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Abstract The deterioration of cement-based materials due to chloride attack is a well-known phenomenon attracting extensive attention worldwide. However, the effects of chloride attack on the strength and long-term stability of stabilized/solidified heavy metal contaminated soils have not been studied in detail. In the present work, systematic tests were developed to investigate the effects of chloride attack on the strength and leaching characteristics of heavy metal contaminated soils treated with cement and fly ash. The test results suggested that increasing the NaCl concentration from 0% to 15% had a detrimental influence on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of solidified/stabilized contaminated soil. The UCS of the specimens decreased during the initial 7 days of soaking and then increased at longer soaking periods. In leaching tests, the concentration of Pb2+ in the leachate decreased with the increasing NaCl concentration, while that of Zn2+ and Cr3+ increased. The leached Pb2+ concentration reached its maximum level after 7 days of soaking and then decreased significantly at longer soaking times. In contrast, the leached Zn2+ and Cr3+ concentrations decreased significantly during short-term immersion. The leachability of the three contaminants followed the order: Zn2+ > Cr3+ > Pb2+. The mineralogical analysis performed by X-ray diffraction revealed that high concentrations of heavy metal contaminants significantly inhibit the development of hydration under such an aggressive chloride environment. The microstructure analysis performed by scanning electron microscopy indicated that Friedel's salt was formed during chloride attack, resulting in larger porosity and a looser structure of the solidified soils. More compact and uniform structures were observed for the specimens soaked for 28 and 90 days than that soaked for 7 days. Highlights • Chloride attack has detrimental influences on the UCS of stabilized heavy metal contaminated soils. • Leachability of the heavy metal ions in the stabilized soils varies due to chloride attack. • Friedel's salt involved in consumption of some hydrates leads to the change of UCS and leaching under chloride attack. • The erosion of sodium chloride leads to a large porosity and loose structure of the solidified contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serum chloride is an important homeostatic biomarker in left heart failure, with significant prognostic implications. The impact of serum chloride in the long-term survival of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is unknown. We tested whether serum chloride levels are associated with long-term survival in patients with PAH.Methods: We included patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH who had a basic metabolic panel performed at the time of their diagnostic right heart catheterization. Laboratory results were recorded both at diagnosis and 6-month follow-up.Results: We included 277 patients, mean age 51 ± 18 years and 73% women, of whom 254 had a follow-up electrolyte determination at 6 months. Serum chloride was 102.9 ± 3.9 mM/L at diagnosis. A serum chloride ≤ 100 mM/L was noted in 65 (24%) and 53 (21%) patients at diagnosis and 6 months, respectively. Patients with serum chloride ≤ 100 mM/L at 6 months tracked with increase mortality when adjusted by age, sex, pulmonary vascular resistance, diuretics or prostacyclin analogs usage, and serum creatinine and sodium at 6 months (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.00). This group of patients was older, with decreased functional capacity, had worse renal function, took more diuretics, had higher pulmonary artery wedge pressure but lower mean pulmonary artery pressure, transpulmonary gradient, and pulmonary vascular resistance.Conclusions: Serum chloride at 6 months from the PAH diagnosis is a strong and independent predictor of mortality in patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH, even after adjusting serum sodium, renal function, diuretic, and prostacyclin analog usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stannous chloride (SnCl 2 ) was firstly used as an inhibitor to prevent coal oxidation. Thermal analysis was used to study the influence of SnCl 2 . Weight increase due to oxygen chemisorption, the ignition temperature, the burnout temperature and heat released during the whole process were evaluated as main parameters. The results indicated that the addition of SnCl 2 leads to significant reduction in the percentage of mass increase. The presence of SnCl 2 caused increase in the ignition temperature and decrease in the heat released. However, there is probably no effect of SnCl 2 on the burnout temperature. The mechanism of the SnCl 2 suggested that the addition of SnCl 2 to the coal oxidation mainly influence the oxygen chemisorption by consuming more oxygen. Thus, SnCl 2 can be recommended as effective inhibitor to coal oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salts with high hydration states have the potential to maintain high levels of relative humidity (RH) in the near subsurface of Mars, even at moderate temperatures. These conditions could promote deliquescence of lower hydrates of ferric sulfate, chlorides, and other salts. Previous work on deliquesced ferric sulfates has shown that when these materials undergo rapid dehydration, such as that which would occur upon exposure to present day Martian surface conditions, an amorphous phase forms. However, the fate of deliquesced halides or mixed ferric sulfate-bearing brines are presently unknown. Here we present results of rapid dehydration experiments on Ca−, Na−, Mg− and Fe–chloride brines and multicomponent (Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3  ± Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cl, HCO 3 ) brines at ∼21 °C, and characterize the dehydration products using visible/near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy, mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. We find that rapid dehydration of many multicomponent brines can form amorphous solids or solids with an amorphous component, and that the presence of other elements affects the persistence of the amorphous phase under RH fluctuations. Of the pure chloride brines, only Fe–chloride formed an amorphous solid. XRD patterns of the multicomponent amorphous salts show changes in position, shape, and magnitude of the characteristic diffuse scattering observed in all amorphous materials that could be used to help constrain the composition of the amorphous salt. Amorphous salts deliquesce at lower RH values compared to their crystalline counterparts, opening up the possibility of their role in potential deliquescence-related geologic phenomena such as recurring slope lineae (RSLs) or soil induration. This work suggests that a wide range of aqueous mixed salt solutions can lead to the formation of amorphous salts and are possible for Mars; detailed studies of the formation mechanisms, stability and transformation behaviors of amorphous salts are necessary to further constrain their contribution to Martian surface materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement would make concrete structures vulnerable to deterioration and as a result shorten their service life. However, physical experiment of in-situ or laboratory may not be an effective way to determine long-term chloride profiles and diffusion behaviors into concrete attributed to its time-consuming and implementary difficulty. This study adopted the results of chloride concentration into mortar and corresponding concrete specimens from a filed experiment in marine tidal zone at exposure times of 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, and 600 d reported in literatures, and the meso-scopic finite element numerical simulation method, in which the concrete was modeled as a three-phase composite material composed of mortar, coarse aggregate, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ), was combined to develop a simplified empirical model for predicting long-term chloride diffusion into plain concrete considering the effect of the heterogeneity of materials exposed to marine tidal zone (with exposure limited to 20 years). Certainly, the accuracy, reasonability and reliability of the evaluated chloride profile results associated with this empirical prediction model were validated as well. The proposed empirical model is expected to be useful in realistically predicting the long-term diffusion of chloride into concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride channels are known to play critical physiological roles in many cell types. Here, we describe the expression of anion channels using RNA Seq