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Organic–inorganic composite antibacterial materials based on AgPc/Ag and aminosilane‐modified silicate (Ormosil) were prepared by sol‐gel processes and an in situ reduction method. The physical and chemical properties of AgPc, Pc‐Ormosil and AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag composites were analyzed by SEM, XRD, NMR and XPS spectroscopy. As a result, Ag nanoparticles were bonded and chelated in Pc‐Ormosil matrix. The morphology analysis of SEM showed that the AgNPs in the Pc‐Ormosil matrix were spherical and uniformly distributed, with a size of about 5–10 nm. These NMR and XPS results indicated that the AgNPs were coordinated with Pc (N−Ag−N) and chelated with Ormosil (−CH2NH...Ag) to form a AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag composite. The antibacterial effects of AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag composites on Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated by inhibiting ring, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and plate counting. The MIC/MBC values of Pc‐Ormosil, AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag‐2.5, AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag‐5 and AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag‐10 against bacteria were 11.0/>11.0, 1.10/1.10, 0.11/0.11 and 0.011/0.011, respectively, indicating excellent antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Cu(II)Pcs and Ni(II)Pcs peripherally tetra‐functionalized with 5‐hexylthiophene (HT), 5‐hexyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene (HBT), and tertbutyl groups (TB) are readily synthesized and employed as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) in mixed‐ion perovskite ([FAPbI3]0.85[MAPbBr3]0.15) solar cells, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 20.0%. Remarkably, both the peripheral functionalization and the central metal are found to play a role in the performance. Through a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques, it is found that the simplest HTM, TB‐CuPc, is the best‐performing HTM primarily due to its higher hole mobility and a more appropriate highest‐occupied molecular orbital, whose enables efficient hole extraction without open‐circuit voltage (Voc)losses. This derivative leads to PCEs of 19.96%, which are among the highest values for Pc‐based HTMs. Importantly, devices incorporating these HTMs present significantly higher stability compared to those based on spiro‐OMeTAD. The results here presented pave the way for more realistic, efficient, and inexpensive photovoltaic devices using phthalocyanine derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octa-methylpyridiloxy-substituted Zn(II)- and Ga(III)-phthalocyanines (ZnPc1 and GaPc1) were studied on human pigmented melanoma (SH4) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines. The efficacy of ZnPc1 and GaPc1 against melanoma cells was compared to the results in the presence of a proteaseα-chymotrypsin (ChT). The synthesis and characterization of compounds were carried out using well-known approaches. The formation of physical conjugates due to the addition of ChT was studied via absorption and fluorescence. The proteolytic activity of ChT was verified with casein as a substrate. The photosafety of compounds was proven on embryonal cells (BALB 3T3) under solar exposure (LED 360–1100 nm). The photodynamic activity of GaPc1 and ZnPc1 was studied for a concentration range of irradiation (LED 660 nm). The reduction of the proteolytic activity of ChT was observed only for the irradiation of ZnPc1 or GaPc1. GaPc1 and ChT and their conjugates, except ZnPc1 (PIF ~6), were evaluated as photo-safe to solar light (PIF < 2). The efficiency of GaPc1 was shown to be much higher than that of ZnPc1 in their individual applications. The phototherapeutic index of GaPc1 (PI = 1.71) on SH4 cells was higher for the conjugate. α-Chymotrypsin and phthalocyanine have the advantages of reducing high toxicity and increasing the phototherapeutic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐ylthio)phthalonitrile (n‐MP1), non‐peripherally 3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐ylthio) groups substituted Zn (II) phthalocyanine (n‐MP2), and its water soluble derivative (n‐MP3) have been firstly synthesized and characterized with spectral data. The interaction of the n‐MP3 complex with DNA was examined in vitro using UV–visible titrimetric and thermal denaturation assays and in silico by performing molecular docking studies. In addition, the antidiabetic activity of n‐MP3 was revealed spectroscopically by studying α‐glucosidase inhibition activities. The spectroscopic results indicated that n‐MP3 effectively binds to CT‐DNA with a Kb value of 2.0 × 105 M−1 and interacts with CT‐DNA via noncovalent binding mode. Besides, docking studies divulged that n‐MP3 exhibits a stronger binding tendency (BE: −10.64 kcal/mol) with DNA than the control compounds, (7.78 kcal/mol for ethidium bromide and −6.21 kcal/mol for cisplatin). Consequently, due to its strong DNA binding activity, n‐MP3 may be suitable for antimicrobial and anticancer applications after further toxicological test systems. Also, n‐MP3 complex inhibited the activity of α‐glucosidase with the IC50 value of 1.44 ± 0.08 μM, whereas IC50 value of acarbose was 237.24 ± 1.80 μM. Therefore, it can be said that n‐MP3 is a very effective α‐glucosidase inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents the optical limiting properties of a novel axially linked D‐A type compound, LaPc‐C60(OH)n, where lanthanide phthalocyanine serves as the donor and fullerenol as the acceptor. The incorporation of fullerenol expands the π‐conjugated system, decreases the aggregation of the phthalocyanine, and significantly increases the solubility of the compound. The establishment of this D‐A system promotes intramolecular electron transfer, effectively improving both the non‐linear optical (NLO) response and optical limiting properties. In addition, homogeneous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite films (LaPc‐C60(OH)n/PMMA) are prepared using a simple solution casting method. Compared to fullerenol or lanthanum phthalocyanine individually, LaPc‐C60(OH)n exhibited a superior NLO response both in solution and in the solid composite film. In particular, LaPc‐C60(OH)n/PMMA demonstrated an increase in the non‐linear absorption coefficient (2050 cm GW−1) and a larger third‐order magnetization (1.84 × 10−8 esu). In addition to exhibiting an excellent NLO response at 532 nm, LaPc‐C60(OH)n also shows significant NLO enhancement at 1064 nm, extending the limiting range into the near‐infrared region. This behavior is attributed to different nonlinear absorption mechanisms and the synergistic effect that arise from the photo‐induced electron transfer process between the fullerenol and LaPc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a new, recyclable, and thermally stable heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and chromene derivatives. The catalyst was characterized using various techniques, including UV spectroscopy, FT‐IR, TGA, DTG, SEM, XRD, ICP Spectroscopy, and CHN analysis. The successfully designed phthalocyanine incorporates both Brønsted and Lewis acid functionality, along with zwitterionic properties. It was effectively utilized in the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and chromene derivatives. The methodology offers several advantages, such as a simple procedure, excellent yields, and a short reaction time. The findings from this research provide valuable insights into formulating and advancing new catalysts for significant organic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, non-peripherally tetra 3-(4-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy) substituted nickel(II) phthalocyanine (NiPc), cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoPc), zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc), copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) and lead(II) phthalocyanine (PbPc) were synthesized. The structural characterization of the novel compounds was performed by a combination of instrumental methods. The electrochemical and in-situ spectroelectrochemical responses of the compounds were recorded and redox properties were illuminated. Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C 3 N 4) was synthesized by thermal decomposition of urea and combined with metallophthalocyanines to avoid agglomeration of phthalocyanine, to obtain homogeneous microstructured catalyst and to provide synergistic effects between pyridinic N-metal bonds of g-C 3 N 4 and metallophthalocyanines (MPcs). The synthesized compounds were electropolymerized onto g-C 3 N 4 thanks to piperazin substitute groups. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of g-C 3 N 4 /Poly-MPcs was investigated in alkaline electrolyte (1 M KOH). The g-C 3 N 4 /Poly-NiPc exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance with low overpotential and Tafel slope, respectively, 380 mV@ 10 mA cm−2 and 80 mVdec−1, which is superior to the g-C 3 N 4. Moreover, g-C 3 N 4 /Poly-NiPc electrocatalyst exhibited ∼100 times higher current density than g-C 3 N 4. [Display omitted] • Non-peripherally tetra 1-(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) piperazine-1-yl) ethanone substituted MPcs were synthesized. • MPcs were electropolymerized on g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. • The GCE/g-C 3 N 4 /poly-MPc electrodes were used for OER in alkaline electrolytes. • The g-C 3 N 4 /Poly-NiPc electrocatalyst exhibited a low overpotential of 380 mV at 10 mA cm−2. • g-C 3 N 4 /Poly-NiPc electrocatalyst exhibited ∼100 times higher current density than g-C 3 N 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of metallo‐(Zn(II), Mg(II), and Ru(II)) and free‐base phthalocyanines (Pcs) with a carboxyl anchoring group and well‐established bulky peripheral substituents (either tert‐butyl or bulky 2,6‐diisopropylphenoxy) were synthesized and tested as sensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The trend of photovoltaic efficiencies (PCEs) for free‐base and metallo Pcs followed the order Zn(II)Pc>Mg(II)Pc≫H2Pc ≈ Ru(II)Pc regardless of the peripheral substitution. Higher efficiencies (4.95 versus 3.63 for the Zn(II) derivatives) were achieved with Pcs bearing the bulkier 2,6‐diisopropylphenoxy group, indicating a lower aggregation and more suitable HOMO‐LUMO levels. Furthermore, these derivatives showed a morelevant influence of the metal on the PCE values (from the highest 4.95 for the Zn(II)Pc to the lowest 0.23 for the Ru(II)Pc. In both series, the best PCEs observed with the Zn(II) derivatives were mainly due to their highest Jsc values. The lowest efficiencies found for the free‐bases and Ru(II) derivatives were attributed to a mismatch between their LUMO levels and the conduction band of the TiO2,and lower light‐harvesting capabilities, respectively. In conclusion, Zn(II) derivatives are still the best Pc candidates to use as sensitizers in molecular photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of two novel phthalonitrile derivatives (3–4) bearing ethynylcyclohex‐1‐ene and ethynylcyclohexane groups and two peripherally octa substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanines (5–6) were prepared. The synthesis of phthalonitrile derivatives was performed with Sonagashira coupling reaction by using palladium‐catalyzed. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by using FT‐IR, NMR, mass, and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. Aggregation studies of 5 and 6 were performed in various organic solvents and different concentrations in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The photophysical studies of the Pcs were performed in THF to determine the effect of the alkyne groups on the fluorescence of the Pc ring. Substances showing fluorescence properties can be used in practical applications such as to create an image in microscopy. Fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) and fluorescence lifetime (τF) of 5–6 were calculated. The fluorescence quenching studies of 5–6 were performed by adding the different concentrations of 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ) to a constant concentration of the Pcs in THF and it was found that benzoquinone was an effective quencher. The values of the Stern‐Volmer constant (Ksv) and quenching constant (kq) of zinc phthalocyanines (5–6) were examined. All obtained results were compared with each other and with unsubstituted zinc Pc compound used as a reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, well-known biodegradable poly [(β-butyrolactone-block-ethylene glycol methyl ether)-phthalocyanine- (β-butyrolactone-block-ethylene glycol methyl ether)] abbreviated as poly(BL-b-mEG)-Pc-poly(BL-b-mEG) copolymer was synthesised. In the first part, poly (β-butyrolactone-block-ethylene glycol methyl ether) [poly(BL-b-mEG)] block copolymer was prepared by ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) method of β-butyrolactone using poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether. In the second part, poly(BL-b-mEG)-Pc-poly(BL-b-mEG) copolymer was obtained from the reaction poly(BL-b-mEG) block copolymer, SiPcCl2, and K2CO3. Axial binding of poly(BL-b-mEG) block copolymers to the phthalocyanine compound was achieved. The synthesised products were characterised by using multi-instruments such as1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, ve UV-visible. The electronic and singlet oxygen production capacity of poly(BL-b-mEG)-Pc-poly(BL-b-mEG) copolymer was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abnormal deposition of protein in the brain is the central factor in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). These detrimental aggregates, stemming from the misfolding and subsequent irregular aggregation of α-synuclein protein, are primarily accountable for conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. Two-photon-excited (TPE) probes are a promising tool for the early-stage diagnosis of these pathologies as they provide accurate spatial resolution, minimal intrusion, and the ability for prolonged observation. To identify compounds with the potential to function as diagnostic probes using two-photon techniques, we explore three distinct categories of compounds: Hydroxyl azobenzene (AZO-OH); Dicyano-vinyl bithiophene (DCVBT); and Tetra-amino phthalocyanine (PcZnNH2). The molecules were structurally and optically characterized using a multi-technique approach via UV-vis absorption, Raman spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence mapping (PLE), time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), and pump and probe measurements. Furthermore, quantum chemical and molecular docking calculations were performed to provide insights into the photophysical properties of the compounds as well as to assess their affinity with the α-synuclein protein. This innovative approach seeks to enhance the accuracy of in vivo probing, contributing to early Parkinson's disease (PD) detection and ultimately allowing for targeted intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate the first case of developing a bipolar organic molecule as the anion/cation-hosting cathode compatible with polymer electrolytes for quasi-solid-state dual-ion batteries. The well-chosen bipolar organic molecule shows the successive storage ability of cations and anions, which not only expand the active charge carriers of polymer electrolytes, but also avoid the uncontrolled dendritic growth and concentration polarization. [Display omitted] Ion concentration and mobility are tightly associated with the ionic conductance of polymer electrolytes in solid-state lithium batteries. However, the anions involved in the movement are irrelevant to energy generation and cause uncontrolled dendritic growth and concentration polarization. In the current study, we proposed the strategy of using a bipolar organic molecule as the anion/cation-hosting cathode to expand the active charge carriers of polymer electrolytes. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the novel strategy, a bipolar phthalocyanine derivative (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octamethoxyphthalocyaninato) Ni(II) (NiPc-(OH) 8) that could successively store anions and cations was used as the cathode hosting material in quasi-solid-state dual-ion batteries (QSSDIBs). Interestingly, peripheral polyhydroxyl substituents could build a compatible interface with poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene-based gel polymer electrolytes (PVDF-HFP). As expected, NiPc-(OH) 8 displays a high specific capacity of 248.2 mAh/g (at 50 mA g−1) and improved cyclic stability compared with that in liquid electrolyte. This study provides a solution to the issue of anion migration and could open another way to build high-performance QSSDIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of stable and efficient heterojunction photocatalysts for wastewater environmental purification exhibits a significant challenge. Herien, a promising binary heterojunction complex comprising boron subphthalocyanine bromide/bismuth oxychloride (SubPc-Br/BiOCl) was successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method, which involved the self-assembled of SubPc-Br on the surface of BiOCl via intermolecular π-π stacking interactions to compose an electron-transporting layer. The photocatalytic efficiency of SubPc-Br/BiOCl for the degradation of tetracycline and the minocycline exhibited a substantial improvement of 29.14% and 53.72%, respectively, compared to the original BiOCl. Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations elucidated that the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the SubPc-Br/BiOCl composite photocatalysts stemmed from the S-scheme electron transport mechanism at the interface between BiOCl and SubPc-Br supramolecules, which broadened the visible light absorption range, increased the carrier molecular efficiency, and accelerated the carriers. Furthermore, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations provided insights into the action trajectories of the two semiconductors, revealing that the presence of SubPc-Br enhances the water and organic pollutant adsorption capabilities of the BiOCl surface within the supramolecular array system. In conclusion, the synthesis and analysis of the binary heterojunction complex SubPc-Br/BiOCl yield valuable insights into the efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, holding great promise for diverse environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two iron phthalocyanine (FePc)-based nanocatalysts were synthesized and fully characterized. The carbon nanotubes (CNT) functionalized in an easy way with either Fe(II)Pc or Fe(III)Pc exhibit a very good catalytical activity. The activity in real wastewater effluent was comparable with the activity in distilled water. The procedure of modeling and optimizing with the assistance of chemometrics, utilizing design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM), revealed the conditions of optimum for decaying Reactive Yellow 84 on the nanocatalysts FePc_CNT. These optimal conditions included a catalyst dose of 1.70 g/L and an initial concentration (C0) of 20.0 mg/L. Under the indicated optimal conditions, the experimental findings verified that the removal efficiency was equal to Y = 98.92%, representing the highest observed value in this study. Under UVA light, after only 15 min of reaction, over 94% of dye was removed using both catalysts. The reuse experiments show that the activity of both nanohybrid material based on FePc-CNT slightly decreases over four consecutive runs. The quenching experiments show that RY84 was removed through radical pathways (O2•- and •OH) as well as non-radical pathways (1O2 and direct electron transfer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) interlayered Al/p-Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were systematically fabricated utilizing spin coating technique. This study was undertaken to meticulously assess the influence of varying concentrations of CuPc on the intricate electrical and photodiode characteristics of these devices. The investigation involved the characterization of the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics configured with distinct different doping concentrations of CuPc such as 0.05 wt%,1 wt%, 2 wt%, under a wide range of voltages (± 5 V) and illumination irradiances. These measurements enabled the calculation of various critical electrical variables, such as the ideality factor (n), barrier height (ΦB), series resistance (Rs), shunt resistance (Rsh), interface states density (Nss) and their response under various illumination levels (between 10 and 100 mW/cm2) and under dark condition. An increase in the reverse current as the illumination increases suggested the potential utility of these SBDs as photodiodes, photosensors, or photodetectors. Notably, the linear dynamic range (LDR), a crucial factor for image sensors which obtained around 14 for all photodiodes. The photodiodes exhibited a good rectification ratio (RR) of approximately 104. The results obtained indicate that the rectifying properties of the structures can be controlled by CuPc doping. In addition, the results indicated that the presence of CuPc significantly influenced the values of n, ΦB, Rs/Rsh, and Nss. To further analyze the devices, capacitance–voltage (C–V) and conductance–voltage (G–V) measurements were carried out to determine parameters such as diffusion potential (VD), dopant acceptor atoms concentration (NA), Fermi energy level (EF), and width of depletion layer (WD) at both 1 kHz and 1 MHz. The measurements revealed that the capacitance values were higher at low frequencies compared to high frequencies, and this behavior was attributed to Nss. In summary, this study suggests that the manufactured photodiodes have the potential to be employed as photodiodes, sensors, or detectors in optical sensing applications, and their performance can be tailored by adjusting the concentration of CuPc in the ZnO interlayered structures. The discerned outcomes revealed the substantial influence of CuPc concentration on key electrical parameters, with conspicuous trends noted in the values of n, ΦB, Rs/Rsh, and Nss. Furthermore, the observed increase in the reverse current as the illumination level increases highlights the potential utility of these SBDs as sensitive photodiodes/sensors/detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of aldehyde‐substituted phthalocyanine compounds (1, 3, and 5) were prepared by the cyclotetramerization of the 4‐(5‐(diethylamino)‐2‐formylphenoxy) phthalonitrile (a) and the corresponding metal salts. Schiff base‐substituted phthalocyanines (2, 4, and 6) were derived from an aldehyde‐substituted phthalocyanine (1, 3, and 5) via the reaction of aldehyde‐substituted phthalocyanines with an amine reagent. The compounds that were obtained were characterized using FT‐IR, 1H {13C} NMR, UV–Vis, and MS spectra (a and 1–6). The inhibitory qualities of synthesized aldehyde and Schiff base‐substituted complexes against the enzymes butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were assessed. The majority of phthalocyanines exhibited strong enzyme‐inhibiting properties. Out of the six produced phthalocyanines, 3 and 4 displayed the most intriguing profiles as submicromolar selective AChE inhibitors (IC50 = 0.060 μM), whereas 1 demonstrated the most potent BChE inhibitor (IC50 = 0.024 μM). The aggregation studies of CoPcs, CuPcs, and ZnPcs (1–6) were also carried out in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of a multidimensional treatment dominated by active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including enhanced chemotherapy and synergistically amplification of oxidative damage, into a nanoplatform would be of great significance for furthering accurate and effective cancer treatment with the active ingredients of TCM. Herein, in this study, we designed and synthesized four matrine-proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) (depending on different lengths