GEJ cancer patients who received NACT between 2007 and 2021. Relation between CT regimens and pathological evaluation were analysed. A total of 794 patients from 45 oncology centers in Turkey were included. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 60 (range: 18-86). Most frequent NACT regimens used were FLOT (65.4\%), DCF (17.4\%) and ECF (8.1\%), respectively. In the total study group, pathological complete remission (pCR) rate was 7.2\%, R0 resection rate 86.4\%, and D2 dissection rate was 66.8\%. Rate of pCR and near-CR (24\%), and R0 resection (84\%) were numerically higher in FLOT arm (p > 0.05). Patients who received FLOT had also higher chemotherapy-related toxicity rate compared to patients who received other regimens (p > 0.05). Median follow-up time was 16 months (range: 1-154 months). Estimated median overall survival (OS) was 58.4months (95\% CI: 35.2-85.7) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 50.7 months (95\% CI: 25.4-75.9). The highest 3-year estimated OS rate was also shown in FLOT arm (68\%). We still do not know which NACT regimen is the best choice for daily practice. Clinicians should tailor treatment regimens according to patients' multifactorial status and comorbidities for to obtain best outcomes. Longer follow-up period needs to validate our results.

The potentially inappropriate use of the proton pump inhibitors is prevalent in older adults.To evaluate the impact of a clinical pharmacist-led stewardship program for the appropriate use of acid suppression therapy in older hospitalized patients.This parallel nonrandomized controlled study was conducted at an internal medicine service of a tertiary training and research hospital between September 2019 and August 2021. Older patients (≥ 65 years old and received proton pump inhibitors within 48 h of admission) were allocated to two groups according to their number of medical file records, whether odd or even, two groups: control and clinical pharmacist-led stewardship program for the appropriate use of acid suppression therapy (including medication reconciliation and medication review) during the hospital stay. Primary outcome measures were the rate of appropriate use of proton pump inhibitors during hospitalization and potentially inappropriate proton pump inhibitor use at discharge.The rate of appropriate proton pump inhibitor use during hospitalization was significantly higher in the clinical pharmacist-led program (n = 100) than in the control group (n = 97) (46.4% vs. 79.0%; P 0.001). The rate of potentially inappropriate proton pump inhibitor use at discharge was significantly lower (61.7% vs. 35.1%; P 0.05) in the clinical pharmacist-led program among the older patients discharged with a proton pump inhibitor prescription.A clinical pharmacist-led stewardship program for the appropriate use of acid suppression therapy improved the rate of appropriate proton pump inhibitor use and reduced the potentially inappropriate proton pump inhibitor use during the hospital stay.NCT05113667 (17 October 2021-registered retrospectively).

Purpose To assess morphological changes and visual results in eyes with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) that underwent different intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. Materials and methods This is a retrospective, observational, comparative study that included 76 PNV eyes in 76 patients that were allocated to three groups according to the monotherapy injection procedure, as follows: the intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) group, intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) group, and intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) group. Central macular thickness (CMT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured at baseline, after treatment 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month, and 12th month, and at the final post-treatment examination. Results Mean age of the patients was 57.31 +/- 5.91 years (range: 34-67 years). The mean duration of follow-up was 31.50 +/- 12.91 months (range: 13-60 months). The IVB group included 30 eyes, the IVR group included 22 eyes, and the IVA group included 24 eyes. There weren\"t any significant differences in BCVA changes between the groups at any post-baseline measurement time point. Although CMT did not change significantly in the IVB group from baseline to the final follow-up visit (baseline: 376.33 +/- 86.31 mu m; final visit: 340.80 +/- 122.70 mu m) (p = 0.172), CMT did change significantly in the IVA group (baseline: 383.41 +/- 131.83 mu m; final visit: 297.33 +/- 103.81 mu m) (p = 0.029) and IVR group (baseline: 379.18 +/- 97.93 mu m; final visit: 335.72 +/- 111.45 mu m) (p = 0.041). SFCT decreased significantly in the IVR and IVA groups (p = 0.015 and p < 0.001, respectively). The mean number of injections was 12.06 +/- 4.72 (range: 6-20) in the IVB group, 11.81 +/- 3.31(range: 7-17) in the IVR group, and 7.16 +/- 3.15 (range: 4-13) in the IVA group (p = 0.004). Conclusion All three anti-VEGFs were effective in terms of visual results in patients with PNV. Patients treated with IVA required fewer injections than those treated with IVB or IVR. Furthermore, IVR and IVA treatment significantly decreased SFCT, whereas IVB did not.

