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How does an increase in cultural diversity affect state–society interactions? Do institutional differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous communities influence economic activity? I argue that heterogeneity not only impedes informal cooperation but also increases demand for third-party enforcement provided by the state. Over time, the greater willingness of heterogeneous communities to engage with state institutions facilitates the accumulation of state capacity and, in common-interest states, promotes private economic activity. I test this argument using original data on post-WWII population transfers in Poland. I find that homogeneous migrant communities were initially more successful in providing local public goods through informal enforcement, while heterogeneous migrant communities relied on the state for the provision of public goods. Economically similar during state socialism, heterogeneous communities collected higher tax revenues and registered higher incomes and entrepreneurship rates following the transition to the market. These findings challenge the predominant view of diversity as harmful to economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on concepts relating to the field of marketing under planned socialism in Poland. The author focuses on progress that has been made in Poland over the past twelve years. In this case, progress is measured through the consideration of four important categories related to the field of marketing: qualitative and quantitative improvements associated with the assortment of consumer goods, developments in marketing theory, changes in the organizational structure of the country's trade network, and business planning that promotes independence for the socialized sector. The economic effect of importing of commercial products is also discussed.

The article deals with the problem of the material situation of workers between 1945 and 1956. It was particularly difficult in the first months after the end of the war, when 'cheap labour' was the immanent feature of so-called 'real socialism'. The problem became even more severe due to the policy of 'underconsumption' proclaimed in 1946 by one of the directors of the Central Planning Office and introduced as the basis of financing the investment plan. Keeping a disproportionately high level of accumulation at the expense of consumption was a prominent feature of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue of female unemployment in Poland between 1945 and 1970 - the scale and reasons of the phenomenon and the attempts to eliminate it. The joblessness history is a pretext for showing the role of gender in the shaping of the labour market in the People's Republic of Poland. The general reason behind the difficulties faced by women in finding a job was that gainful employment, or career, was in the case of females perceived as secondary, and less productive. Women were to perform certain roles in the family, and there was a prevalent conviction that a number of jobs were inappropriate or inadequate for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although historians and social scientists devoted considerable attention to issues related to housing in the Polish Peoples' Republic era, many problems still need further research. The crucial problem of the paper is to find an answer to the question: what did Poles have to do in the period between 1944/45 and 1989 in order to obtain housing? The answer given is the effect of several years of primary source research which encompassed archival material of assorted types and origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses efforts to improve labour productivity in Poland during the Stalinist era, with a particular focus on the 1950 Act on Securing the Socialist Discipline of Labour. According to the author, this measure reflected the state's totalitarian character. It is suggested that the country's low labour productivity was mostly due to flaws in its economic system. Details on changes in the composition of the workforce and the punishment of supposedly undisciplined workers are presented.

The worldwide crises which affected the energy industry between 1974 and 1979, the earthquake on March 4, 1977, the development of its own army industry, the urgent construction of the Danube - Black Sea Channel, as well the emergence of the war between Iraq and Iran have stressed the problems of the entire Romanian economy, this crisis situation been reflected, between others, but the fact that the growth parameters, planned at the beginning of 1979, have not been reached. In order to face the crisis, Nicolae Ceauşescu tried to obtain the support of the C.A.E.R. member states, willing to intensify the commercial exchanges with those countries, in order to obtain fuel and raw materials at convenient prices. Moreover, in June 1980, in order to partially cover the commercial deficit, the Bucharest officials contracted a new external loan issued by governmental sources, situation which generated the concerns of the principal creditors of the Romanian state. The increase of social tensions in Poland and the important protests of the Polish workers in the second part of August 1980 have amplified the concerns in Moscow, but also in Bucharest. All of a sudden, Nicolae Ceauşescu started a series of visits in the entire country, especially after the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement by the Polish government and the protestants (August 31, 1980). The possible aim of these visits could have been to feel the general pulse of its nation since the effects of the economical crises became obvious in Romania, as well as in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses black market activity between East Germans and Poles particularly centered around the city of Leipzig during the period 1956 to 1989. This clandestine trade is viewed as a consumer culture that arose "from below" in an economic situation characterized by shortages of consumer goods in the German Democratic Republic and Poland. Informal and initially illicit exchange networks for goods are described as evolving from spontaneous help between acquaintances to professionalized smuggling and dealing activities. The negative attitude of the government and sectors of the public to such activity is reviewed.

The article focuses on the amendments in social policy and the steps to be taken in response to the shattered August 1980 economic system in Poland. It states that after the devastation experienced by the country particularly on its economy, demands of August strikers, including increase of wages and shortened working hours, are still unmet. It suggests that the trade union Solidarity should participate in negotiating for the improved social policy.

Evaluates the role of east-west trade in Poland's economic crisis. Polish economic strategy during the 1970s; Factors responsible for the economic crisis of Poland; Inability of the country to service its hard-currency debt; Consequences of the Polish reliance on western credits.

This article examines the consequences of the interaction between politics and the economy on economic reform in Poland as of 1980. The system of management of economic organizations in Poland, as in other socialist countries, is an institution on the borderline between politics and the economy. It is a political instrument for the control and regulation of the economy. That is why it channels the political and ideological interests of the ruling class and expresses the structure of power. The system must comprise some norms of a rather pragmatic character. It must secure the realization of the goals of production and the effectiveness of the economic organizations. In connection with these functions the system of management has to express economic interests. The economic reform introduced into the Polish economy from 1973 to 1975 consisted in the introduction of a new accounting system into economic organizations. the direct goal was to increase effectiveness through enlarging the autonomy of economic units. New indices to evaluate the functioning of organizations were introduced in order to make pay and bonuses dependent on real economic output. This was accompanied by institutional changes.

Focuses on Poland's negotiations to reschedule payments for its debts to Western countries which had reached billions of dollars by 1980. Difficulties encountered by Poland in getting credit on the international capital market; Causes of the country's indebtedness; Need for a coordinated program to facilitate Western financial assistance to countries in Eastern Europe.

This article presents information on changes in the system of managing industry in the socialist economy of Poland. The evolution of the management system of industrial organizations in Poland's socialist national economy has been the subject of studies and research undertaken by specialists of many disciplines. Many interesting papers have been written by specialists in the study of the theory of economics of socialism and the functioning of a national economy, who are best qualified to describe and explain the dynamics of managerial and executive systems in industry. This article is concerned mainly with the study of industrial management, which for analytical purposes is defined as an isolated structure of decisions pertaining to industrial organizations. In other words, the composite structure of the subjects of industrial decisions constitutes what is colloquially referred to as the system of managing industry. Sociological field studies of management systems in socialist enterprises have therefore come closer to the approaches of traditional organization theory, which concentrates on the problems of managing a production workshop or plant.

This article presents information on politics and economics of Polish economic reforms in the years 1973-1975 which is known as the large economic organizations reform. The management system of the economic organizations in Poland, as in the other socialist countries, is an institution on the borderline between politics and economy. It is a political instrument of control and regulation of the economy, and as such channels the political and ideological interests of the ruling class and expresses the structure of power. The reforms consisted of the introduction of a new accounting system into economic organizations. The immediate goal was to enhance effectiveness through increasing the autonomy of the economic units. New indices for evaluating the functioning of organizations were introduced in order to make salaries and premiums dependent on real economic output. This was accompanied by institutional changes. This paper presents the conclusions drawn from research carried out during the reform in industrial organizations in the years 1974-1976. The history of this reform was the history of its modifications, which in part prevented implementation of the initial assumptions of the reform, such as, for example, the increased autonomy of large economic organizations.