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Pesticidi omogućavaju velike prinose u poljoprivredi koji su potrebni za zadovoljavanje potreba moderne civilizacije. To ih čini neophodnima usprkos brojnim negativnim utjecajima na okoliš. U vodenim staništima štetni su za organizme, izravno i neizravno, a vrijeme oporavka zajednice ovisi o mjestu i vremenu onečišćenja, kao i o koncentraciji pesticida. Najučinkovitija mjera ublažavanja štetnih učinaka pesticida u vodenim staništima je spriječiti da pesticidi dospiju do vodenih ekosustava, što se postiže odgovornim korištenjem i zaštitnim mjerama, poput vegetacijskih tampon zona i kanala s vegetacijom koji zadržavaju štetne tvari i usporavaju njihovo deponiranje u otvorenim vodama., Pesticides enable high agricultural yields needed to fulfil the demands of modern civilisation. This makes pesticides necessary despite their numerous negative impacts on the environment. Pesticides may cause direct or indirect damage to any group of organisms in aquatic habitats. The length of time needed for the rehabilitation of a community depends on the location and time of pollution as well as on the concentration of pesticides. The most efficient mitigation measure against harmful impacts of pesticides on aquatic habitats is the prevention of their entry into aquatic ecosystems, which can be achieved by their responsible use and protection measures, such as vegetation buffer zones and canals overgrown with vegetation that retain harmful substances and slow down their disposal in open inland waters., Der Pestizideinsatz ermöglicht hohe Erträge in der Landwirtschaft, die für die Befriedigung von Bedürfnissen der modernen Zivilisation erforderlich sind. So sind Pestizide unentbehrlich trotz ihrer zahlreichen negativen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt. In aquatischen Lebensräumen schaden sie allen Organismen, direkt oder indirekt, und die Erholungszeit für eine Artgemeinschaft hängt von der Stelle und der Zeit der Verschmutzung sowie der Pestizidkonzentration ab. Die wirksamste Maßnahme zur Abschwächung der schädlichen Auswirkungen von Pestiziden in aquatischen Lebensräumen ist es zu verhindern, dass Pestizide in aquatische Ökosysteme gelangen, was durch verantwortungsvollen Umgang und mit Schutzmaßnahmen erzielt wird, z.B. mit Vegetationspufferzonen und Kanälen mit Vegetation, die Schadstoffe zurückhalten und ihre Deponierung in Oberflächengewässern verlangsamen.

At the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Summit, it was decided that by 2020, donors should rally up not less than US$100 billion per year for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. How much each donor should contribute to that annual target remains an open question, however. Dividing that ‘burden’ in equal parts would be rather unfair. Some countries are bigger and/or richer, but more importantly,some carry more responsibility for climate change than others in terms of their share in greenhouse gas emissions.

The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) is a constitutionally recognized semiautonomous region in northern Iraq. Its government, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), based in Erbil, has the right, under the Iraqi constitution of 2005, to exercise legislative, executive, and judicial powers according to the constitution, except in what is listed therein as exclusive powers of the federal authorities. The Iraqi constitution defines the Kurdistan Region as a federal entity of Iraq. KRG has a parliamentary democracy with a regional assembly that consists of 111 seats. KRI has been largely immune to the insecurity and conflict witnessed elsewhere in Iraq, especially following the 2003 Iraq War. KRG is facing a wide range of immediate and medium to longer-term challenges that are intrinsically linked to the overall macroeconomic situation of Iraq as well as the regional and global environment. The immediate challenge consists in coping with (a) the deep fiscal crisis, and (b) the security and social problems brought about by the conflict with the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group and the resulting influx of Syrian refugees and Iraqi Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). These challenges are clearly immediate priorities for the KRG, and will bear significant repercussions nationally and internationally if inadequately addressed. The medium to longer-term challenges pertain to moderating dependence on the oil sector and transforming the KRI economy into a diversified one that supports private sector-led economic growth and job creation in a sustainable manner.