Peptides are one of the leading groups of compounds that have been the subject of a great deal of biological research and still continue to attract researchers\" attention. In this study, a series of tripeptides based on tyrosine amino acids were synthesized by the triazine method. The cytotoxicity properties of all compounds against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2) were determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay method, and % cell viability and logIC50 values of the compounds were calculated. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed in all cells (p < 0.05). The comet assay method was used to understand that the compounds that showed a significant decrease in cell viability had this effect through DNA damage. Most of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity by DNA damage mechanism. Besides, their interactions between investigated molecule groups with PDB ID: 3VHE, 3C0R, 2ZCL, and 2HQ6 target proteins corresponding to cancer cell lines, respectively, were investigated by docking studies. Finally, molecules with high biological activity against biological receptors were determined by ADME analysis.

Environment-friendly textile processing is the demand of the current global scenario, where the application of sustainable technologies such as microwave radiation has been gaining fame in all global fields due to their green and human-friendly nature. This study has been conducted to employ sustainable technology such as microwave (MW) rays for dyeing polyamide-based proteinous fabric using Acid Blue 07 dye. The fabric before and after MW treatment for up to 10 min has been dyed using an acid dye solution. Spectrophotometric analysis of the dye solution was performed before and after irradiation at a specific selected level. Using selected dyes and irradiation conditions, a series of 32 experiments using a central composite design has been employed. The shades made at selected conditions of irradiation and dyeing were assessed for colorfastness as per ISO standards. It was observed that for dyeing silk, 55 mL of Acid Blue 07 dye solution containing 1 g/100 mL salt solution at 65 °C for 55 min should be employed after MW treatment for 10 min. In comparison, for dyeing wool, 55 mL of Acid Blue 07 dye solution containing 2 g/100 mL salt solution at 65 °C for 55 min should be employed after MW treatment for 10 min. Physiochemical analysis shows that sustainable tool has not altered the chemical nature of fabric but has modified the fabric surface physically to enhance uptake ability. Colorfastness shows that the shades made have offered good resistance to fade and have given good to excellent ratings on the gray scale.

Considering a rejection rate of 80–90%, the preparation of a research grant is often considered a daunting task since it is resource intensive and there is no guarantee of success, even for seasoned researchers. This commentary provides a summary of the key points a researcher needs to consider when writing a research grant proposal, outlining: (1) how to conceptualise the research idea; (2) how to find the right funding call; (3) the importance of planning; (4) how to write; (5) what to write, and (6) key questions for reflection during preparation. It attempts to explain the difficulties associated with finding calls in clinical pharmacy and advanced pharmacy practice, and how to overcome them. The commentary aims to assist all pharmacy practice and health services research colleagues new to the grant application process, as well as experienced researchers striving to improve their grant review scores. The guidance in this paper is part of ESCP’s commitment to stimulate “innovative and high-quality research in all areas of clinical pharmacy”.

© 2022 Marmara University Press.In this study, new nine pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized from chalcone derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of nine pyrazoline derivatives to four standard bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis) and four standard yeast strains (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis) was investigated by the microdilution method for in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standard, and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of these derivatives were determined. Among these derivatives; compounds 7 and 8 against bacterial strains and compounds 2 and 3 against yeast strains exhibited good antimicrobial activity.

© 2022 Marmara University Press.In this study, in vitro ABTS, DPPH, 5-lipoxygenase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of n-hexane (ASH), dichloromethane (ASD), ethyl acetate (ASE), and methanol (ASM) extracts from the aerial parts of endemic A. sieheana were assayed for the first time. The phytochemical content of ASE, the most active extract, has been first determined by LC-MS/MS. Also, the total amount of phenolic compounds of extracts were calculated. ASE demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.096 and 0.156 mg/mL for ABTS and DPPH, respectively. ASD and ASE with IC50 values of 0.045 and 0.089 mg/mL exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. ASE showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.774 mg/mL. Also, the total phenolic content was found to be highest in the ASE. Feruloylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin glucoside, isorhamnetin, isovitexin, methoxyflavonoid like chrysoeriol and its glycoside derivative in the ASE were detected by LC-MS/MS. The results demonstrated that ASE had significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory potential.

The overall aim of the present research is to evaluate for the first time the curative effect of Cotinus coggygria leaves on burn injury in an experimental burn model along with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity potential. Also, phenolic compounds of C. coggygria were characterised by LC-MS/MS. Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were exposed to 90 degrees C bath for 10 s to induce burn injury, involving 30% of the total body surface area. In the treatment groups, 5% C. coggygria ethanol extract was applied topically as a cream immediately after the burn. Blood and skin tissue samples were taken after decapitation at the 4th and 48th hours following the burn procedure. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) were determined in serum samples, and hydroxyproline, prostoglandin E2 (PGE2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and 8-hydroxy-2\"-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) levels were determined in skin tissue samples. Increased levels of serum cytokines were decreased with C. coggygria treatment in both periods. MPO activity, prostaglandine (PGE2), and 8-OhdG levels increased, while hydroxyproline levels decreased due to burn damage. On the other hand, these parameters were returned to its normal levels with C. coggygria treatment. In addition, the tissue histology of animals treated with C. coggygria showed a complete epithelialization with increased collagenation. As a result, C. coggygria may be an alternative treatment approach for burns-induced skin damage and wounds.