of the chains named LST-1, LST-2, LST-3, and LST-4) based on PROTAC technology to overcome the limitations of matrine. LST-4, with better anti-tumor activity than matrine, still degrades p-Erk and p-Akt proteins. Moreover, LST-4 NPs formed via LST-4 self-assembly with stronger anti-tumor activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion ability could be enriched in lysosomes through their outstanding enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Then, we synthesized LST-4@ZnPc NPs with a low-pH-triggered drug release property that could release zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) in tumor sites. LST-4@ZnPc NPs combine the application of chemotherapy and phototherapy, including both enhanced chemotherapy from LST-4 NPs and the synergistic amplification of oxidative damage, through increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by photodynamic therapy (PDT), causing an GSH decrease via LST-4 mediation to effectively kill tumor cells. Therefore, multifunctional LST-4@ZnPc NPs are a promising method for killing cancer cells, which also provides a new paradigm for using natural products to kill tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of versatile phthalocyanine precursors, consisting of gem-dibromovinyl phthalonitrile derivatives, were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The assigned structures were further supported by X-ray crystallographic techniques. The crystal structures showed primarily C-H...N, C-H...Br, C-Br...N and π...π interactions. The overall intermolecular interactions in the structures were quantified and fully described by Hirshfeld surface analysis. In addition, energy-frame calculations were used to analyse the three-dimensional topology of the crystal packing. The dispersion energy framework of all compounds was shown to be dominant over the electrostatic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel non-peripheral tetra-mercaptopyridine-substituted mono- and double-decker phthalocyanines (LuPc and LuPc2) containing lutetium(III) as a rare earth metal were synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. ESR and electrochemical analyses were performed to support the sandwich structure of LuPc2. The g factor was determined to be 2.00039 and the characteristic first reduction couple at 0.29 V indicated a reduction of the radical Pc ring of LuPc2. In addition, the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of LuPc2 in neutral, reduced, and oxidized states demonstrate its intrinsic π-radical nature in CHCl3. The photophysicochemical properties of LuPc and LuPc2 were investigated in DMSO. It was found that mono-phthalocyanine (LuPc) is a more effective photosensitizer than double-decker (LuPc2) and metal-free (H2Pc) phthalocyanines based on a comparison of their photophysical and photochemical properties. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) of the synthesized LuPc and LuPc2 compounds were calculated to be 0.57 and 0.14, respectively, and the obtained results were compared with H2Pc (ΦΔ = 0.04). Also, electrochemical measurements were performed to estimate their redox potentials and the results indicated the important electrochemical performance of double-decker phthalocyanine (LuPc2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternized zinc phthalocyanine (QZnPc) which is water soluable is a promising candidate for photo dynamic therapy (PDT) applications. The physicochemical properties like the stability, activity, particle size, surface charge of tetrakis-(4-[(1E)-3-iminoprop-1-en-1-yl]- N,N,N-trimethylphenylammonium) phthalocyaninato zinc(II)] tetraiodide (II) quaternized zinc phthalocyanine (fused extended conjugation, QZnPc-FE) were investigated. The Zeta Potential Analyzer was used for this purpose. QZnPc-FE is freshly synthesized, water soluble quaternized zinc phthalocyanine and used as potential photosensitizer for PDT application. The stability and activity behavior of QZnPc-FE was determined in vitro conditions such as different pHs and in simulated body fluids as function of time via Zetasizer measurements and UV/VIS absorbances, respectively. Morphology of the QZnPc-FE was determined via XRD and the organic solvent effect with different polarity on QZnPc-FE was checked by UV/VIS. The optimum stability and activity conditions of QZnPc-FE in vitro conditions were determined, and the obtained results showed that the studied compound can be used for medical (PDT) and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows the structural, thermogravimetric, optical, and electrochemical properties of boron subphthalocyanine chloride (B-subPc-Cl) as organic electronic material. The Fullprof Suite program and Rietveld analysis were used to refine and index the crystal structure of B-subPc-Cl. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the differential thermogravimetric analysis (dTG) were used to study the kinetic thermogravimetric factors using the Horowitz-Metzger's and Coats-Redfern methods. The absorption spectra of B-subPc-Cl contain two strong absorption bands (Soret-like band and Q-like band). The oscillator strength and electrical dipole strength were estimated by using a Gaussian fitting of the molar absorptivity (emolar) of the B-subPc-Cl. The HOMO-LUMO and the band gap of B-subPc-Cl were calculated by using cyclic voltammetry measurement. Details of the UV-Vis - NIR absorption spectra and optical band gap for B-subPc-Cl are also provided. Density-functional theory (DFT) method has been utilized to obtain geometrically optimized structure for the studied compound. The theoretical calculations agreed with the experimental results. The obtained results point out the prospects of BsubPc-Cl for the organic electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation of diethyl phosphite with aldehydes and cyclic ketones under conditions of thermal catalysis and microwave radiation (MW) afforded new amino phosphonates based on secondary amines, including those containing gem-dichlorocyclopropane and cyclic acetal fragments. The optimization of conditions for obtaining the target products using MW radiation showed that dialkylamines are more active than the secondary amines used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the state of research over the past fifteen years in the field of the applications of metal phthalocyanines and porphyrin derivatives as well as their hybrid materials with carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, and polymers in optical sensors based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is analyzed. The first chapter of the review presents an analysis of works on the use of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in classical SPR sensors for the detection of gases and volatile organic vapors, as well as their improved modifications, such as total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) and magneto-optical SPR (MOSPR) methods, while the second chapter is devoted to their application for the detection of various analytes in solutions. The third chapter of the review summarizes publications describing recent advances in the use of porous materials based on hybrids of carbon nanotubes and oxides with metal phthalocyanines. The fourth chapter describes two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on metal porphyrin derivatives as SPR sensitizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dimethylaminophenyl-substituted silver phthalocyanine [dmaphPcAg] can be used as a UV-vis photoinitiator for in situ preparation of a silver/polymer nanocomposite. To verify early steps of the supposed mechanism of radical polymerization, we performed quantum chemical calculations of m[dmaphPcAg]q complexes with charges q = +1 to −2 in the two lowest spin states m, of a free ligand and its dehydrogenated/deprotonated products m[dmaphPcHn]q, n = 2 to 0, q = 0, −1 or −2, in the lowest spin states m. The calculated electronic structures and electron transitions of all the optimized structures in CHCl3 solutions are compared with experimental EPR and UV-vis