in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs). Chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) family members were the most abundant chloride channel transcripts, and CLIC1 showed the highest level of expression. In addition, we characterize the chloride currents in hBECs and determine how inhibition of CLIC1 via pharmacological and molecular approaches impacts these. We demonstrate that CLIC1 is able to modulate cyclic AMP-induced chloride currents and suggest that CLIC1 modulation could be important for chloride homeostasis in this cell type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nd–Fe–B oxide powders with various pH were prepared using chloride and nitrate precursors including NdCl 3 ·6H 2 O, FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O, H 3 BO 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O, HNO 3 , citric acid (CA), ethylene glycol (EG) by Pechini type sol–gel method. The pH of chloride and nitrate base sols were 0 and 2.2, respectively. Mixed oxide powders were obtained by calcination and annealing the gels. These oxides by using a reduction-diffusion process under high vacuum and employing CaH 2 as reducing agent at 800 °C were hated to prepare Nd 2 Fe 14 B nanoparticles. The role of pH on phase, morphologies, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the powders were investigated. The results show that with a decrease in pH, the average particle size and coercivity of Nd–Fe–B oxide powders were decreased and increased, respectively. Nd 2 Fe 14 B nanoparticles were formed successfully after reduction process. The average particle size of reduction treated products were 30 and 65 nm for powders which made of chloride and nitrate base metal salts, respectively. Final powders which made of chloride and nitrate base metal salts had a saturation magnetization of 127.7 emu/g and 122.8 emu/g while the coercivity of samples were 3.32 kOe and 1.82 kOe, respectively. The experimental results in the angular dependence of coercivity indicated that the normalized coercivity of the permanent magnets H c (θ)/H c (0) obeys the 1/cosθ law and intermediate between the 1/cosθ law and Stoner-Wohlfarth formula for different Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets which made of nitrate and chloride base metal salts, respectively. Also, the results show that different Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets which made of nitrate and chloride base metal salts had the maximum energy product of 5 and 16 MGOe, respectively. The Henkel plot showed that magnetic phases in synthesized NdFeB magnets which made of chloride and nitrate base metal salts were coupled by exchange and dipolar interactions, respectively. Different average particle size, morphology and microstructure were the reasons for variation of magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of chloride concentration and current density on the characteristic potentials of pitting corrosion found during potentiodynamic Epopd and galvanostatic Epocr polarization and Erp repassivation of the PC process of 10X17H13M2T and 12X18H10T cast steels and 316L and 316L + 3% Cu 304HLD powder steels with addition of 10 and 15% Cu in a neutral chloride solution was studied. The porosity of the powder steel significantly decreases the pitting resistance. Addition of 3% Cu increases the pitting resistance, but does not allow achieving the pitting resistance level of compact molybdenum steel; neither does addition of 10 and 15% copper do so for 12X18H10T steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic structures are subject to high risk of deterioration associated with cracking and sulfate-chloride attack. Application of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) with self-controlled tight microcracks and self-healing capacities could potentially lead to enhanced durability performance of hydraulic structures even after the formation of cracks under combined environmental and mechanical loadings. This research experimentally investigated the self-healing behavior of ECC under aggressive sulfate and chloride conditions. Resonant frequency (RF) and mechanical properties including stiffness, first cracking strength, ultimate tensile strength and tensile strain capacity were experimentally determined for ECC specimens that were preloaded to 1% strain and exposed to sulfate and sulfate-chloride solutions to simulate the service environment of hydraulic structures. The performance of ECC was found not to be adversely affected by the aggressive solutions. Instead, self-healing of the microcracks was observed leading to partial recovery of the mechanical properties. It was also found that ECC tends to heal faster and more completely in sulfate solutions than in water. These results demonstrate that ECC material remains durable under sulfate-chloride environment, which is beneficial for improving the long-term performance of hydraulic structures in such aggressive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permeability of chloride can be used as an important indicator of durability. In this article, based on the ingress test in an artificial simulating dry-wet cycling chloride environment, the influence of four minerals, namely basalt fiber (BF), fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and combined FA and SF mixture on the penetration of chloride ions and microstructure in concrete were examined. In addition, the chloride diffusion coefficients of concrete were fitted with Fick's diffusion law, and pore characteristic parameters and pore-size distribution with exposure time were measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. The results show that the addition of these mineral admixtures can increase anti-permeability and decrease properties of concrete at the same exposure time. Moreover, the addition of SF has the most obvious decreasing effect on porosity, and the decreased effect of FA on chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete is the most significant, especially at the later stage. Minerals can refine the pore-size distribution in concrete, in which the content of aperture radius 100 ~1000 nm pores decreases after the same exposure time. At last, we can also see that the influence of contributive porosity of aperture radius 100–1000 nm in concrete on chloride diffusion coefficient is more than that of total porosity of concrete, there is a better positive correlation between contributive porosities of radius 100~ 1000 nm in concrete and chloride diffusion coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the influence of temperature history on chloride diffusion of high volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete. Four different curing temperature histories, referenced as SDC (standard curing), SMC (steam curing), OC (outdoor curing) and TMC (massive concrete temperature matched curing), were set. Concretes with different replacement levels of fly ash were cast and cured under the four temperature histories, respectively. The variations of compressive strength, porosity and chloride diffusion coefficient with different ages were determined by experiment. SEM and XRD were used to analyze the microstructure and compositions of hydrated pastes. The results show that the performances of fly ash concrete were influenced by temperature histories. And the influence was more obvious with the addition of replacement level of fly ash. For ordinary concrete, higher accumulated temperature at early age got higher compressive strength, better pore structure and lower chloride diffusion coefficient, but had negative effects at later age compared to SDC. For HVFA concrete, it was beneficial for the development of performances. Although the chloride diffusion coefficient was higher than ordinary concrete at early age, it would become small even lower at later age. And higher accumulated temperature promoted this process. In addition, by utilizing the concept of maturity, good power function relations between chloride diffusion coefficient of fly ash concrete and Maturity were obtained at early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds1and2were synthesised using multi-component one-pot condensation reaction between 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde, urea/thiourea and ethyl/methyl acetoacetate, catalysed with Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O in methanol. Compounds1and2were purified and characterised using1H and13C NMR, mass and CHN analyses. Organic nanoparticles (ONPs) were developed from compounds1and2using reprecipitation technique. Size and morphology of nano-aggregatesN1andN2were analysed using DLS and transmission electron microscope techniques. Nano-aggregates of1and2were further subjected to chemosensory applications