© 2022 Marmara University Press.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clinical pharmacist-led hypertension screening program (including referring high-risk individuals who are not aware of being hypertensive or prehypertensive to the physician) at a community pharmacy in Türkiye. This prospective observational pilot study was conducted in a community pharmacy located in Mersin-Türkiye between October 2017 and April 2018. Blood pressure measurements were performed by the clinical pharmacist at baseline and follow-up. The rate of participants who had high blood pressure measurements (≥140 mmHg for systolic and/or ≥90 mmHg for diastolic) was determined at the baseline by clinical pharmacist. According to the guidelines, participants with high blood pressure were referred directly to the physician by the clinical pharmacist. In the follow-up, the number of patients diagnosed with prehypertension or hypertension and the changes in their measurement of blood pressure were identified between baseline and follow-up. According to findings of clinical pharmacist-led blood pressure measurement, 23 (37.1%) out of 62 participants with high blood pressure were referred to the physician by the clinical pharmacist. In the follow-up, it was determined that 12 patients (52.2%) out of 23 participants were diagnosed with hypertension by a physician and eight patients (34.8%) out of 23 participants had prehypertensive. According to the findings of this pilot study, it was determined a positive impact of the clinical pharmacist-led hypertension screening program for high-risk individuals for hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by vascular remodeling. Exploring new therapy target is urgent. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether and how spliced x-box binding protein 1 (xbp1s), a key component of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), contributes to the pathogenesis of PH. Forty male SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, Monocrotaline (MCT), MCT+AAV-CTL (control), and MCT+AAV-xbp1s. The xbp1s protein levels were found to be elevated in lung tissues of the MCT group. Intratracheal injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 1 carrying xbp1s shRNA (AAV-xbp1s) to knock down the expression of xbp1s effectively ameliorated the MCT-induced elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), total pulmonary resistance (TPR), right ventricular hypertrophy and medial wall thickness of muscularized distal pulmonary arterioles. The abnormally increased positive staining rates of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 and decreased positive staining rates of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) in pulmonary arterioles were also reversed in the MCT+AAV-xbp1s group. For mechanistic exploration, bioinformatics prediction of the protein network was performed on the STRING database, and further verification was performed by qRT-PCR, Western blots and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (Ddit3) was identified as a downstream protein that interacted with xbp1s. Overexpression of Ddit3 restored the decreased proliferation, migration and cell viability caused by silencing of xbp1s. The protein level of Ddit3 was also highly consistent with xbp1s in the animal model. Taken together, our study demonstrated that xbp1s-Ddit3 may be a potential target to interfere with vascular remodeling in PH.

© 2022 Marmara University Press.Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by decreased insulin synthesis and/or increased blood glucose due to insulin resistance. In this study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were evaluated and it was aimed to investigate the protective effects of Origanum onites L. (OO) against possible changes in these parameters. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-400g were divided into three groups control (C), diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes mellitus + OO (OO group). DM was induced by administration of STZ 60 mg/kg dose intraperitoneally (i.p.) after 48 hours, rats with blood glucose values higher than 200 mg/dL were considered DM. Origanum extract was administered i.p. to the OO group at 50 mg/kg per day for 6 weeks. Serum AST, ALT, creatinine, and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured. MDA and GSH levels were measured in liver tissues. AST, ALT, creatinine, and MDA levels were found to be increased in the DM group, while a significant decrease in these levels was observed in the treated group. While GSH values fell in the DM group, a significant increase occurred in the OO group (n=6, p

Background and Aims: Stachys L. species, which are members of the Lamiaceae family, have long been applied for their therapeutic benefits especially to cure cough, infection, genital tumors, ulcers, inflammatory illnesses, and wounds in Anatolian traditional medicine. In the current study, various extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Stachys cretica subsp. butgarica Rech.f. (SC), Stachys byzantina K. Koch (SB), Stachys thirkei K. Koch and were tested for their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticandidat properties. Methods: The aerial parts of three Stachys species were sequentially extracted using n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Aqueous extracts of each sample was also prepared by infusion process. The total phenolic content of each extract was determined and the contribution of the biological activities in the samples was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant capacity, samples were studied using CUPRAC activity, DPPH center dot free radical scavenging, and FRAP methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against 7 bacteria and 3 yeast. Results: The infusion and methanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential and also had the highest percentage of phenolics among the studied extracts. The n-hexane extracts of all studied species showed considerable antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5-78.12 mg/L. Conclusion: According to our results, three Stachys species were found to be beneficial for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Background and Aims: Stachys L. species, which are members of the Lamiaceae family, have long been applied for their therapeutic benefits especially to cure cough, infection, genital tumors, ulcers, inflammatory illnesses, and wounds in Anatolian traditional medicine. In the current study, various extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Stachys cretica subsp. butgarica Rech.f. (SC), Stachys byzantina K. Koch (SB), Stachys thirkei K. Koch and were tested for their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticandidat properties. Methods: The aerial parts of three Stachys species were sequentially extracted using n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Aqueous extracts of each sample was also prepared by infusion process. The total phenolic content of each extract was determined and the contribution of the biological activities in the samples was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant capacity, samples were studied using CUPRAC activity, DPPH center dot free radical scavenging, and FRAP methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against 7 bacteria and 3 yeast. Results: The infusion and methanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential and also had the highest percentage of phenolics among the studied extracts. The n-hexane extracts of all studied species showed considerable antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5-78.12 mg/L. Conclusion: According to our results, three Stachys species were found to be beneficial for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. WOS:000744167900009