spectra, respectively. The unstable 3[dmaphPcAg]+ species deduced only from previous EPR spin trap experiments was identified. In addition to 2[dmaphPcAg]0, our results suggest the coexistence of both reaction intermediates 1[dmaphPcAg]− and 3[dmaphPcAg]− in reaction solutions. Silver nanoparticle formation is a weak point of the supposed reaction mechanism from the energetic, stereochemistry, and electronic structure points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the transdermal release of water-soluble indium and zinc metallo phthalocyanine (InPc and ZnPc) compounds from the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane and the cytotoxicity effect of these Pcs on normal mouse fibroblasts (L929 fibroblast) and human melanoma (SK-MEL-30) cells. For this purpose, the effects of temperature, pH, drug concentration and membrane thickness on transdermal release were investigated in order to obtain the optimum transdermal release profile by preparing PVA membranes with different thicknesses and crosslinked by heat treatment. Optimum drug release was found to be 85.36% using 6 µm thick PVA membrane at 37 ± 0.5 °C, when upper cell pH 1.2 and lower cell pH 5.5, for 3 mg/mL InPc drug concentration. Under the same conditions, the drug release value for ZnPc was found to be 69.78%. In addition, in vitro studies were performed on L929 and SK-MEL-30 cells. under optimized drug (InPc and ZnPc) and membrane conditions. It was found that no significant cytotoxic effect was observed in L929 and SK-MEL-30 cells in the dark. Photodynamic tests were also carried out with InPc and ZnPc. The results show that cell viability decreases in SK-MEL-30 cells at concentrations of 10 µg/mL and above. In addition, while the InPc IC50 value was determined as 4.058 µg/mL, this value was determined as 11.574 µg/mL for ZnPc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalonitirile-oxazol-5-ones (Pht-Ox), were synthesized with 4-(4-formylphenoxy) phthalonitrile and benzoylglycine derivatives. The original compounds prepared in the reaction pathway were characterized by the combination of FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV–vis and MS spectral data. achieved. To obtain the photophysical data of the synthesized Pht-Ox derivatives were used spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods. Evaluation of the absorption and emission properties of the structures was carried out in three different solvents. Maximum absorption and emission wavelengths (λ; nm), molar extinction coefficients (ε; cm− 1 M− 1) and Stoke's shifts (ΔλST; nm) of Pht-Ox derivatives were declared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalocyanines and their double-decker complexes are interesting in designing rotative molecular machines, which are crucial for the development of molecular motors and gears. This study explores the design and synthesis of three bulky phthalocyanine ligands functionalized at the α-positions with phenothiazine or carbazole fragments, aiming to investigate dynamic rotational motions in these sterically hindered molecular complexes. Homoleptic and heteroleptic double-decker complexes were synthesized through the complexation of these ligands with Ce(IV). Notably, CeIV(Pc2)2 and CeIV(Pc3)2, both homoleptic complexes, exhibited blocked rotational motions even at high temperatures. The heteroleptic CeIV(Pc)(Pc3) complex, designed to lower symmetry, demonstrated switchable rotation along the pseudo-C4 symmetry axis upon heating the solution. Variable-temperature 1H-NMR studies revealed distinct dynamic behaviors in these complexes. This study provides insights into the rotational dynamics of sterically hindered double-decker complexes, paving the way for their use in the field of rotative molecular machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the synthesis of novel methoxyphenylthio-substituted phthalocyanines and their starting phthalonitriles as well as the characterization and investigation of their physical and spectral properties. Herein, although phthalocyanines were categorized as alpha and beta-substituted, the numbers of external substituent methoxy groups selected to obtain soluble phthalocyanines were also different. After their molecular structure was characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR, and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques, the exhaustive electronic spectra of novel phthalocyanines were studied. During extensive UV-Vis spectroscopy studies, proton transfer complexes in basic coordinating solvents and protonated species in solvents containing acids as impurities occurred incidentally in some phthalocyanines. Then, it was investigated whether this incidentally encountered situation was related to the number of methoxy groups as external substituents. Consequently, it was revealed that the acidity of H atoms in the center of phenylthio-substituted phthalocyanines could be altered by outer groups in the substituents, and the wavelengths of the Q bands of the novel Pcs changed under the influence of these outer groups. Computational TD-DFT study at the ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) level confirmed the redshift observed in electronic spectra upon inserting two additional OCH3 at outer groups, originating from small decreases in the HOMO–LUMO energy gap. The NBO charge distribution justified the electron donation from sulfur atoms to the phthalocyanine ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the electrochemical detection of metoprolol (MTP) in food products and biological fluids using modified electrodes made of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) nanostructures for monitoring athlete doping. The g-C3N4/CuPc nanocomposite was successfully prepared, as shown by the findings of SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR studies, and CuPc anchoring rod-like structures are anchored on the g-C3N4 nanosheets. GCE, CuPc/GCE, and g-C3N4/GCE all displayed lower oxidation peaks towards addition MTP, according to electrochemical tests utilizing CV and DPV. The detection limit, sensitivity, and linear range of the sensor were determined to be 10 nM, 0.06783 µA/µM, and 8 to 1760 µM, respectively. The sensor also displayed notable reactivity and selectivity towards MTP. We looked into the capacity of g-C3N4/CuPc/GCE to quantify the amount of MTP in prepared samples made from human serum and apple juice. The outcomes of the analytical evaluations, which used the common addition approach and the DPV as their target, showed how well g-C3N4/CuPc/GCE worked to identify the presence of MTP in biological fluids and food samples. The assays demonstrated strong accuracy, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.63%, and good recoveries ranging from 98.40 to 99.60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of µ-oxobis(phthalocyaninato)gallium(III) (PcGaOGaPc) and the structure of a second modification of chloro(phthalocyaninato)gallium(III) (ClGaPc) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Sublimation of the respective compounds led to single crystals suitable for an X-ray study. Both compounds crystallize in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ , with a unit cell for ClGaPc a = 13.770 Å, b = 13.770 Å, c = 14.039 Å, α = 98.32°, β = 108.64°, γ = 90.01°, containing four disordered molecules (Z = 4). The unit cell of the dimeric PcGaOGaPc contains one molecule, with half a molecule as an asymmetric moiety (Z = 2) and a = 7.848 Å, b = 12.529 Å, c = 12.720 Å, α = 91.03°, β = 94.94°, γ = 89.98°. The Ga atoms for the two ClGaPc molecules are placed 0.44 Å above the plane formed by the respective isoindole nitrogen N1 to N4. The two rings of the asymmetric unit (molecule 1 and 2) are arranged in parallel, with ca. 3.4 Å distance within the unit cell. The Ga-Cl bond distances are ca. 2.20 Å for the two molecules. The gallium of PcGaOGaPc is placed 0.49 Å above the respective isoindole nitrogen plane and the Ga-O bond amounts to 1.734 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the effect of substituents (position and number) and reduced