This Systematic County Diagnostics is organized into six parts. The first part presents a brief overview of the country’s recent socio-political and economic context. The second part examines the links between poverty, income distribution and economic growth, through the labor market, against the background of large changes in international capital flows and the unfinished structural reform agenda. The third part, examines the sustainability and vulnerability of the current growth model. The fourth part examines the structural constraints to sustainable and inclusive growth and poverty reduction, while the fifth part reviews the governance and the rule of law foundations. The assessment of each constraint is followed by a description of what the Government of Montenegro (GoM) is doing to address the issue. The sixth part examines priorities and opportunities.

Bleak short-term economic outlook raises the risk that social and environmental achievements may not be sustained. The changed economic circumstances have exposed shortcomings in Brazil’s development model, epitomized by the struggle to achieve a sustainable fiscal policy. Against this background, some Brazilians are now asking whether the gains of the past decade might have been an illusion, created by the commodity boom, but unsustainable in today’s less forgiving international environment. Brazil thus finds itself at an important juncture and, to a certain extent, the policy course set today will determine whether the country can sustain the gains of the past and return to a path of solid, inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth. This Systematic Country Diagnostic offers a contribution to the debate about Brazil’s future development.

The objective of the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) is to assess the adequacy and performance of the policy, legal, and institutional framework for environmental management in Ukraine, in light of the decentralization process of environmental governance and wider reform objectives, and to provide recommendations to government to address the key gaps identified. Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe and has a population of 43 million, the majority of whom live in urban areas. It is a lower middle income country, with the services, industry and agriculture sectors being main contributors to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Ukraine faces a number of environmental challenges, as identified in its National Environmental Strategy 2020 (NES). Key among these are: air pollution; quality of water resources and land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; human health issues associated with environmental risk factors; in addition to climate change. The scope of Ukrainian environmental legislation is quite broad and comprehensive (more than 300 legal acts) and covers most areas of environmental protection and natural resources management. However, the environmental legislation faces a number of weaknesses:The environmental legislation is largely declaratory in nature and does not have all the essential enforcement mechanisms for the implementation of legal acts and international agreements; Many of the acts are not coordinated with each other; and Legislation undergoes limited analysis of its impact—for example, no in-depth analysis such as Regulatory Impact Analysis is conducted for proposed pieces of legislation.

Analysis and evaluation of existing environmental conditions on the territory of municipality of Subotica represents the basis for defining the sustainable development strategy. There are few different sources of environmental pollution on the territory of municipality of Subotica, and some of them have 'important' influences on closer or wider environment. This paper represents environmental state according to conditions of separate elements (air, water, soil), problems of noise and waste, and in the end proposes certain mitigation measures. Also, this work shows categorization of the environment from the 'pollution' point of view. Measures of mitigation and environmental quality improvement are in accordance with potentials and weaknesses of given area and certain needs of local population. Analiza i ocena postojećeg stanja životne sredine na području opštine Subotica predstavlja osnov za definisanje strategije održivog razvoja opštine. Na teritoriji opštine Subotica identifikovano je više različitih izvora zagađenja životne sredine, od kojih neki imaju 'značajnije' uticaje na neposredno, ali i šire, okruženje. U radu je izvršena kategorizacija životne sredine sa aspekta zagađenja i dat prikaz stanja životne sredine po pojedinačnim elementima (vazduh, voda, zemljište), ukazano na problem buke i otpada na teritoriji Opštine, i na kraju predložene mere zaštite. Mere zaštite i unapređenja kvaliteta životne sredine saglasne su potencijalima i ograničenjima datog prostora kao i potrebama lokalnog stanovništva.