Age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are an unmet health need, with significant economic and societal implications, and an ever-increasing prevalence. Membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) are specialised plasma membrane microdomains that provide a platform for intracellular trafficking and signal transduction, particularly within neurons. Dysregulation of MLRs leads to disruption of neurotrophic signalling and excessive apoptosis which mirrors the final common pathway for neuronal death in ALS, PD and AD. Sphingomyelinase (SMase) and phospholipase (PL) enzymes process components of MLRs and therefore play central roles in MLR homeostasis and in neurotrophic signalling. We review the literature linking SMase and PL enzymes to ALS, AD and PD with particular attention to attractive therapeutic targets, where functional manipulation has been successful in preclinical studies. We propose that dysfunction of these enzymes is upstream in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and to support this we provide new evidence that ALS risk genes are enriched with genes involved in ceramide metabolism (P=0.019, OR = 2.54, Fisher exact test). Ceramide is a product of SMase action upon sphingomyelin within MLRs, and it also has a role as a second messenger in intracellular signalling pathways important for neuronal survival. Genetic risk is necessarily upstream in a late age of onset disease such as ALS. We propose that manipulation of MLR structure and function should be a focus of future translational research seeking to ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders.

With the development and approval of new proteasome inhibitors, proteasome inhibition is increasingly recognized in cancer therapy. Besides successful anti-cancer effects in hematological cancers, side effects such as cardiotoxicity are limiting effective treatment. In this study, we used a cardiomyocyte model to investigate the molecular cardiotoxic mechanisms of carfilzomib (CFZ) and ixazomib (IXZ) alone or in combination with the immunomodulatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) which is frequently used in combination therapies in the clinic. According to our findings, CFZ showed a higher cytotoxic effect at lower concentrations than IXZ. DEX combination attenuated the cytotoxicity for both proteasome inhibitors. All drug treatments caused a marked increase in K48 ubiquitination. Both CFZ and IXZ caused an upregulation in cellular and endoplasmic reticulum stress protein (HSP90, HSP70, GRP94, and GRP78) levels and DEX combination attenuated the increased stress protein levels. Importantly, IXZ and IXZ-DEX treatments caused upregulation of mitochondria fission and fusion gene expression levels higher than caused by CFZ and CFZ-DEX combination. The IXZ-DEX combination reduced the levels of OXPHOS proteins (Complex II–V) more than the CFZ-DEX combination. Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production were detected with all drug treatments in cardiomyocytes. Our findings suggest that the cardiotoxic effect of proteasome inhibitors may be due to their class effect and stress response and mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in the cardiotoxicity process.

Objective: Bone marrow treatment (BMT) is a long and complicated process with multiple drug use can lead to drug-drug interactions. The aim of our study is to evaluate potential drug interactions (PDIs) in patients hospitalized in the adult bone marrow transplantation unit. Material and Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study conducted in an adult BMT unit in a private hospital in Turkey between January-June 2021. Sociodemogphrapics of the patients were recorded. PDIs were analyzed via Medscape and Lexicomp drug interaction checker. SPSS 15 was used for analysis. Result and Discussion: Of 40 patients 22 (55%) were male and the mean age was 46. Most of the patients were diagnosed with multiple myeloma (35%) and 58% of the patients had at least one comorbid disease. The number of PDIs detected in the Lexicomp database was statistically higher than in the Medscape database (299 vs 244; p

Objective: In this study we examined the protective activity of Aloe vera with considering antioxidant, anti-apoptotic properties, and the status of Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) channel protein. Material and Method: Twenty-one adult female rats were divided into three groups (n=7); Control, Diabetes, Treatment. Control group did not expose to any application. Animals in Diabetes and Treatment were exposed to experimental diabetes with administration of streptozotocin. Rats in Treatment received 300 mg/kg Aloe vera extract daily for 14 days. Rats were sacrificed and kidney samples were used for analyses. Result and Discussion: Analyses indicated that lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) and luminol levels in control group were increased significantly (P