graphene oxide on the supercapacitive properties of cobalt(II) phthalocyanines. For this purpose, three new tetra- and octa-substituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanines bearing 9H-carbazol-2-yloxy groups on peripheral or non-peripheral positions (1–3) were synthesized. The characterization of the resultant cobalt(II) phthalocyanines was carried out by applying several spectroscopic approaches. The newly synthesized macromolecules were used for the functionalization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The obtained nanocomposites (rGO-(1–3)) were utilized for the modification of Ni foam (NiF) electrodes through a facile one-step electrodeposition strategy performed for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. Simultaneous polymerization of the cobalt phthalocyanines and electrochemically reduction of graphene oxide led to the formation of a fabricating layer on the surface of the NiF electrode. The resulting electropolymerized films were characterized by Raman, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) spectroscopic techniques as well as electrochemical methods. The prepared electrodes possessed superior electrochemical activities owing to the synergistic effect of the cobalt(II) phthalocyanines and rGO. All the modified electrodes displayed high supercapacitaive properties and the highest activity was obtained for the NiF/rGO2-1 electrode. The NiF/rGO2-1 electrode exhibited higher specific capacitance (655.2 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) than NiF/1 (338.0 F g−1). Additionally, a specific capacitance of 85.2% was obtained for NiF/rGO2-1 electrode after 3000 charge–discharge cycles. As a result, all the prepared metallophthalocyanines-reduced graphene oxide can be considered alternative agents to develop high performance-next-generation energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of [PcMnL2]SbF6 complexes (Pc = phthalocyanine) was synthesized and structurally characterized by stripping the chloride from PcMnCl with AgSbF6 in o-dichlorobenzene and adding a range of donor ligands (L = THF, pyridine, p-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), Ph3PO, N-methylimidazole (MeIm), MeCN) to the resulting solution. Addition of or exposure to water where L = heterocyclic amines yielded μ-oxo complexes of the form [PcMnL]2O, which were structurally characterized for L = DMAP and MeIm. The [PcMnL2]SbF6 complexes have an increased solubility in organic solvents, where the axial ligands inhibit the characteristic ring π−π aggregation of PcM complexes. A variety of colours were observed (blue/green to red/purple), with Q-band absorptions (excluding the μ-oxo species) spanning from 715–761 nm and LMCT-bands from 497–574 nm. The combination of the ligand-induced absorption shifts coupled with their relative intensities in the visible region is responsible for the observed colour range and illustrates that facile ligand exchange is a useful tool in producing materials with a variety of colours from PcMnCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a high-performance hybrid electrocatalyst based on cobalt phthalocyanine combined with N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon (CoPc@GIOMC) was developed for CO2 reduction. To achieve this goal, we designed an innovative paired electrolyzer that integrates CO2 reduction to CO with the efficient oxidative coupling of certain phenylhydroxylamines to produce biologically important sulfonamide and organosulfone derivatives. The hybrid electrode exhibited a significant partial current density of 33 mA cm−2 in the selective reduction of CO2 to CO at an overpotential of 0.57 V vs. RHE (the onset potential was 0.3 V vs. RHE) and a faradaic efficiency of 90% in a near-natural aqueous solution (pH = 7.4). This excellent performance can be attributed to a high nitrogen content, numerous defect sites, and a large surface area of our N-doped mesoporous carbon material, which facilitated the strong and stable attachment of CoPc on GIOMC. Furthermore, in the context of coupling cathodic CO2 reduction with the synthesis of biologically important sulfonamide and organosulfone derivatives, the electrolysis system demonstrated a high anodic faradaic efficiency, reaching nearly 100% at 6 mA cm−2 after 135 minutes of electrolysis together with a satisfactory energy efficiency of up to 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, simple, novel, eco-friendly, low-cost and highly-active cobalt oxytyramine phthalocyanine polymer, poly[CoOTPc] is synthesized and characterized with various spectro-analytical techniques to demonstrate the successful construction of poly[CoOTPc]. In order to enhance the conductivity and electrocatalytic performance of poly[CoOTPc] , an organic-hybrid composite with Ketjen-Black (KB) is prepared in different ratios and their activity was assessed towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The linear sweep voltammogram of organic-hybrid composite (3.5:1.5 ratio of polymer to KB) exhibited least overpotential of −79 mV at −10 mA cm−2 current density towards HER in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 with a Tafel slope closer to the standard catalyst (Pt/C) both in lower and higher overpotentials. In addition, lower charge-transfer resistance is noticed at the hybrid catalyst and is comparable with the standard catalyst suggesting that the designed poly[CoOTPc] +KB organic-hybrid composite is one of the superior, low-cost electrocatalyst towards HER with excellent stability and efficiency for the large-scale integrated green energy systems. Figure: Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at poly[CoOTPc]+KB hybrid composite. [Display omitted] • Novel cobalt oxytyramine phthalocyanine polymer, poly[CoOTPc] is synthesized and thoroughly characterized. • Organic hybrid composite of poly[CoOTPc] +KB (Ketjen Black) was fabricated. • poly[CoOTPc] +KB on GCE displayed an overpotential of −79 mV vs RHE at −10 mA cm−2 current density for HER. • Composite electrode exhibited superior stability towards HER, and has the potential to replace benchmark catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of novel zinc(II) phthalocyanine dyes as colorants in color photoresists for TFT-LCD modules. The dyes are being considered as an alternative to pigments, which have limitations in resolution and color performance. The article discusses the synthesis and properties of the dyes, including their spectral properties, thermal stability, and solubility. The results show that the synthesized dyes have promise for improving the color performance of color photoresists. Another document discusses the characterization and stability of green spin-coated color filters using zinc phthalocyanine dyes. The study evaluates the transmission spectra, color coordinates, and stability of the color filters. The results indicate that the filters have high transmittance in the green range and good stability and resistance to dye migration and aggregation. [Extracted from the article]