in aqueous medium. Efficient nano-aggregates of compound1have shown excellent detection limit of 0.04 nM for chloride in aqueous medium. None of the other anions tested caused any interference in the detection of chloride. However, nano-aggregates of compoundN2were not active for any particular ion in aqueous medium. The difference in the recognition properties can be due to the difference in the size and electronegativity of oxygen and sulfur moieties attached on1and2,respectively. The sensor was used to determine the chloride content in tap water. Results were validated using existing methods and the performance of theN1was found to be in a satisfactory error range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport of water and electrolytes in airway epithelia involves chloride-selective ion channels, which are controlled either by cytosolic Ca2+ or by cAMP. The contributions of the two pathways to chloride transport differ among vertebrate species. Because rats are becoming more important as animal model for cystic fibrosis, we have examined how Ca2+- dependent and cAMP- dependent Cl− secretion is organized in the rat tracheal epithelium. We examined the expression of the Ca2+-gated Cl− channel anoctamin 1 ( ANO1), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR) Cl− channel, the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC, and the water channel aquaporin 5 ( AQP5) in rat tracheal epithelium. The contribution of ANO1 channels to nucleotide-stimulated Cl− secretion was determined using the channel blocker Ani9 in short-circuit current recordings obtained from primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells in Ussing chambers. We found that ANO1, CFTR and AQP5 proteins were expressed in nonciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium, whereas ENaC was expressed in ciliated cells. Among nonciliated cells, ANO1 occurred together with CFTR and Muc5b and, in addition, in a different cell type without CFTR and Muc5b. Bioelectrical studies with the ANO1-blocker Ani9 indicated that ANO1 mediated the secretory response to the nucleotide uridine-5′-triphosphate. Our data demonstrate that, in rat tracheal epithelium, Cl− secretion and Na+ absorption are routed through different cell types, and that ANO1 channels form the molecular basis of Ca2+-dependent Cl− secretion in this tissue. These characteristic features of Cl−-dependent secretion reveal similarities and distinct differences to secretory processes in human airways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacoresistant seizures and cytotoxic cerebral edema are serious complications of ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Intraneuronal Cl − concentration ([Cl − ] i ) regulation impacts on both cell volume homeostasis and Cl − -permeable GABA A receptor-dependent membrane excitability. Understanding the pleiotropic molecular determinants of neuronal [Cl − ] i − cytoplasmic impermeant anions, polyanionic extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins, and plasmalemmal Cl − transporters − could help the identification of novel anticonvulsive and neuroprotective targets. The cation/Cl − cotransporters and ECM metalloproteinases may be particularly druggable targets for intervention. We establish here a paradigm that accounts for recent data regarding the complex regulatory mechanisms of neuronal [Cl − ] i and how these mechanisms impact on neuronal volume and excitability. We propose approaches to modulate [Cl − ] i that are relevant for two common clinical sequela of brain injury: edema and seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study is carried out with the aim to understand the interacted mechanism between carbonation and chloride aerosol attack in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Effects of carbonation on the chloride profile, the chloride binding capacity and the chloride diffusion coefficient are evaluated. Besides, effect of chloride aerosol attack on the carbonation rate is investigated. Concrete specimens with three water-to-cement ratios (0.38, 0.47 and 0.53) are fabricated in this work. Tested results demonstrate that carbonation remarkably affects the chloride profile, reduces the chloride binding capacity, and also accelerates the rate of chloride ion diffusion of concrete. Besides, the presence of chloride aerosol can lead to lower the carbonation depth and increase the pH value of carbonated concrete. Microscopic properties such as morphology, porosity, and pore size distribution for the contaminated concretes are explored by scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion porosimetry, which provide strong evidence to these research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persulfate (S2O82-)-based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has gained more attention in recent years due to the generation of highly reactive and selective sulfate radical (SO4•-). This study examined the effects of important groundwater chemical parameters, i.e., alkalinity, pH, and chloride on benzene degradation via heterogeneous persulfate activation by three Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing aquifer minerals: ferrihydrite, goethite, and pyrolusite. A comprehensive kinetic model was established to elucidate the mechanisms of radical generation and mineral surface complexation. Results showed that an increase of alkalinity up to 10 meq/L decreased the rates of persulfate decomposition and benzene degradation, which was associated with the formation of unreactive surface carbonato complexes. An increase in pH generally accelerated persulfate decomposition due to enhanced formation of reactive surface hydroxo complexation. A change in the chloride level up to 5 mM had a negligibly effect on the reaction kinetics. Kinetics modeling also suggested that SO4•- was transformed to hydroxyl radical (HO•) and carbonate radical (CO3•-) at higher pHs. Furthermore, the yields of two major products of benzene oxidation, i.e., phenol and aldehyde, were positively correlated with the branching ratio of SO4•- reacting with benzene, but inversely correlated with that of HO• or CO3•-, indicating that SO4•- preferentially oxidized benzene via pathways involving fewer hydroxylation steps compared to HO• or CO3•-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalloids have become the fluid of choice in critically ill patients and in the operating room both for fluid resuscitation and fluid maintenance. Among crystalloids, NaCl 0.9% has been the most widely used fluid. However, emerging evidence suggests that administration of 0.9% saline could be harmful mainly through high chloride content and that the use of fluid with low chloride content may be preferable in major surgery and intensive care patients. Administration of NaCl 0.9% is the leading cause of metabolic hyperchloraemic acidosis in critically ill patients and side effects might target coagulation, renal function, and ultimately increase mortality. More balanced solutions therefore may be used especially when large amount of fluids are administered in high-risk patients. In this review, we discuss physiological background favouring the use of balanced solutions as well as the most recent clinical data regarding the use of crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients and patients undergoing major surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of different operational parameters related to Fenton reactions (pH, concentration of Fe and HO, and reaction time) and of Cl and SO was investigated in the degradation of the azo dye Direct Red 81, expressed in terms of its decolorization. The factorial design and Pareto's charts showed that only Fe concentration and pH influence the decolorization under the conditions evaluated. So, only these parameters were optimized using the response surface model. Under the best experimental conditions (initial pH 2.5, 11 mg L Fe, 78 mg L HO, and 20 min of reaction), 94 % of decolorization was achieved. However, even under the these conditions, but in the presence of Cl and SO, a striking loss of efficiency was observed as the concentration of these ions was increased, due the formation of chloride- and sulfate-iron complexes and less reactive inorganic radicals (Cl and SO ). The results show that the presence of Cl is more deleterious, since sulfate-iron complexes are more reactive towards HO, and the SO turns out to favor the degradation. On the other hand, the negative effect of Cl can be compensated by increasing the chloride concentration up to 300 mmol L. In addition, although a high degradation level has been obtained by monitoring the dye absorbance and by HPLC-UV, a low mineralization occurred, being generated degradation products of higher