Numerous vaccines have been generated to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. This study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of the heterologous boosts by BioNTech against homologous boosts by CoronaVac at three-month intervals in two health care worker (HCW) cohorts, with or without prior COVID-19, for one year post-vaccination. This is a prospective cohort study in which the humoral responses of 386 HCWs were followed-up longitudinally in six main groups according to their previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccination status. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD total antibody levels were measured and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody (NAbs) responses against the ancestral Wuhan and the Omicron variant were evaluated comparatively using international standard serum for Wuhan and Omicron, as well as with the aid of a conversion tool. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD total Ab and Nab difference between with and without prior COVID-19, three months after two-dose primary vaccination with CoronaVac, was statistically significant (p = 0.001). In the subsequent follow-ups, this difference was not observed between the groups. Those previously infected (PI) and non-previously infected (NPI) groups receiving BioNTech as the third dose had higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike total Ab levels (14.2-fold and 17.4-fold, respectively, p = 0.001) and Nab responses (against Wuhan and Omicron) than those receiving CoronaVac. Ab responses after booster vaccination decreased significantly in all groups at the ninth-month follow-up (p < 0.05); however, Abs were still higher in all booster received groups than that in the primary vaccination. Abs were above the protective level at the twelfth-month measurement in the entire of the second BioNTech received group as the fourth dose of vaccination. In the one-year follow-up period, the increased incidence of COVID-19 in the groups vaccinated with two or three doses of CoronaVac compared with the groups vaccinated with BioNTech as a booster suggested that continuing the heterologous CoronaVac/BioNTech vaccination, revised according to current SARS-CoV-2 variants and with at least a six-month interval booster would be an effective and safe strategy for protection against COVID-19, particularly in health care workers.

In this study, a total of 13 compounds (5-17) were synthesized starting from oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid. Five new compounds (10, 11, 12, 15 and 17), are the main targets of the study, which were synthesized for the first time in this work as oxime, imine and hydrazone derivatives of OA. Other compounds were previously obtained as natural or semi-synthetically. NMR and HRMS analyses were carried out to determine of structures of all the synthesized molecules. The inhibitory effects of the synthesized compounds on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and II (hCA II) were evaluated. Compounds 13 and 15 showed better inhibitory activity than the other compounds against both hCA I and hCA II isoenzymes, which are competing with AZA. In addition, compound 15 showed the strongest AChE inhibitory activity among all the tested compounds, with an IC50 value of 34.46 mu M.

The circadian timing system controls absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination processes of drug pharmacokinetics over a 24-h period. Exposure of target tissues to the active form of the drug and cytotoxicity display variations depending on the chronopharmacokinetics. For anticancer drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges and dose-limiting side effects, it is particularly important to know the temporal changes in pharmacokinetics. A previous study indicated that pharmacokinetic profile of capecitabine was different depending on dosing time in rat. However, it is not known how such difference is attributed with respect to diurnal rhythm. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated capecitabine-metabolizing enzymes in a diurnal rhythm-dependent manner. To this end, C57BL/6J male mice were orally treated with 500 mg/kg capecitabine at ZT1, ZT7, ZT13, or ZT19. We then determined pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5′DFCR), 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′DFUR), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in plasma and liver. Results revealed that plasma Cmax and AUC0-6h (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 6 h) values of capecitabine, 5′DFUR, and 5-FU were higher during the rest phase (ZT1 and ZT7) than the activity phase (ZT13 and ZT19) ( p < 0.05). Similarly, Cmax and AUC0-6h values of 5′DFUR and 5-FU in liver were higher during the rest phase than activity phase ( p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in liver concentrations of capecitabine and 5′DFCR. We determined the level of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of capecitabine and its metabolites at each ZT. Results indicated the levels of carboxylesterase 1 and 2, cytidine deaminase, uridine phosphorylase 2, and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase ( p < 0.05) are being rhythmically regulated and, in turn, attributed different pharmacokinetics profiles of capecitabine and its metabolism. This study highlights the importance of capecitabine administration time to increase the efficacy with minimum adverse effects.