To treat a life‐threatening disease like cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) methods were combined into sono‐photodynamic therapy (SPDT) as an effective therapeutic solution. Each day, the usage of phthalocyanine sensitizers increases in the therapeutic applications as they have the ability to produce more reactive oxygen species. In this context, a new diaxially silicon phthalocyanine sensitizer, containing triazole and tert‐butyl groups, was synthesized. After elucidating the structure of the complex with elemental analysis, FT‐IR, UV–Vis, MALDI–TOF MS and 1H NMR, its photophysical, photochemical and sono‐photochemical properties were examined. When singlet oxygen generation capacity of the new synthesized silicon phthalocyanine complex was determined and compared among photochemical (PDT; ФΔ = 0.59 in DMSO, 0.44 in THF, 0.47 in toluene) and sonophotochemical (SPDT; ФΔ = 0.88 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 0.60 in tetrahydrofuran (THF), 0.65 in toluene) methods, it can be said that the complex is a successful sono‐photosensitizer that can be used as a good SPDT agent in vitro or in vivo future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 4‐(2‐(4‐methylthiazol‐5‐yl) ethoxy) phthalonitrile (3) and zinc phthalocyanine complex (4) were synthesized and characterized. UV–vis and fluorescence spectra, aggregation, and fluorescence parameters of the zinc phthalocyanine compound were investigated. As biological properties, DPPH radical capture, antidiabetic, DNA cutting, antimicrobial, photodynamic antimicrobial, anti‐biofilm activities, and microbial cell viability parameters of the compounds were determined. The highest antioxidant activity was found as 62.80% at 100 mg/L concentration with compound 4, and compound 4 also showed the best antidiabetic activity as 65.17% at 400 mg/L concentration. In DNA cutting activity, it was determined that 3 and 4 cut DNA at all concentrations. For compounds 3–4, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were found to be 32 and 16 mg/L for Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus feacalis, respectively. The strongest MIC value of photodynamic antimicrobial activity was achieved as 4 mg/L for E. feacalis with 4. It was observed that both compounds inhibited the microbial viability activity of Escherichia coli by 100% at concentrations of 100 mg/L. Compound 4 inhibited biofilms of Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus as 92.48% and 98.56% at 50 mg/L concentration, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, designed as a dye-sensitive solar cell material which, bis-(2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl) ethoxy) phthalocyaninato silicon (IV) compound (3) was obtained from the chemical reaction of SiPcCl2 and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using environmentally friendly and cost-effective green methods using leaf and flower extracts of Corydalis cava(CoV) and Nonea pulla(NP) plants. For the characterization of phthalocyanine compound and silver nanoparticles, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-visible, FT-IR and Mass spectrum devices were used. The power conversion efficiency of without doping compound 3 is 1.20. After doping this compound with CoVAgNPs and NPAgNPs, the power conversion efficiencies increased to 1.74 and 2.10. From this it is clearly seen that silver nanoparticles are effective. It is concluded that better photovoltaic materials can be created by using phthalocyanine and silver nanoparticles together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing combined cancer therapy strategies is of utmost importance as it can enhance treatment efficacy, overcome drug resistance, and ultimately improve patient outcomes by targeting multiple pathways and mechanisms involved in cancer growth and progression. Specifically, the potential of developing a combination chemo&photothermal therapy using targeted polymer nanoparticles as nanocarriers offers a promising approach for synergistic cancer treatment by combining the benefits of both therapies, such as targeted drug delivery and localized hyperthermia. Here, we report the first targeted anti-HER2 PLGA nanocarriers, called targosomes, that simultaneously possess photothermal, chemotherapeutic and diagnostic properties using only molecular payloads. Biocompatible poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid), PLGA, nanoparticles were loaded with photosensitizer phthalocyanine, diagnostic dye Nile Blue, and chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan, which was chosen as a result of screening a panel of theragnostic nanoparticles. The targeted delivery to cell surface oncomarker HER2 was ensured by nanoparticle modification with the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, using the one-pot synthesis method without chemical conjugation. The irradiation tests revealed prominent photothermal properties of nanoparticles, namely heating by 35 °C in 10 min. Nanoparticles exhibited a 7-fold increase in binding and nearly an 18-fold increase in cytotoxicity for HER2-overexpressing cells compared to cells lacking HER2 expression. This enhancement of cytotoxicity was further amplified by >20-fold under NIR light irradiation. In vivo studies proved the efficacy of nanoparticles for bioimaging of primary tumor and metastasis sites and demonstrated 93% tumor growth inhibition, making these nanoparticles excellent candidates for translation into theragnostic applications. [Display omitted] • The first targeted PLGA for chemo&photothermal therapy (targosomes) is reported. • HER2-specificity of targosomes results in excellent bioimaging capabilities. • Chemo&photothermal therapy via targosomes is promising for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the textile industry has contributed to continuous pollution in the environment. Synthetic dyes which are commonly found in waste water are azo, sulfur, anthraquinone, triphenylmethyl, indigoid, and phthalocyanine derivatives. These pollutants block the light penetration in water bodies and prevent photosynthesis activity, thereby affecting aquatic life. As an environmental crisis, several technologies have been explored to control pollution. Among all the techniques, the photocatalysis process is considered as a green, simple, and economical process. To improve the photocatalytic activity, researchers worldwide have investigated various photocatalysts such as metal oxides, metal ferrites, and heterostructured nanocomposites. The major goal of this review article is to propose a high-performing, cost-effective hybrid photocatalyst reported to date for prospective azo dye pollutant remediation. This review article also aimed to highlight the challenges and uncertainties associated with dye degradation in the photocatalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron ions in a square‐planar coordination can bind molecules at the vacant axial positions and are able to transform them in stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Nature takes advantage of these properties by incorporating iron into porphyrin systems, which play a key role not only in the binding and transport of oxygen, but also in catalytic oxidation and reduction reactions involving cytochrome P450. Although these systems have been studied extensively, there are still unresolved questions regarding the interplay between the iron ions and the surrounding ligands. Phthalocyanines (Pc) create a similar environment for metal atoms and FePc is known for a long time. However, without axial ligands FePc aggregates leading to solids of low solubility. In this work we used a known six‐coordinate iron phthalocyanine derivative with bulky substituents and removed the stabilizing axial ligands. The resulting paramagnetic, four‐coordinate compound does not aggregate and dissolves well so that NMR spectroscopy can be employed for studying the molecular structure and the reactivity. Solvent molecules bind weakly to the iron centers and oxygen is reduced in the presence of H‐atom donors. The stoichiometric and catalytic reactivity with oxygen was studied in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the optimization and application of a gold‐modified electrode, CoPc‐cou‐f‐MWCNTs/3‐HT|Au, for the electrocatalytic detection of a water pollutant, paraquat (PQ). It was fabricated via a sequential modification procedure entailing the formation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a nanocomposite comprising of a coumarin tetra‐substituted cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc‐cou) and carboxylic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f‐MWCNTs). This was followed by the in‐situ immobilization of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) ([3‐HT]n) through electropolymerisation to render the chemically modified electrode (CME). Subsequently, the CME illustrated enhanced sensitivity towards PQ compared to the bare or CoPc‐cou‐f‐MWCNTs modified electrodes. The CoPc‐cou‐f‐MWCNTs/3‐HT|Au electrode displayed a linear PQ detection range of 0.584–1000 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.193 μM and 0.584 μM, respectively. Comparison between calibration curves for the modified electrode and HPLC‐MS illustrates that the former method has a lower but comparable calibration sensitivity for PQ. In addition, this CME could electrocatalytically distinguish PQ within a real water sample collected from the Durban lagoon. Furthermore, the direct recovery of PQ in the lagoon water by the modified Au electrode was found to be 86 %, which is lower than the calculated value of 97 % obtained by HPLC‐MS after rigorous solid‐phase microextraction of the analyte. However, the lower percentage recovery could be rationalized by the interference studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Zinc phthalocyanine-based (ZnPc–PA) polymeric micelle around 70 nm and with dual-modal PTT/PDT functions for non-antibiotic bacteria eradication was developed. It showed an excellent bacterial killing efficiency of 95.2% and 96.7% in vitro against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its biofilm, respectively. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments proved its great potential for implant-associated infection (IAI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) to metal‐free phthalocyanine (MPc) through only hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking. Briefly, Pc‐GO composites at various concentrations were prepared by self‐assembly method. The processing time was kept below 10 min to avoid covalent attachment and we aimed at answering the research question of what will happen if the conjugation is realized only through hydrogen bonding under extremely limited processing times. The as‐prepared MPc‐GO composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), UV‐Vis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and fluorescence analysis. We report that the interaction between MPc and GO could immediately be initiated upon mixing of corresponding solutions. Also, complete conjugation by hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking could be reached even only in 5 min of sonication time. In addition, it was also determined that the prepared MPc‐GO composites are stable at room conditions and during dilution. Finally, the optoelectronic properties of MPc and MPc‐GO composites were also investigated experimentally and theoretically. Both experimental and theoretical results suggest that MPc‐GO composites exhibit improved optoelectronic properties as compared to MPc, even though the conjugation of GO to MPc was only via hydrogen bonding without covalent attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper(II) phthalocyanine-catalyzed multicomponent strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 2-aryl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazoles under mild conditions. The products were obtained in good to excellent yields. The procedure offers advantages such as short reaction time, energy efficiency, and simple workup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, in vitro antibacterial and Leishmanicidal activities of a ligand and phthalocyanine derivatives (2, 3, 3a–3c and 4) were tested for six selected standard bacteria and one Leishmania species. The synthesis of fluorinated pyrazoline compound (2) was first carried out from a chalcone precursor (1). Then, peripherally tetra-substituted metallophthalocyanines (zinc(II) (3a), cobalt(II) (3b) and iron(II) (3c)) and axially di-substituted silicon(IV) (4) containing fluorinated pyrazoline groups were obtained. The characterizations of 2, 3, 3a–3c and 4 were performed by IR,1H and 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS and UV-Vis spectra and elemental analyses. The antibacterial and Leishmanicidal activities of the pyrazoline and phthalocyanine compounds were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an emerging therapeutic approach that can effectively inactivate diverse microbial forms, including vegetative forms and spores, while preserving host tissues and avoiding the development of resistance to the photosensitization procedure. This study evaluates the antifungal and sporicidal photodynamic activity of two water-soluble amphiphilic tetra- and octa-β-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) dyes with dimethylaminopyridinium groups at the periphery (ZnPcs 1, 2) and their quaternized derivatives (ZnPcs 1a, 2a). Tetra(1, 1a)- and octa(2, 2a)-β-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines were prepared and assessed as photosensitizers (PSs) for their effects on Fusarium oxysporum conidia. Antimicrobial photoinactivation experiments were performed with each PS at 0.1, 1, 10, and 20 µM under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 135 mW·cm–2, for 60 min (light dose of 486 J·cm−2). High PDI efficiency was observed for PSs 1a, 2, and 2a (10 µM), corresponding to inactivation until the method's detection limit. PS 1 (20 µM) also achieved a considerable reduction of >5 log10 in the concentration of viable conidia. The quaternized PSs (1a, 2a) showed better PDI performance than the non-quaternized ones (1, 2), even at the low concentration of 1 µM, and a light dose of 486 J·cm−2. These cationic phthalocyanines are potent photodynamic drugs for antifungal applications due to their ability to effectively inactivate resistant forms, like conidia, with low concentrations and reasonable energy doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermogravimetric behavior of latex alkyl/styrene(meth)acrylic copolymers and the influence of a water-soluble copper-containing phthalocyanine as modifier on it were studied using the methods of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). During thermal exposure, one thermal effect is observed, corresponding to the removal of residual traces of water localized in the interparticle regions of latex films and coatings. A comparison was made of the thermal effect and the region of its temperature manifestation in free polymer films and when the polymer is localized on a copper surface, and the influence of the modifier on its value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalocyanine is a safe and better biocompatible compound, and it has been used in diagnostic and cancer imaging. But the application in the treatment of colon and cervical cancer is elusive. In the present study, we have synthesized Iron (II) phthalocyanine and Zinc phthalocyanine respectively. The bonding, structure, and physical characteristics of the prepared products were analyzed and confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX methods. We have also examined the anti-cancer properties of the compounds on two different cancer cells (colon cancer HCT-116 and cervical cancer HeLa) by MTT assay. The cell viability assay results showed that a noteworthy reduction in the cell viability post-treatments of Iron (II) phthalocyanine. However, treatment of Zinc phthalocyanine did not show any inhibitory action on both HCT-116 and HeLa cancer cells. We have also calculated the inhibitory concentration (IC50) post treatment of Zinc phthalocyanine and Iron (II) phthalocyanine on HCT-116 and HeLa cells. The IC50 was 30 µg/ml for HCT-116 cells treated with Iron (II) phthalocyanine, whereas it was 33 µg/ml for the HeLa cells. We have also examined the impact of Zinc phthalocyanine and Iron (II) phthalocyanine on non-cancerous cells (HEK-293), and MTT results showed that Iron (II) phthalocyanine and Zinc phthalocyanine induced no significant inhibitory action on HEK-293 cells. In addition, we have also examined the anti-fungal action of Zinc phthalocyanine and Iron (II) phthalocyanine. We have also examined the impact of Iron (II) phthalocyanine on cancer cells using DAPI staining, we have found that was a major reduction in cancer cells population, but there is no reduction in the Iron (II) phthalocyanine -treated cells. We have found that Iron (II) phthalocyanine induced significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, whereas no significant antifungal activity was observed with Zinc phthalocyanine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]