ecotoxicity to Vibrio fischeri, showing the need of subsequent studies to identify these compounds as well as the application of additional treatments aiming the complete mineralization of the dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to investigate if the chloride content of fluids used in resuscitation was associated with short- and long-term outcomes.Design: We identified patients who received large-volume fluid resuscitation, defined as greater than 60 mL/kg over a 24-hour period. Chloride load was determined for each patient based on the chloride ion concentration of the fluids they received during large-volume fluid resuscitation multiplied by the volume of fluids. We compared the development of hyperchloremic acidosis, acute kidney injury, and survival among those with higher and lower chloride loads.Setting: University Medical Center.Patients: Patients admitted to ICUs from 2000 to 2008.Interventions: None.Measurements and Main Results: Among 4,710 patients receiving large-volume fluid resuscitation, hyperchloremic acidosis was documented in 523 (11%). Crude rates of hyperchloremic acidosis, acute kidney injury, and hospital mortality all increased significantly as chloride load increased (p < 0.001). However, chloride load was no longer associated with hyperchloremic acidosis or acute kidney injury after controlling for total fluids, age, and baseline severity. Conversely, each 100 mEq increase in chloride load was associated with a 5.5% increase in the hazard of death even after controlling for total fluid volume, age, and severity (p = 0.0015) over 1 year.Conclusions: Chloride load is associated with significant adverse effects on survival out to 1 year even after controlling for total fluid load, age, and baseline severity of illness. However, the relationship between chloride load and development of hyperchloremic acidosis or acute kidney injury is less clear, and further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of chloride load on survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted with an aim to remediate effluent from a pulp and paper mill, after treating it for 28 days with an aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata . The effluent had high BOD, COD, TS, TSS, TDS, P, hardness and chloride, and several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn) above national limits. However, the plant survived a wide range of effluent concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, v/v), and flourished well, particularly at 25% (v/v), resisted membrane injury and generation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 , showed better growth and induced all the major antioxidant enzymes. The plants also induced lipid peroxidation. Most of the elemental profiles were higher than the toxic levels stipulated for plants, indicating tolerance to metal. In fact, barring Fe, for Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mg and P, at all the effluent doses, and for Cd, Ni and Mn, up to 75% (v/v) effluent, greater concentrations were observed in leaf than in root. This plant was more suited for nutrient removal, as it effectively reduced BOD, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mg, P and increased dissolve oxygen. Further, pH, hardness, chloride, TS and Mn was reduced optimally by 25–50% (v/v) treatments. SEM revealed prominent structural damages from 50 to 100% treatments. Presence of Pb as well as Fe in the EDX peaks were observed in the cortex rather than in the root vascular zone. This plant could be suggested to be an effective phytoremediator of multi-contaminant effluent with maximum benefit at low doses (25–50%, v/v). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Citrate, the currently preferred anticoagulant for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), may influence acid-base equilibrium.Methods: The effect of 2 different citrate solutions on acid-base status was assessed according to the Stewart-Figge approach in two consecutive cohorts of critically ill adult patients. The first group received Prismocitrate 10/2 (PC10/2; 10 mmol citrate/L). The next group was treated with Prismocitrate 18/0 (PC18; 18 mmol citrate/L). Both groups received bicarbonate-buffered fluids in post-dilution.Results: At similar citrate flow, the metabolic acidosis present at baseline in both groups was significantly attenuated in PC18 patients but persisted in PC10/2 patients after 24 h of treatment (median pH 7,42 vs 7,28; p = 0.0001). Acidosis in the PC10/2 group was associated with a decreased strong ion difference and an increased strong ion gap (respectively 43 vs. 51 mmol/L and 17 vs. 12 mmol/L, PC10/2 vs. PC18; both p = 0.001). Chloride flow was higher in PC10/2 than in PC18 subjects (25.9 vs 14.3 mmol/L blood; p < 0.05).Conclusion: Correction of acidosis was blunted in patients who received 10 mmol citrate/L as regional anticoagulation during CVVH. This could be explained by differences in chloride flow between the applied citrate solutions inducing hyperchloremic acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overlaying an existing bridge deck with a low-permeability concrete layer would ideally reduce the rate of ingress of chloride, thus delaying the corrosion process. It is essential to study the effect of overlays on the service life of bridge decks. A bridge deck with latex-modified concrete (LMC) overlay was selected, as a part of the Federal Highway Administration s Long-Term Bridge Performance project, in the state of New Jersey for corrosion testing and modeling. Electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted and samples were collected for laboratory testing. Powdered concrete samples at various depths contained higher chloride contents in the LMC overlay than expected. Although the rapid chloride permeability test showed significantly lower permeability for the LMC layer, chloride diffusion rates and percent saturation were higher than in the original deck concrete. Because the chlorides mainly diffuse through concrete pore water, despite the lower permeability of the LMC layer, 40% of the chloride contents at bar depths were higher than 1 lb/yd³ (0.59 kg/m³). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebrates need to maintain extracellular chloride (Cl–) concentrations to ensure the normal operation of physiological processes; the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments necessitated the development of sophisticated mechanisms to ensure Cl– homeostasis in the face of fluctuating Cl– levels. Zebrafish calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), unlike its splice variant calcitonin, does not respond to environmental Ca2+ levels. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that CGRP is involved in the control of body fluid Cl– homeostasis. Acclimation to high-Cl– artificial water stimulated the mRNA expression of cgrp and the receptor (crlr1) when compared with low- Cl–. CGRP knockdown induced upregulation of the Na+-Cl– co-transporter (ncc2b), while overexpression of CGRP resulted in the downregulation of ncc2b mRNA synthesis and a simultaneous decrease in Cl– uptake in embryos. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of either cgrp or crlr1 was found to increase the density of NCC2b-expressing cells in embryos. This is the first demonstration that CGRP acts as a hypochloremic hormone through suppressing NCC2b expression and the differentiation of NCC-expressing ionocytes. Elucidation of this novel function of CGRP in fish body fluid Cl– homeostasis promises to enhance our understanding of the related physiology in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental risk of fluoride and chloride pollution is pronounced in soils adjacent to solar photovoltaic sites. The elevated levels of fluoride and chloride in these soils have had significant impacts on the population size and overall biological activity of the soil microbial communities. The microbial community also plays an essential role in remediation of these soils. Questions remain as to how the fluoride and chloride contamination and subsequent remediation at these sites have impacted the population structure of the soil microbial communities. We analyzed the microbial communities in soils collected from close to a solar photovoltaic enterprise by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA tag. In addition, we used multivariate statistics to identity the relationships shared between sequence diversity and heterogeneity in the soil environment. The overall microbial communities were surprisingly diverse, harboring a wide variety of taxa and sharing significant correlations with different degrees of fluoride and chloride contamination. The contaminated soils harbored abundant bacteria that were probably