Objective: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), chest diseases are among the 10 diseases that cause the highest mortality worldwide. Drug-related problems (DRPs), readmission, and antimicrobial resistance are critical problems in chest disease wards. Active involvement of clinical pharmacists (CPs) who are focused on reducing the risks of potential problems is needed. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pharmaceutical care (PC) services on the pulmonology service.Method: A randomized controlled trial at a university hospital in Istanbul was conducted between June 2020 and December 2021. The participants were randomized into the control group (CG) and intervention group (IG). In the CG, CPs identified and classified the DRPs according to Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe v9.0 (PCNE) and provided solutions to DRPs for the IG. The effect of PC services was evaluated by the number and classification of DRPs, and readmissions within 30 days were compared between the two groups.Results: Out of 168 patients, 82 were assigned to the IG. The average number of medicines administered per patient in the CG and IG was 14.45 ± 7.59 and 15.5 ± 6.18, respectively. In the CG and IG, the numbers of patients with DRPs were 62 and 46, respectively. The total number of DRPs was 160 for CG and 76 for IG. A statistically significant difference was found in favor of the IG, in terms of the number of patients with DRPs, the total number of DRPs, and readmission within 30 days (p < 0.05).Conclusion: In this study, CP recommendations were highly accepted by the healthcare team. Pharmaceutical care services provided by CPs would decrease possible DRPs and led to positive therapeutic outcomes. Cognitive clinical pharmacy services have beneficial effects on health care, and these services should be expanded in all settings where patients and pharmacists are present.

The aim of this multicentre retrospective study was to compare the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens both with and without oxaliplatin and tumor sidedness in stage IIB (pT4aN0) colon cancer patients. This study included patients with stage IIB colon cancer who underwent curative surgery and received adjuvant chemotherapy. The patients were divided into two groups (one with and one without oxaliplatin) to compare the overall survival (OS) in right- and left-sided tumors. The study population included 298 patients with stage IIB colon cancer (median age: 57) of whom 69.1% were male. Forty-four per cent of these patients (n = 131) were diagnosed with right-sided colon cancer. The median follow-up duration was 35.9 months. In the entire population, a median OS was not reached, and the five-year OS was 83%. The median disease-free survival (DFS) was 12 months. There was no significant difference in terms of the five-year OS between right- (82%) and left-sided (84%) colon tumors (p = 0.67). In addition, the five-year OS of patients treated with and without oxaliplatin were 76% and 89%, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.23). The five-year OS of the patients treated with and without oxaliplatin were 83% and 96.5%, respectively, (p = 0.8) in right-sided colon tumors, while it was 75% and 93% (p = 0.06), respectively, in left-sided colon tumors. Tumor sidedness and the addition of oxaliplatin to adjuvant chemotherapy were not found to be associated with the OS in stage IIB colon cancer patients in our study. Further large prospective studies that also include MSI, RAS and BRAF status data are warranted in colon cancer patients.

© 2023 Marmara University Press.Ellagic acid (EA) and resveratrol (RES) are phenolic compounds naturally found in fruits. However, a significant amount of RES and EA is present in berries and their effective isolation enables the production of functional foods. In this study, EA and RES found in four highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) blueberry varieties (Bluecrop, Brigitta, Darrow and Bluejay) were analyzed simultaneously for the first time. A chromatographic method was developed for EA and RES by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was performed for the extraction of EA and RES from blueberry samples. LOD (limit of detection) and LOQ (limit of quantification) were determined as 0.1898x10-6 mol.L-1 and 0.5694x10-6 mol.L-1 for RES, 0.1271x10-6 mol.L-1 and 0.3814x10-6 mol.L-1 for EA, respectively. All the results were reevaluated according to 91.85% and 84.97% recovery value, for EA and RES, respectively. The amount of EA and RES were found out in the range of 1.65-9.16 mg/kg and 2.95-9.31 mg/kg in the lyophilized blueberry varieties.

© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Pilocarpine is a selective M1/M3 agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are different drug targets. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of pilocarpine on the expression of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, the AChE activity, IL-8 release response, and proliferation in K562 cells, via muscarinic receptor activation. Human chronic myeloid leukemic cell cultures were incubated with drugs. Proliferation assays were performed by BrdU assay. Expression of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and apoptosis proteins such as bcl, bax, cyt C, and caspases was assessed with the semiquantitative Western blotting method. Pilocarpine inhibits chronic myeloid cell proliferation and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein expression. Pilocarpine increases caspase-8 and -9 expression levels, upregulating the proapoptotic protein Bax and downregulating the expression levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. The apoptotic activity of pilocarpine is associated with an increase in AChE activity. M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can activate multiple signal transduction systems and mediate inhibitory effects on chronic myeloid K562 cell proliferation depending on the presence of 1% FBS conditions. This apoptotic effect of pilocarpine may be due to the concentration of pilocarpine and the increase in AChE level. Our results suggest that inhibition of cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis of pilocarpine in K562 cells may be one of the targets. M3 selective agonist may have therapeutic potential in chronic myeloid leukemia. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Nowadays, innovative and more effective drug dosage forms continue to be researched and developed compared to traditional drug dosage forms. The importance of orally disintegrating films (ODFs) in current studies and advancements cannot be overstated. This study aims to create the optimum ODF formulations using pullulan and lycoat with donepezil hydrochloride (donepezil HCl). Plasticizers such as polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) and glycerine were used to form flexible films. In the characterization studies of the films produced by the solvent casting technique: determination of morphology, determination of folding, determination of disintegration time, determination of thickness, determination of swelling, determination of pH, determination of mass uniformity, determination of In vitro release, and determination of content uniformity studies were carried out. According to the results obtained, the non-brittle, smooth-surfaced films were disintegrated in the mouth in an average of 35 seconds. Since the 10th minute, more than 85% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) has been revealed. These values suggested that the pullulan polymer showed better film-forming capacity when used with lycoat polymer. Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrum studies were carried out to validate donepezil HCl. Thanks to the ODFs containing donepezil HCl, an effective and safe, innovative clinical use has been achieved in the treatment of diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer, which are characterized by a decrease in daily life activities and atrophy in cognitive abilities.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment has received much attention, yet there is still no certain cure. We herein investigate the therapeutic effect of olean-12-en-28-ol, 3 beta- pentacosanoate (OPCA) on a preclinical model of MS. First, OPCA was synthesized semisynthetically and characterized. Then, the mice with MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune/ allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) were given OPCA along with a reference drug (FTY720). Biochemical, cellular, and molecular analyses were performed in serum and brain tissues to measure anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses. OPCA treat-ment protected EAE-induced changes in mouse brains maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity and preventing inflammation. Moreover, the protein and mRNA levels of MS-related genes such as HLD-DR1, CCL5, TNF-alpha, IL6, and TGFB1 were significantly reduced in OPCA-treated mouse brains. Notably, the expression of genes, including PLP, MBP, and MAG, involved in the development and structure of myelin was significantly elevated in OPCA-treated EAE. Furthermore, therapeutic OPCA effects included a substantial reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of treated EAE animals. Lastly, following OPCA treatment, the promoter regions for most inflammatory reGülators were hypermethylated. These data support that OPCA is a valuable and appealing candidate for human MS treatment sİnce OPCA not only normalizes the pro-and anti-inflammatory immunological bias but also stimulates remyelination in EAE.

In our study, the effects of gallic acid (GA), a natural therapeutic agent, on oxidative stress biomarkers and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions via the p38/JNK pathway in C6 glioma cells were investigated. The toxicity of GA was determined by the WST-1 method. JNK, p38 and MMP-2/-9 mRNA expressions in the cell line were detected by RT-qPCR. JNK/SAPK, Grap-2/p38 and MMP-2/-9 protein levels were analyzed by using ELISA methods. Biochemical markers were analyzed. GA reduced the cell viability of C6 glioma cells after 24, 48 and 72h of treatment. The expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA decreased in C6 glioma cells treated with 150 mu g/ml GA for 24 and 48h compared to the control cells. Unlike SOD activity, GA treatment significantly increased PCO and MDA levels in the cells treated with 150 mu g/ml GA for 24 and 48h compared to the non-treated cells. According to our results, GA inhibited the proliferation of C6 glioma cells. Also, it reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions and increase oxidative stress. Therefore, GA may have preventive effects on gliomas progression and/or invasion.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential angiogenic factor in breast cancer development and metastasis. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can specifically silence genes via the RNA interference pathway, therefore were investigated as cancer therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the effects of siRNAs longer than 30 base pairs (bp) loaded into chitosan nanoparticles in triple-negative breast cancer cells, compared with conventional siRNAs. 35 bp long synthetic siRNAs inhibited VEGF gene expression by 51.2% and increased apoptosis level by 1.75-fold in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Furthermore, blank and siRNA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles induced expression of IFN-γ in breast cancer cells. These results suggest that long synthetic siRNAs can be as effective as conventional siRNAs, when introduced into cells with chitosan nanoparticles.

© 2023 Marmara University Press.The use of natural compounds such as biocompatible and non-toxic plant extracts, without undesired side effects, in tissue engineering applications, is highly preferred compared to chemical drugs. In recent years, many studies have been carried out to produce nanofibrous materials produced by electrospinning of bioactive plant extracts. Electrospun nanofibers have very large surface area, controllable pore size, and tunable drug release profiles. Several biocompatible polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability including poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and poly-lactic acid (PLA) have been widely used for the synthesis of nanofibers using the electrospun technique. The ethanol-water extract of the root parts of the Rheum ribes L. plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurease effects. In this study, the characterization and performance of electrospun Rheum ribes L.-loaded (20 mg, 40 mg, and 60 mg in 20mL) poly (lactic acid) (PLA) (8%, w/v) /Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (1%, w/v) /Tween 80 (3%, w/v) nanofibrous mats for skin tissue engineering were investigated. Morphological (SEM), molecular interaction (FT-IR), thermal analysis (DSC), antioxidant activity and physical analysis were carried out after the production process. According to the results obtained, Rheum ribes L.-loaded PLA/PEG nanofibers have smooth fiber morphology in fine structure without beads, proper tensile strength and antioxidant activity. Consequently, Rheum ribes L.-loaded nanofibrous mats are suitable for skin tissue engineering applications.

