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The use of 234Th–238U disequilibrium has been widely employed to estimate the sinking flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the upper sea and ocean. Here, the deficits of 234Th relative to 238U in the water column and the carbon isotope signature (δ13C) of POC in the East China Sea (ECS) Shelf were measured, which was used to distinguish the fraction of marine and terrestrial POC export fluxes. In the ECS Shelf, very strong deficits of 234Th relative to 238U were observed throughout the water column, with 234Th/238U activity ratios ranging from 0.158 ± 0.045 to 0.904 ± 0.068 (averaging 0.426 ± 0.159). The residence times of particle reactive radionuclide 234Th (τTh–T) in the ECS shelf water varied between 9 and 44 days, which is significantly shorter than that in the continental slope area or the basin area. This phenomenon indicates that there is a more rapid particle scavenging process in the ECS shelf water compared to the continental slope and basin upper water. By applying a two-end-member mixing model based on the δ13C, the fraction of terrestrial POC was estimated to be 0 to 74% (mean: 30 ± 22%) and the fraction of marine POC was in the range of 25% to 100% (mean: 70 ± 22%). Fluxes of marine and terrestrial POC settling to the seafloor exhibited significant spatial differences among different stations, ranging from 11 to 129 mmol C/m2/day and from 2.6 to 38 mmol C/m2/day, respectively. The averaged terrestrial POC fluxes in the southern and northern ECS Shelf were similar (~ 21 to 24 mmol C/m2/day), while the marine POC fluxes in the north (86 ± 37 mmol C/m2/day) were approximately four times higher than those in the south (26 ± 20 mmol C/m2/day). Interestingly, the estimated export flux of both marine and terrestrial POC were approximately one order of magnitude higher than the previously reported burial fluxes of POC (ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 11.4 ± 1.1 mmol C/m2/day) in the underlying bottom sediments, indicating that the majority (> 90%) of both terrestrial and marine POC exported from the upper water column are degraded in the sediments of the ECS Shelf. This "carbon missing" phenomenon can greatly be attributed to rapid decomposition by other processes (including microbial reworking, cross-shelf transport, and possible consumption by benthic organisms). Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of carbon cycling in the continental shelf and the need for further research to understand these processes and improve carbon budget assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the export flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) using 234Th as a tracer in the western Indian Ocean along 60°E and 67°E transects in 2017 and 2018. The Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR), where production is relatively high due to nutrient replenishment by upwelling of subsurface water, was observed at 3°S - 12°S in 2017 and 4°S - 13°S both 60°E and 67°E in 2018. POC fluxes in 2017 showed no differences between the SCTR and non-SCTR regions. However, in 2018, the POC fluxes in the SCTR regions (8.52 ± 7.89 mmol C m-2 d-1) were one order of magnitude higher than those observed in the non-SCTR regions (0.63 ± 0.07 mmol C m-2 d-1), which appeared to be related to the strong upwelling of subsurface water. These POC fluxes were comparable to those observed under bloom conditions, and thus, are important for estimating the efficiency of carbon sequestration in the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the export flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) using 234Th as a tracer in the western Indian Ocean along 60°E and 67°E transects in 2017 and 2018. The Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR), where production is relatively high due to nutrient replenishment by upwelling of subsurface water, was observed at 3°S – 12°S in 2017 and 4°S – 13°S both 60°E and 67°E in 2018. POC fluxes in 2017 showed no differences between the SCTR and non-SCTR regions. However, in 2018, the POC fluxes in the SCTR regions (8.52 ± 7.89 mmol C m–2 d–1) were one order of magnitude higher than those observed in the non-SCTR regions (0.63 ± 0.07 mmol C m–2 d–1), which appeared to be related to the strong upwelling of subsurface water. These POC fluxes were comparable to those observed under bloom conditions, and thus, are important for estimating the efficiency of carbon sequestration in the ocean.