resistant to the high acidity, high fluoride and chloride concentration, and high osmotic pressure environment. The dominant genera were Sphingomonas, Subgroup_ 6_ norank, Clostridium sensu stricto, Nitrospira, Rhizomicrobium, and Acidithiobacillus. The results of this study provide new information regarding a previously uncharacterized ecosystem and show the value of high-throughput sequencing in the study of complex ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bleomycin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is frequently used in the treatment of various cancers. Bleomycin causes serious adverse effects via antioxidant defense abnormalities against reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the current cervical cancer monodrug therapy strategy has failed to produce the expected outcomes; hence, combinational therapies are gaining great interest. Tea polyphenols are also effective antioxidative and chemo-preventive agents. However, the combined effect of tea polyphenol (TPP) and bleomycin (BLM) against cervical cancer remains unknown. In this study, we focused on the potential of TPP on BLM anticancer activity against cervical cancer cells. Cervical cancer cells (SiHa) were treated with various concentrations of TPP, BLM and TPP combined with BLM (TPP-BLM), and their effects on cell growth, intracellular reactive oxygen species, poly-caspase activity, early apoptosis and the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, Bcl-2 and p53 were assessed. The MTT assay revealed that the SiHa cells were less sensitive to growth inhibition by TPP treatment compared with both BLM and the combination therapy. Nuclear staining indicated that exposure to TPP-BLM increased the percentage of apoptotic nuclei compared with a mono-agent treatment. Caspase activation assay demonstrated that proportion of early and late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cells was higher in the cells treated with the combination therapy than in those treated with either TPP or BLM alone. The TPP-BLM treatment synergistically induced apoptosis through caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation, Bcl-2 upregulation and p53 overexpression. This study suggests that TPP-BLM may be used as an efficient antioxidant-based combination therapy for cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the Cl requirement for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (DA, 5-HT, and NE) transport and induced current via the transporters for these transmitters, DAT, SERT, and NET. Indirect evidence exists for the passage of Cl ions through monoamine transporters; however, direct evidence is sparse. An unanswered question is why in some preparations, notably native neurons, it appears that Cl ions carry the current through DAT, whereas in heterologous expression systems Na ions carry the current often referred to as the uncoupled current. It is suggested that different functional states in monoamine transporters represent conformational states that carry dominantly Cl or Na. Structures of monoamine transporters contribute enormously to structure-function relationships; however, thus far no structural features support the functionally relevant ionic currents that are known to exist in monoamine transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of aluminum chloride were investigated on the hemoglobin content in adult Tilapia Zillii that exposed to different concentration of 25μg, 50μg and 100μg aluminum per liter of acidic soft water PH 6.0 . This effect has been examined in the treated groups for three progressive time periods 24, 48 and 96 hours from beginning of exposure to aluminum. Results showed significant increase in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinhibition caused by Cl- dysregulation is implicated in several neurological disorders. This form of disinhibition, which stems primarily from impaired Cl- extrusion through the co-transporter KCC2, is typically identified by a depolarizing shift in GABA reversal potential (EGABA). Here we show, using computer simulations, that intracellular [Cl-] exhibits exaggerated fluctuations during transient Cl- loads and recovers more slowly to baseline when KCC2 level is even modestly reduced. Using information theory and signal detection theory, we show that increased Cl- lability and settling time degrade neural coding. Importantly, these deleterious effects manifest after less KCC2 reduction than needed to produce the gross changes in EGABA required for detection by most experiments, which assess KCC2 function under weak Cl- load conditions. By demonstrating the existence and functional consequences of "occult" Cl- dysregulation, these results suggest that modest KCC2 hypofunction plays a greater role in neurological disorders than previously believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding chromic chloride (CrCl 3 ) in the drinking water of chickens. Hyland brown male chickens were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups orally received 1/2 LD 50 , 1/4 LD 50 , and 1/8 LD 50 CrCl 3 mg kg −1 body weight daily for 42 d. The fourth group was treated with water. The chickens were sacrificed at 14, 28, and 42 d post-treatment. The renal injury was examined through histological analysis, and kidney mass was determined. The effects on growth performance were assessed by measuring the weight of the body, chest muscles, and leg muscles. Oxidative damage was evaluated by determining the antioxidant defense levels in kidney homogenates. The body weight and the weight of tissues gained time-dependently, but significantly decreased compared with those in the control group ( P < 0.05) at the same exposure time. Administering Cr 3+ significantly increased the levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide in the kidney compared with those in the control groups. Whereas, administering Cr 3+ reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total an-tioxidant capacity compared with those in the control group ( P < 0.05) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, oral administration of CrCl 3 decreases the growth performance of chickens, leads to the pathological lesions and affects nephritic antioxidant capacity in the kidney dose- and time-dependently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are active against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Beyond their antibacterial activity, they are reported to have various immunomodulatory properties. It has been shown that they reduce the secretion of cytokines as well as influence the humoral and cellular immune response. In the field conditions antibiotics are frequently administered at the same time as vaccines in pigs and, in the view of their potential immunomodulatory properties, it is important to examine their effect on the development and persistence of the post-vaccinal immune response. Ceftiofur is a very popular veterinary medicine third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity. It has been shown that it can inhibit cytokines secretion and in this way can potentially affect host immune response. The influence of ceftiofur on the immune response has not yet been investigated in pigs. In the present study we evaluated the influence of therapeutic doses of ceftiofur hydrochloride on the post-vaccinal immune response after vaccination with two model vaccines (live and inactivated). Methods: Seventy pigs were divided into five groups: control, unvaccinated (C), control vaccinated against swine influenza (SI-V), control vaccinated against pseudorabies (PR-V), vaccinated against SI during ceftiofur administration (SICEF) and vaccinated against PR during ceftiofur administration (PR-CEF). Pigs from SICEF and PR-CEF groups received therapeutic dose of ceftiofur for five days. Pigs from SI-CEF, PR-CEF, SIV and PR-V groups were vaccinated against SI and PR. Antibodies to PRV were determined with the use of blocking ELISA tests (IDEXX Laboratories, USA). Humoral responses to SIV were assessed based on haemagglutination inhibition assay. T-cell response was analyzed with the use of proliferation test. The concentrations of IFN- γ and IL-4 in culture supernatant were determined with the use of ELISA kits Invitrogen Corporation, USA). Results: The significant delay in the development of humoral response against pseudorabies virus (PRV) as well as a significant suppression of production of antibodies against swine influenza virus (SIV) was found in pigs receiving ceftiofur hydrochloride at the time of vaccination. The cellular immune response against PRV was also significantly affected by ceftiofur. In contrast, there were no significant differences between vaccinated groups with regard to the T-cell response against SIV. From day 28 of