A fast procedure obtained by the combination of fabric phase extraction (FPSE) with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed and validated for the quantification of favipiravir (FVP) in human plasma and breast milk. A sol-gel polycaprolactone-block-polydimethylsiloxane-block-polycaprolactone (sol-gel PCAP-PDMS-PCAP) coated on 100% cellose cotton fabric was selected as the most efficient membrane for FPSE in human plasma and breast milk samples. HPLC-UV analysis were performed using a RP C18 column under isocratic conditions. Under these optimezed settings, the overall chromatographic analysis time was limited to only 5 min without encountering any observable matrix interferences. Following the method validation pro-cedure, the herein assay shows a linear calibration curve over the range of 0.2-50 mu g/mL and 0.5-25 mu g/mL for plasma and breast milk, respectively. The method sensitivities in terms of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), validated in both the matrices, have been found to be 0.06 and 0.2 mu g/mL for plasma and 0.15 and 0.5 mu g/mL for milk, respectively. Intraday and interday precision and trueness, accordingly to the International Guidelines, were validated and were below 3.61% for both the matrices. The herein method was further tested on real samples in order to highlight the applicability and the advantage for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first validated FPSE-HPLC-UV method in human plasma and breast milk for TDM purposes applied on real samples. The validated method provides fast, simple, cost reduced, and sensitive assay for the direct quantification of favipiravir in real biological matrices, also appliyng a well-known rugged and cheap instrument configuration.

Objective: High alert medications (HAM) are medications commonly used in health care settings that are associated with significant harm when used in error. Improvement in the knowledge and practice of pharmacists is crucial to prevent and solve medication errors associated with HAM. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of pharmacy students about HAM. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacy students (3rd, 4th and 5th-year students) through an online survey in Ankara, Türkiye between 1 May 2021 and 31 October 2021. A Turkish translated and validated version of the High Alert Medications Knowledge Questionnaire was used. Only a correct answer was given score of 1 among the knowledge questions. The common resources for HAM use in the practice were assessed. Result and Discussion: Among 124 students, 80.6% were female. The mean age (standard derivation ± SD) of the students was 23.3 ± 1.37 years. The percentages of the 3rd, 4th and 5th-year students were 51.6%, 16.1% and 32.3%, respectively. The mean ± SD score of the students was 6.8 ± 3.28 out of 20. The 5th-year students (8.00 ± 2.90) were more likely to get higher scores compared to 3rd-years (5.89 ± 3.15) (p = 0.003). RxMediaPharma® (local online drug information database) was the most (75.0%) commonly used resource by pharmacy students. The pharmacy students\" knowledge about HAM was poor. Educational interventions are necessary early in the clinical pharmacy curriculum to improve pharmacy students\" knowledge and preparedness to handle HAM. Amaç: Yüksek riskli ilaçlar (HAM), sağlık hizmeti sunulan ortamlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan ve yanlışlıkla kullanıldığında önemli zararlarla ilişkilendirilen ilaçlardır. Eczacıların bilgi ve uygulamalarındaki gelişme, HAM ile ilişkili ilaç hatalarını önlemek ve çözmek için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma, eczacılık öğrencilerinin HAM hakkındaki bilgilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Eczacılık öğrencileri (3., 4. ve 5. sınıf öğrencileri) arasında çevrimiçi anket yoluyla kesitsel bir çalışma Ankara, Türkiye’de yapılmıştır. Türkçe validasyonu yapılan Yüksek Riskli İlaçlar Hakkında Bilgi Anketi kullanılmıştır. Bilgi sorularından sadece doğru cevaba 1 puan verildi. Uygulamaları sırasında HAM kullanımı için kullandıkları yaygın kaynaklar değerlendirildi. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Ankete katılan 124 öğrencinin %80.6’sı kızdır. Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması [standart sapma (SSD)] 23.3 ± 1.37 olarak bulunumuştur. Eczacılık 3., 4. ve 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin oranı sırasıyla %51.6, %16.1 ve %32.3’tür. Öğrencilerin ortalama ± SD puanı 20 üzerinden 6.8 ± 3.28’dir. 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin (8.00 ± 2.90) 3. sınıf öğrencilerine göre (5.89 ± 3.15) daha yüksek puan alma olasılığı daha fazla bulunumuştur (p = 0.003). RxMediaPharma® (yerel çevrimiçi ilaç bilgi veritabanı), eczacılık öğrencileri tarafından en çok (%75,0) kullanılan kaynaktı. Eczacılık öğrencilerinin HAM hakkındaki bilgileri yeterli bulunamamıştır. Eczacılık öğrencilerinin HAM’ı yönetme konusundaki bilgilerini ve hazırlıklarını geliştirmek için klinik eczacılık müfredatının başlarında eğitimsel müdahaleler gereklidir.