Estimating the particulate organic carbon (POC) export flux from the upper ocean is fundamental for understanding the efficiency of the biological carbon pump driven by sinking particles in the oceans. The downward POC flux from the surface ocean based on 210Po-210Pb disequilibria in seawater samples from the western North Pacific Ocean (w-NPO) was measured in the early summer (May-June) of 2018. All the profiles showed a large 210Po deficiency relative to 210Pb in the euphotic zone (0–150 m), while this 210Po deficiency vanished below ∼500 m (with 210Po/210Pb ∼1 or > 1). A one-dimensional steady-state irreversible scavenging model was used to quantify the scavenging and removal fluxes of 210Po and 210Pb in the euphotic zone of the w-NPO. In the upper ocean (0–150 m), dissolved 210Po (D-Po) was scavenged into particles with a residence time of 0.6–5.5 year, and the 210Po export flux out of the euphotic zone was estimated as (0.33–3.49) × 104 dpm/m2/year, resulting in a wide range of particulate 210Po (P-Po) residence times (83–921 days). However, in the deep ocean (150–1,000 m), 210Po was transferred from the particulate phase to the dissolved phase. Using an integrated POC inventory and the P-Po residence times (Eppley model) in the w-NPO euphotic zone, the POC export fluxes (mmol C/m2/d) varied from 0.6 ± 0.2 to 8.8 ± 0.4. In comparison, applying the POC/210Po ratio of all (>0.45 μm) particles to 210Po export flux (Buesseler model), the obtained POC export fluxes (mmol C/m2/d) ranged from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 8.6 ± 0.8. Both Buesseler and Eppley methods showed enhanced POC export fluxes at stations near the continental shelf (i.e., Luzon Strait and the Oyashio-Kuroshio mixing region). The Eppley model-based 210Po-derived POC fluxes agreed well with the Buesseler model-based fluxes, indicating that both models are suitable for assessing POC fluxes in the w-NPO. The POC export efficiency was < 15%, suggesting a moderate biological carbon pump efficiency in the w-NPO. These low export efficiencies may be associated with the dominance of smaller particles and the processes of degradation and subsequent remineralization of these small particles in the euphotic zone of oligotrophic regions in the w-NPO.

Due to the remoteness and difficulty of sampling, the 210Po and 210Pb data are scarce in the Southern Ocean. Here, the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb around Prydz Bay in austral summer were determined to understand their spatial variation and evaluate the dynamics of particle organic matter (POM). The activity concentrations of dissolved 210Po (D210Po) and 210Pb (D210Pb) range from 0.47 to 3.20 Bq⋅m–3 and from 1.15 to 2.97 Bq⋅m–3, respectively, with the lower values in the shelf. The particulate 210Po (P210Po) and 210Pb (P210Pb) are lower in the open ocean and increase to the coastal waters, among which the circumpolar deep water (CDW) is the lowest. The activity concentration of total 210Pb (T210Pb) ranges from 1.26 Bq⋅m–3 to 3.16 Bq⋅m–3, with a higher value in CDW, which is ascribed to radiogenic production from 226Ra and subsequent lateral transport. Occasionally a high value of T210Po occurs in deep water (>3.00 Bq⋅m–3), which may be caused by the remineralization of POM. The disequilibria between T210Po and T210Pb appears throughout the water column at most stations. The average T210Po/T210Pb)A.R. in the euphotic zone is 0.66, reflecting the effect of strong particle scavenging. There is a good positive correlation between the solid-liquid ratio of 210Po and POC, while 210Pb does not, indicating that particulate organic matter regulates the biogeochemical cycle of 210Po around Prydz Bay. Based on the 210Po/210Pb disequilibria, the export flux of POC in the water column is estimated to be 0.8–31.9 mmol m–2 d–1, with the higher values in the shelf.