study to day 70, the concentration of INF-γ in culture supernatants were significantly lower in group treated with ceftiofur after restimulation with PRV. While, no significant differences were observed after restimulation of PBMC with H3N2 SIV. Conclusions: The effect of an antibiotic therapy with ceftiofur hydrochloride on the humoral and cellular post-vaccinal immune responses in pigs was investigated. Ceftiofur hydrochloride was given in therapeutic doses. The results of the present study indicate that both, humoral and cell-mediated post-vaccinal immune responses can be modulated by treatment with ceftiofur hydrochloride. The results of our study point out that caution should be taken when administered this antibiotic during vaccination of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride is one of the main factors responsible for damages related to the corrosion of the concrete reinforcement in marine environments. It is known that this mechanism of degradation is directly related to environmental variables. Within this context, it can be inserted the global climate change. This paper deals with the effects of temperature and relative humidity changes on the service life of concrete structures affected by chloride attack. This way, three situations of environmental aggressiveness were simulated: past, current, and future. Then, models for predicting the chlorides penetration were analyzed to the three selected situations. So, a practical methodology is presented, and the results are consistent with the literature data. Among the results, it can be noted that changes in temperature and relative humidity identified in a period of 100 years were responsible for a reduction from 7.8 to 10.2 years of service life. Most standards provide a design service life of 50 years for reinforced concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With providers becoming more selective in ordering daily chemistry profiles, it is critical that profiles ordered are accurate. Contaminated electrolyte profiles are an overlooked and potentially dangerous source of inaccurate clinical data. This study aimed to develop a method to accurately identify electrolyte profiles contaminated with normal saline to prevent reporting of erroneous measurements. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 76,497 electrolyte profiles from 5032 patients in a deidentified clinical database of all patients in the electronic medical record at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Five methods to identify errors in quantification based on either deviations from observed concentration distributions or expected numerical changes from saline contamination were developed and tested. Potentially contaminated measurements were validated based on changes in electrolyte concentrations observed in the subsequent sample. Results: Identification of erroneous electrolyte profiles based on absolute and percent deviations from normal variation rarely resulted in > 50% of identified samples validated as contaminated. A targeted methodology based on expected changes in calcium and chloride concentrations due to saline contamination validated approximately 80% of identified samples when higher thresholds for changes in electrolyte concentration were used and 50% of identified samples when lower thresholds were used. Conclusions: Targeted methodology based on changes in chloride and calcium successfully identified electrolyte profiles suspicious for contamination. Implementation of this methodology could prevent misinterpretation of a patient's clinical course, inappropriate interventions, and unwarranted changes in treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride is in many ways the forgotten electrolyte. Recent evidence suggests that hyperchloraemia results in metabolic acidosis, and is associated with renal dysfunction, increased mortality, coagulation disturbances, splanchnic ischaemia, and a proinflammatory state. The renal effects and the increased mortality are the best established and most concerning of these associations. The choice of intravenous fluids significantly influences the development of hyperchloraemia. Further studies are required to confirm or refute these associations. In the interim high-chloride fluids, most commonly 0.9% saline, should be avoided as resuscitation fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present research was to develop a bilayer tablet of venlafaxine hydrochloride for bimodal drug release. In the present investigation authors have tried to explore fenugreek mucilage (FNM) for bioadhesive sustained release layer. The attempt has been made to combine FNM with well studied bioadhesive polymers like hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Carbopol, and Xanthan Gum. The formulations were evaluated for swelling Index, ex vivo bioadhesion, water uptake studies, in vitro drug release and dissolution kinetics was studied. Substantial bioadhesion force (2.4 ± 0.023 g) and tablet adhesion retention time (24 ± 2 h) was observed with FNM and HPMC combination at 80:20 ratio. The dissolution kinetics followed the Higuchi model (R² = 0.9913) via a non-Fickian diffusion controlled release mechanism after the initial burst. The 3² full factorial design was employed in the present study. The type of polymers used in combination with FNM (X1) and percent polymer replaced with FNM (X2) were taken as independent formulations variables. The selected responses, bioadhesion force (0.11-0.25 ± 0.023 g), amount of drug released in 10 h, Y10 (78.20-95.78 ± 1.24%) and bioadhesive strength, (19-24 ± 2 h) presented good correlation with the selected independent variables. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the optimized bilayer formulations showed no significant difference in the cumulative amount of drug release after 15 min, but significant difference (p < 0.05) in the amount of drug released after 1 hr till 12 h from optimized formulations was observed. The natural mucilage like FNM could be successfully incorporated into tablet with only 20% replacement with HPMC and it showed good bioadhesiveness and sustained drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel present in the membrane of epithelial cells. Mutations affecting the CFTR gene cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a multi-organ severe disease. The most common CF mutation, F508del, impairs the processing and activity (gating) of CFTR protein. Other mutations, like G551D, only cause a gating defect. Processing and gating defects can be targeted by small molecules called generically correctors and potentiators, respectively. Aminoarylthiazoles (AATs) represent an interesting class of compounds that includes molecules with dual activity, as correctors and potentiators. With the aim to improve the activity profile of AATs, we have now designed and synthesized a library of novel compounds in order to establish an initial SAR that may provide indications about the chemical groups that are beneficial or detrimental for rescue activity. The new compounds were tested as correctors and potentiators in CFBE41o-expressing F508del-CFTR using a functional assay. A dual active compound, AAT- 4a , characterized by improved efficacy and marked synergy when combined with the corrector VX-809 has been identified. Moreover, by computational methods, a possible binding site for AATs in nucleotide binding domain NBD1 has been detected. These results will direct the synthesis of new analogues with possibly improved activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altered inhibitory function is an important facet of epileptic pathology. A key concept is that GABAergic activity can become excitatory if intraneuronal chloride rises. However, it has proved difficult to separate the role of raised chloride from other contributory factors in complex network phenomena, such as epileptic pathology. Therefore, we asked what patterns of activity are associated with chloride dysregulation by making novel use of Halorhodopsin to load clusters of mouse pyramidal cells artificially with Cl- Brief (1-10 s) activation of Halorhodopsin caused substantial positive shifts in the GABAergic reversal potential that were proportional to the charge transfer during the illumination and in adult neocortical pyramidal neurons decayed with a time constant of T = 8.0 ± 2.8s. At the network level, these positive shifts in EGABA produced a transient rise in network excitability, with many distinctive features of epileptic foci, including high-frequency oscillations with evidence of out-of-phase firing (Ibarz et al., 2010). We showhow such firing patterns can arise from quite small shifts in the mean intracellular Cl- level, within heterogeneous neuronal populations. Notably, however, chloride