Abstract: 234Th (t1/2 = 24.1 d), present in seawater, is a naturally occurring particle‐reactive radionuclide formed through the radioactive decay of its parent, 238U (t1/2 = 4.47 × 109 years). The 234Th:238U disequilibrium is exploited to quantify fluxes of elements moving out of the euphotic zone by attaching on to sinking particles. Under the Indian GEOTRACES programme, high‐resolution sampling in the upper 300 m depth was carried out at 11 stations in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean during April–May 2014 from 17°N to 16°S along 65°E transect to estimate the 234Th‐based particulate organic carbon (POC) export flux from the upper ocean. Average 234Th fluxes integrated to 100 m depth were 2,612 and 1,968 dpm m−2 d−1 for the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, respectively. The estimated POC export fluxes ranged from negligible to 9.0 mmol m−2 d−1, and the 234Th‐based POC export efficiencies were <2 to 5%. For the same season, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal showed highly contrasting carbon export trends (mean: 4.0 and 0.8 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively). The modeled POC export fluxes from in situ and satellite‐derived primary production are higher than the 234Th‐based values for the Laws and Dunne models and are comparable for the Henson model. The modeled POC fluxes that depend on surface temperature and primary production could be further refined for the seasonal cycle in biological productivity and associated differences in trophic structure, grazing intensity, recycling efficiency, high bacterial activity, and associated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variation in POC export flux, from the upper ocean, was studied during post southwest monsoon (October–November 2013) and spring intermonsoon (May 2014) at selected locations in the central and southern Arabian Sea and during northeast monsoon (January 2014) and spring intermonsoon (March 2014) in the northern Bay of Bengal. POC fluxes estimated from two particle-reactive radionuclide flux proxies ( 234 Th/ 238 U and 210 Po/ 210 Pb) were compared. Spatial and temporal variations were observed in the POC/radionuclide ratios, net deficit flux of radionuclides and the estimated POC export fluxes in both the basins. During post southwest monsoon, the 234 Th flux (1346 ± 101 dpm m − 2 d − 1 ), POC/ 234 Th ratio (5.96 ± 0.29 μmol dpm − 1 ) and associated POC flux (8.0 ± 0.6 mmol m − 2 d − 1 ) were high in the southern Arabian Sea than those in the central Arabian Sea (450 ± 95 dpm m − 2 d − 1 , 1.76 ± 0.07 μmol dpm − 1 and 0.8 ± 0.2 mmol m − 2 d − 1 , respectively). However, during spring intermonsoon these trends were similar in both the central and southern Arabian Sea with mean 234 Th fluxes, POC/ 234 Th ratios and 234 Th based POC export fluxes being 2762 ± 61 dpm m − 2 d − 1 , 1.45 ± 0.05 μmol dpm − 1 and 4.0 ± 0.14 mmol m − 2 d − 1 , respectively. On the other hand, the 210 Po based POC export fluxes in the southern Arabian Sea (3.37 ± 0.32 and 6.73 ± 0.47 mmol m − 2 d − 1 ) were higher by a factor of 2–3 than those in the central Arabian Sea (2.08 ± 0.16 and 2.12 ± 0.28 mmol m − 2 d − 1 ) during post southwest monsoon and spring intermonsoon, respectively. In the northern Bay of Bengal, the 234 Th based POC export fluxes were similar and low (0.6–1.2 mmol m − 2 d − 1 ) while the 210 Po based POC export fluxes were much higher (3.75–8.48 mmol m − 2 d − 1 ) during both the northeast monsoon and spring intermonsoon seasons. One reason could be that more production and carbon export occurring in months prior to the period preceding sample collection due to weeks to several months difference in the mean-lives of the isotopes. The computed POC export fluxes and inferred efficiency of the biological carbon pump in the Arabian Sea and the northern Bay of Bengal are differentiated by this different span in half-lives of 234 Th and 210 Po (weeks to months, respectively). Also these values are distinct due to their biogeochemical behavior and preferred affinity for specific types of particles. This would require more joint application of each tracer in time and space for various biogeochemical regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Biological Carbon Pump is an important component of the global carbon cycle is (BCP). Particle Export Efficiency ( PE eff ), defined as the proportion of primary production (PP) exported as Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) from the surface ocean, is increasingly used as a metric of the strength of the BCP. However our knowledge of which factors drive variability of PE eff remains poor. This is partially because comparisons of PE eff in different regions often overlook the timescale over which the method used operates in relation to the phase of the plankton bloom. Here we use three techniques to estimate PE eff in situ in the North Atlantic: the radioactive pairs 238 U- 234 Th and 210 Pb- 210 Po, and neutrally buoyant sediment traps (PELAGRA). Order of magnitude discrepancies between values of PE eff obtained from PELAGRA relative to those obtained when applying both radionuclide techniques. POC export fluxes and satellite-derived PP suggest that this results from the differing time scales covered by the three methods and the timing of observations relative to the bloom peak. None of the three techniques are considered inappropriate to estimate PE eff in situ, but bloom dynamics must be considered in relation to the duration over which a particular sampling method operates. Our results suggest a strong seasonal variability in PE eff , most likely controlled by the community structure and hydrographic conditions. This implies that the methods used (specifically their inherent timescales) and the phase of the bloom at the time of sampling must be carefully taken into account to ensure that individual PE eff estimates compiled from different sources to construct global export algorithms are comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The simultaneous estimation of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and biogenic silica (BSi) export fluxes is key to the study of carbon export due to the hypothesized role of biominerals in the sinking of organic particles. This paper presents of the first attempts to measure downward fluxes of POC, PIC and BSi from the surface ocean using both the 234Th-238U and the 210Po-210Pb disequilibria and drifting sediments trap synchronously at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in summer 2009. The combined use of the three techniques allowed us to analyze their suitability not only for POC flux estimates, but also as tracers of PIC and BSi fluxes. POC and biomineral/radionuclide ratios were measured in two size fractions to better understand differences between 234Th derived export and 210Po derived export. 210Po derived POC and biomineral fluxes were unexpectedly closer to POC and biomineral fluxes recorded by sediment traps than 234Th derived POC and biomineral fluxes which were higher than obtained from the other two approaches. We suggest that 210Po, because of its biogeochemical behavior, is a better proxy for POC and mineral fluxes than is 234Th in post bloom conditions. The contribution of smaller (1–53μm) particles to flux is also considered in order to explain the differences in derived fluxes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To evaluate the efficiency of biological pump and carbon sequestration content on Arctic shelf, estimations of POC export fluxes derived from 234Th/238U disequilibrium were made during the 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-3) from July 12 to September 22, 2008. The 234Th analysis was based on small volume MnO2 co-precipitation and β-counting method. Great deficits of 234Th to 238U were observed widely over Chukchi shelf, with an average 234Th/238U activity ratio of 0.64±0.28, resulting from intense particle scavenging. The average POC export fluxes in the entire study area, shelf and slope area were 24.9±23.3, 29.5±23.0 and 2.1±0.5mmolCm−2 d−1, respectively, resulting in that 21% of the primary production on average was exported to the benthos. Comparing with steady state model, non-steady-state model was recommended to derive a more accurate particulate 234Th export flux in a rapidly changing environment in the high latitude areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which investigates the zonation patterns of the macrofaunal assemblage with the interacting communities. It says that the change in faunal composition in depths suggests an underlying species replacement continuum without distinct boundaries identified. It explains that faunal change across continental slopes is considered as an environmental gradients. The study reveals the correlative approach in the macroecological relationship between depth, export particulate organic carbon (POC) flux and zonation of the macrofaunal community. It suggests that depth zonation cause is attributed to sunlight, temperature, pressure, water masses and food availability. It adds that there is a need to test parsimonious zonal thresholds for other continental margin ecosystems.

Primary production, bacterial production, particulate organic carbon fluxes and organic carbon burial rates were quantified during the summer period of 1999 in the Arctic Ocean via14C uptake,3H uptake,234Th/238U disequilibrium and210Pbex dating, respectively. The integrated primary production in the water column was as high as 197 mmolC/(m2 · d) in the Chukchi shelf and was 3.8 mmolC/(m2 · d) in the Canada Basin. These rates are higher than those reported previously. The ratios of bacterial production to primary production in the study region were higher than 0.5, indicating that microbial activity is not depressed but important in cold Arctic waters.234Th/238U disequilibria were evident at the station in the Canada Basin. The presence of significant234Th deficiency suggested that scavenging and removal processes are also important to biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the Arctic Ocean. Particulate organic carbon export flux was estimated to be 1.0 mmolC/(m · d). Measurements of sediment excess Pb profile in the Chukchi shelf allowed us to estimate the amount of organic carbon buried in the bottom sediment, which ranged from 25 to 35 mmolC/(m2 · d) and represented about 59%-82% of the mean primary production in the euphotic zone. Overall, our results indicated that the Arctic Ocean has active carbon cycling and is not a biological desert as previously believed. Therefore, the Arctic Ocean may play an important role in the global carbon cycle and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]