loading by itself did not trigger full ictal events, even with additional electrical stimulation to the underlying white matter. In contrast, when performed in combination with low, subepileptic levels of 4-aminopyridine, Halorhodopsin activation rapidly induced full ictal activity. These results suggest that chloride loading has at most an adjunctive role in ictogenesis. Our simulations also show how chloride loading can affect the jitter of action potential timing associated with imminent recruitment to an ictal event (Netoff and Schiff, 2002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetirizine dihydrochloride, a pharmaceutical drug of the class antihistamines is frequently detected in wastewater samples. In the present work, the degradation of Cetirizine dihydrochloride is carried out using a novel technique of laccase enzyme as a catalyst under the influence of ultrasound irradiation. Effect of various process parameters such as enzyme loading, temperature, power, duty cycle, frequency and speed of agitation has been studied along with identification of the degradation intermediates. The maximum degradation of 91% is achieved at optimized experimental parameters such as 0.02% enzyme loading (w/v), 50 °C temperature, power input of 100 W, 25 kHz frequency and 50% duty cycle with agitation speed of 200 rpm. It is observed that enzymatic degradation of Cetirizine dihydrochloride under the influence of ultrasound irradiation not only enhances the degradation but also reduces the time of degradation as compared to conventional enzymatic degradation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently reported that, in a concentration-dependent manner, chloride protects hepatic glutathione transferase zeta 1 from inactivation by dichloroacetate, an investigational drug used in treating various acquired and congenital metabolic diseases. Despite the importance of chloride ions in normal physiology, and decades of study of chloride transport across membranes, the literature lacks information on chloride concentrations in animal tissues other than blood. In this study we measured chloride concentrations in human liver samples from male and female donors aged 1 day to 84 years (n = 97). Because glutathione transferase zeta 1 is present in cytosol and, to a lesser extent, in mitochondria, we measured chloride in these fractions by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis following conversion of the free chloride to pentafluorobenzylchloride. We found that chloride concentration decreased with age in hepatic cytosol but increased in liver mitochondria. In addition, chloride concentrations in cytosol, (105.2 ± 62.4 mM; range: 24.7–365.7 mM) were strikingly higher than those in mitochondria (4.2 ± 3.8 mM; range 0.9–22.2 mM). These results suggest a possible explanation for clinical observations seen in patients treated with dichloroacetate, whereby children metabolize the drug more rapidly than adults following repeated doses, and also provide information that may influence our understanding of normal liver physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road deicing operations have raised chloride (Cl) levels in many temperate lakes in Europe and North America. These lakes vary widely in trophic status, but to date, no one has quantified the interaction between food quantity and road salt toxicity. We examined the effects of food quantity (particulate algal C concentration (C)) on the chronic toxicity of Cl to Daphnia in soft-water bioassays. There was a strong positive linear relationship (r² = 0.92 for NaCl and r² = 0.96 for CaCl2) between food quantity and Cl LC50. As food quantity increased from 0.2 to 1.0 mg C/L (levels characteristic of oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes, respectively), the chronic Cl LC50 increased from 55.7 to 284.8 mg Cl/L. Salt type (NaCl or CaCl2) did not affect the Cl LC50, Daphnia life history parameters, or the intrinsic rate of population increase (r). The life history parameter most sensitive to Cl was neonate production. Cl did not inhibit egg production, nor was the maternal lipid investment in eggs changed, but egg viability and the subsequent release of live neonates decreased as Cl levels increased and food decreased. Our results suggest the trophic status of lakes should be considered when assessing ecological threat from Cl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laccases have been used for the decolorization and detoxification of synthetic dyes due to their ability to oxidize a wide variety of dyes with water as the sole byproduct. A putative laccase gene (LacTT) from Thermus thermophilus SG0.5JP17-16 was screened using the genome mining approach, and it was highly expressed in Pichia pastoris, yielding a high laccase activity of 6130 U/L in a 10-L fermentor. The LacTT open reading frame encoded a protein of 466 amino acid residues with four putative Cu-binding regions. The optimal pH of the recombinant LacTT was 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 8.0 with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine (SGZ), guaiacol, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) as the substrate, respectively. The optimal temperature of LacTT was 90°C with guaiacol as the substrate. LacTT was highly stable at pH 4.0–11.0 and thermostable at 40°C–90°C, confirming that it is a pH-stable and thermostable laccase. Furthermore, LacTT also exhibited high tolerance to halides such as NaCl, NaBr and NaF, and decolorized 100%, 94%, 94% and 73% of Congo Red, Reactive Black B and Reactive Black WNN, and Remazol Brilliant Blue R, respectively. Interestingly, addition of high concentration of NaCl increased the RBBR decolorization efficiency of LacTT. These results suggest that LacTT is a good candidate for industrial applications such as dyestuff processing and degradation of dyes in textile wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In a previous study, restricting intravenous chloride administration in ICU patients decreased the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). To test the robustness of this finding, we extended our observation period to 12 months. Methods: The study extension included a 1-year control period (18 August 2007 to 17 August 2008) and a 1-year intervention period (18 February 2009 to 17 February 2010). During the extended control period, patients received standard intravenous fluids. During the extended intervention period, we continued to restrict all chloride-rich fluids. We used the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging to define AKI. Results: We studied 1,476 control and 1,518 intervention patients. Stages 2 and 3 of KDIGO defined AKI decreased from 302 (20.5 %; 95 % CI, 18.5-22.6 %) to 238 (15.7 %; 95 % CI, 13.9-17.6 %) ( P < 0.001) and the use of RRT from 144 (9.8 %; 95 % CI, 8.3-11.4 %) to 103 (6.8 %; 95 % CI, 5.6-8.2 %) ( P = 0.003). After adjustment for relevant covariates, liberal chloride therapy remained associated with a greater risk of KDIGO stages 2 and 3 [hazard ratio 1.32 (95 % CI 1.11-1.58); P = 0.002] and use of RRT [hazard ratio 1.44 (95 % CI 1.10-1.88); P = 0.006]. However, on sensitivity assessment of each 6-month period, KDIGO stages 2 and 3 increased in the new extended intervention period compared with the original intervention period. Conclusions: On extended assessment, the overall impact of restricting chloride-rich fluids on AKI remained. However, sensitivity analysis suggested that other unidentified confounders may have also contributed to fluctuations in the incidence of AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) is a new anticholinergic drug, which has been shown to have a good curative effect for sepsis. Beta arrestins have been demonstrated to play important roles in sepsis. This study is to investigate the effects of PHC on pulmonary microvascular permeability and on expressions of beta arrestins in lung injury induced by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure. Materials and methods Thirty healthy female mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10 each): sham operation group (control group), CLP group (CLP group), and PHC 0.45 mg/kg group (PHC group). In the PHC group, mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of PHC 0.45 mg/kg 1 h before surgery. Mice in the other two groups received an intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline. At 12 h after surgery, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected to examine lung permeability index. The lung tissue samples were collected to examine expressions of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), NF-κB, and beta arrestins. Results Compared with the control group, pulmonary microvascular permeability, MPO activity, NF-κB, VCAM-1, and MLCK expressions were significantly increased, whereas VE-cadherin and beta-arrestin protein expressions were obviously decreased in CLP group. Furthermore, compared with the CLP group, PHC group markedly decreased pulmonary microvascular permeability, MPO activity, NF-κB, VCAM-1, and MLCK expressions, and increased expressions of VE-cadherin and beta arrestins. Conclusions This study suggests that in the CLP-induced lung injury model, PHC could reduce pulmonary microvascular permeability by upregulating expressions of beta arrestins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation was designed to study the effect of chronic fluoride (F) ingestion and aging on disaccharidase activities and intestinal solute uptake in ethanol fed rats. Sodium fluoride (NaF, 25mg/kg) or/and 30% ethanol (EtOH, 1mL/kg) was given to 6- and 18-month-old animals daily through the intra-gastric route for 20, 40, and 90 days. Disaccharidase activities in the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) were significantly decreased with age and the NaF or/and EtOH treatments. However, in each age group, the observed decline in enzyme activities was maximum in co-treated animals. Intestinal solute uptake in the control group showed a significant decline with age. Animals receiving F exhibited a progressive increase (6-month-old animals) and decline (18-month-old animals) in solute uptake from day 20 to 90. Administration of EtOH alone, or together with F, showed a significant reduction in intestinal solute uptake in both age groups. These findings suggest that F and aging impair disaccharidase enzyme activities and intestinal solute uptake in a duration specific manner and these effects are aggravated with alcohol co-administration. These changes may affect the overall absorptive and transport functions in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between the chloride content of intravenous resuscitation fluids and patient outcomes in the perioperative or intensive care setting. Methods Systematic searches were performed of PubMed/ MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library ( CENTRAL) databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials and observational studies were included if they compared outcomes in acutely ill or surgical patients receiving either high-chloride (ion concentration greater than 111 mmol/l up to and including 154 mmol/l) or lower-chloride (concentration 111 mmol/l or less) crystalloids for resuscitation. Endpoints examined were mortality, measures of kidney function, serum chloride, hyperchloraemia/metabolic acidosis, blood transfusion volume, mechanical ventilation time, and length of hospital and intensive care unit stay. Risk ratios ( RRs), mean differences ( MDs) or standardized mean differences ( SMDs) and confidence intervals were calculated using fixed-effect modelling. Results The search identified 21 studies involving 6253 patients. High-chloride fluids did not affect mortality but were associated with a significantly higher risk of acute kidney injury ( RR 1·64, 95 per cent c.i. 1·27 to 2·13; P < 0·001) and hyperchloraemia/metabolic acidosis ( RR 2·87, 1·95 to 4·21; P < 0·001). High-chloride fluids were also associated with greater serum chloride ( MD 3·70 (95 per cent c.i. 3·36 to 4·04) mmol/l; P < 0·001), blood transfusion volume ( SMD 0·35, 0·07 to 0·63; P = 0·014) and mechanical ventilation time ( SMD 0·15, 0·08 to 0·23; P < 0·001). Sensitivity analyses excluding heavily weighted studies resulted in non-statistically significant effects for acute kidney injury and mechanical ventilation time. Conclusion A weak but significant association between higher chloride content fluids and unfavourable outcomes was found, but mortality was unaffected by chloride content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electro-catalytic oxidation enhanced cross-flow nanofiltration system has been carried out to treat tetracycline hydrochloride wastewater, using Ti/SnO 2 –Sb anodes prepared by the method of pulse electrodeposited and the membrane of NF90 in the laboratory-scale membrane module. The effects of electro-catalytic oxidation for controlling the fouling of the membrane and concentration polarization were studied in the present paper. Flux change and filtration resistance were studied in order to characterize weakening the concentration polarization and membrane fouling by the introduction of electro-catalytic oxidation. A comparative study between classic nanofiltration and coupling process was then performed at different operating conditions including current density, operating pressure, cross flow velocity and the initial feed concentration. Experimental results showed that electro-catalytic oxidation could reduce the resistance of concentration polarization and cake layer. The filtration rate was found to increase with the increasing in current density and transmembrane pressure. It was no response that did the filtration rate has on the cross flow velocity due to a thin layer of concentration polarization, which was caused by the introduction of electro-catalytic oxidation. Permeate flux decreased with the increasing in initial feed concentration. Morphological difference of the membrane surface between the two processes was studied by a scanning electron microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of nitrosochlorides based on 2-alkylidene adamantanes and 1Н-azoles in pyridine medium produced α-azolyl oximes of adamantane series. The reaction occurred as a conjugated 1,4-addition to in situ generated nitrosoalkenes acting as Michael acceptors. The structure of phenyl-[2-(4-phenyl-1Н-imidazol-1-yl)adamantan-2-yl]methanone (Е)-oxime was studied by X-ray crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the toxicological effect of dietary nickel chloride (NiCl2) on the counts of intestinal bacteria and diversity of microorganisms in broilers. Plate counting and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) assays were used. A total of 240 one-day-old avian broilers chicks were divided into four equal groups and kept on corn-soybean basal diet along with supplementation of 0, 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg NiCl2 for 42 days. Samples were taken at 21 and 42 days of age during the experiment. The bacterial count results showed that dietary NiCl2 in the range of 300 to 900 mg/kg decreased the counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus , increased Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp. in the ileum and cecum. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that bacterial band numbers, profile similarity, and the Shannon index of the ileum and cecum were all decreased in the 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg groups at 21 and 42 days of age. In conclusion, dietary NiCl2 affected the amount and diversity of intestinal microbiota in the ileum and cecum of broilers. This finding implies that NiCl2 has toxicological effect on the intestinal ecosystem and, possibly functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The effect of rootstock on chloride ( Cl−) and sodium ( Na+) exclusion capacity and yield of Chardonnay and Shiraz was investigated in the final 2 years (2007/08 and 2008/09) of a long-term (14-year) saline irrigation trial. Methods and Results Chardonnay and Shiraz, on own roots and on nine rootstocks, were irrigated for the first 12 seasons with water of electrical conductivity ( ECiw) of 2.1 dS/m, with 7.15 ML/ha the mean total applied. The final two seasons were years of water restrictions, where the vines were irrigated with water of (mean) ECiw of 1.65 dS/m at a seasonal application of 3.04 ML/ha. Vines on own roots had a relatively low yield, for example 2.0 kg/vine ( Chardonnay) and 8.8 kg/vine ( Shiraz), and a high concentration of both chloride and sodium in grape juice (>1000 mg/L for Chardonnay and >500 mg/L for Shiraz). Ramsey and 1103 Paulsen rootstocks produced a high yield of 11-12 kg/vine with Chardonnay, and Ramsey and C7 produced a high yield of 23.5-24.5 kg/vine with Shiraz. Chardonnay on C5 and Shiraz on C7 rootstocks had the lowest concentration of grape juice chloride and sodium (in each case <50 mg/L). Conclusions Yield, a measure of salt tolerance, was positively correlated with rootstock-conferred vigour, measured by scion pruning mass. Neither yield nor pruning mass correlated with the concentration of either chloride or sodium in grape juice or in trunk wood, except that Shiraz yield correlated negatively with trunk wood Cl−. Significance of the Study This is the first long-term (>10 years) study to compare the effect of rootstocks on the tolerance of Chardonnay and Shiraz to salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]