Analysis of existing environmental conditions in certain area represents the basis of its further protection, quality improvement and planning of future activities according to sustainable development, potentials and weaknesses of that area and certain needs of local population. There are few different sources of environmental pollution in the municipality of Loznica, and some of them have "important" influences on closer or wider environment. This paper represents environmental state according to conditions of separate elements (air, water, soil), problems of noise and waste, and in the end proposes certain mitigation measures. Also, this work shows categorization of the environment from the "pollution" point of view and indicates spaces that could be imperiled in coming period. Analiza postojećeg stanja životne sredine na određenom području predstavlja osnov za njenu dalju zaštitu, unapređenje kvaliteta i planiranje razvoja budućih aktivnosti u skladu sa održivim razvojem, potencijalima i ograničenjima datog prostora kao i potrebama lokalnog stanovništva. Na području opštine Loznica identifikovano je više različitih izvora zagađenja životne sredine, od kojih neki imaju "značajnije" uticaje na neposredno, ali i šire, okruženje. U radu je dat prikaz stanja životne sredine po pojedinačnim elementima (vazduh, voda, zemljište), ukazano na problem buke i otpada na teritoriji Opštine, i na kraju predložene mere zaštite. Takođe je izvršena kategorizacija životne sredine sa aspekta zagađenja, ali i stavljen akcenat na prostore koji bi mogli biti ugroženi u narednom periodu.

During the past decade, Georgia’s pursuit of economic reforms led to impressive economic growth, capital inflow, and investments. It helped improve the business environment and infrastructure, strengthened public finances, and liberalized trade. Georgia achieved most of the human development targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This progress did not result, however, in improved environmental governance or better management of natural resources. Nowadays, environmental policies are receiving increasing attention from Georgian policy and decision makers, recognizing that sustainable development is about a profound change of policies that drive systemic transformation of production, consumption, and behavioral patterns. The list of the country’s environmental challenges is long. Current policies and instruments lack the rigor to effectively reduce pressures on natural assets and protect public health from poor environmental quality. Georgia does not have a comprehensive assessment of the cost of inaction to environmental degradation linking it to economic growth, poverty, and shared prosperity. This is a central issue on which the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) is focused. The main objective of the CEA is to assist the government, civil society, and development partners of Georgia in identifying and analyzing critical environmental constraints to sustainable growth and shared prosperity. Georgia’s Country Partnership Strategy for 2014-2017 points to lagging public policies on protecting the environment and natural resources, against impressive economic growth. It further highlights several areas needing attention, such as air and water quality, waste management, land and landscape management, and nature resource use and protection.

This issue of Handshake focuses on natural resource PPPs that are making a difference. In Cartagena, Colombia, a hybrid public-private agency is profiled that has standardized water service to residents while restoring the coast, and in the process, contributed to political stabilization. Around Africas Lake Victoria, an environmental management initiative with the potential to reduce the pollution and resource footprint of industrial activities demonstrates how to include commercial ventures in conservation. This issue also draws inspiration from the thoughtfulness of conservationists who know the path forward depends on partnerships. From 2014 Stockholm Water Laureate John Briscoe, who has spent his career making sure taps are turned on, to science correspondent M. Sanjayan, whose call to action came in the rainy forest of Sierra Leone, to Jean-Michel Cousteau, who founded the Ocean Futures Society to carry on his family s stewardship of the sea, the interviews in Handshake give voice to the ways people are connected to nature, and how our survival depends on the continuation of this connection. Original articles from the FAO and The Rockefeller Foundation outline how Payments for Ecosystem Services, or PES, brings PPPs benefits directly to farmers, fishers, and those who maintain forests. This issue includes the following headlines: Ambassador of the sea Jean-Michel Cousteaus case for sustainable fisheries; A turning point for trees: Can the Amazon s forests be saved?; Restoring Cartagenas coast: A mixed-capitol model revitalizes land and sea; Impact investing: The Rockefeller Foundation dips its toes into oceans; Against A vision of perfection: John Briscoe argues for incremental solutions.

This strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a technical piece intended to assist in the current and future identification of priority industrial pollutants and economic instruments to minimize industrial waste. This industrial sector SEA is one of six pieces of technical support envisioned by the Himachal Pradesh (HP) inclusive green growth (IGG) development policy loan (DPL) to fill knowledge gaps and strengthen operational success of the DPL. The DPL acknowledges that industrial development is an important economic driver within HP, and that such development must be consistent with maintaining the integrity of other natural resource assets on which human health depend. The general objectives of the SEA study are: (i) to assist in identification of priority pollutants and industries; (ii) to review existing institutional structures that address these pollutants; (iii) to identify and recommend potential reform options through the introduction of new policy approaches; and (iv) to identify complementary institutional support necessary to implement such a program. The SEA was undertaken from April to December 2013 based on secondary data collection, existing literature, various consultative meetings with key stakeholders, and diagnostic analyses of this information. The purpose of the consultations was to discuss the findings, issues, and preliminary directions suggested by the desk reviews, and to initiate a work plan for amassing additional information. The SEA has included participatory approaches to ensure that presented policy changes are designed and implemented in a way that is responsive to the different segments of HP society. This report is presented in three parts. Part one forms a foundation for focusing subsequent diagnostic work by providing more extensive detail on the institutional context, pollution situation, health and environmental linkages, and opportunities for using economic instruments. Part two performs additional diagnostic analyses to inform the core recommendations relating to options for new economic instruments, institutional reforms, and capacity building; these recommendations are presented in part three.

This report examines how green growth and sustainable development policies can be incorporated into structural reform agendas. Indeed, as demonstrated in the report, many of these policies are closely linked and synergistic with the framework policies applied by G20 governments in their efforts to pursue strong and sustainable growth. The report, has been prepared in response to the request from G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in their communication of 25-26 February 2012 that asked the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with the World Bank and the United Nation (UN), to prepare a report that provides options for G20 countries on inserting green growth and sustainable development policies into structural reform agendas, tailored to specific country conditions and level of development. The report will be an input to the G-20 leader's summit in Los Cabos and provides a toolkit of policy options from which countries may draw-upon when designing their own green growth strategies. The G20 development working group has also tasked the International Organizations with the development of a non-prescriptive toolkit of policy options to support inclusive green growth in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication in developing countries.

Стаття присвячена питанням впливу забруднювачів на довкілля з метою покращення екологічного стану територій від важких металів, що потрапляють від сміттєзвалища. Запрпоновано ряд заходів по створенню екологічної небезпеки., Статья посвящена вопросам влияния загрязнителей на окружающую среду с целью улучшения экологического состояния территорий от тяжелых металлов, которые поступают от мусоросвалок. Предложен ряд мероприятий по созданию экологической безопасности., The article investigates the matter of the influence of the polluters on the environment, aiming to improve the ecological condition of the territories that have suffered from heavy metals, which result from the landfills. The measures that should be taken to create ecological safety are presented.

In Africa, urban outdoor air pollution is responsible for an estimated 49,000 premature deaths annually with indoor use of solid fuels being responsible for eight times this value, the main burden being borne by Sub Saharan African countries. Air pollution, outdoor and indoor, affects the health and life chances of millions of people in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)every day. There is a link between air pollution and poverty since poor people are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollutants and tend to suffer disproportionately from the effects of deteriorating air quality (AQ). Children in cities exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants will more often develop respiratory ailments which prevent them from developing and learning well. As a consequence they will suffer in adult life from low levels of qualifications and skills. The implication of poorly educated children is not only a reduction of quality of their lives but also an obstacle for the economic development of a country as a whole. Rapid urbanization means increase in motorization and economic activity which in turn leads to increased air pollution if countermeasures are not taken. In view these linkages addressing urban AQ in SSA is particularly important. Air pollution in Sub Saharan cities appears to be on the rise with respect to many key pollutants. In some cities where monitoring has been performed levels of air pollution exceed World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The main cause of urban air pollution is the use of fossil fuels in transport, power generation, industry and domestic sectors. In addition, the burning of firewood, agricultural and animal waste also contributes to pollution levels. Pollutant emissions have direct and indirect effects with a wide range of impacts on human health, ecosystems, agriculture and materials. There is a growing need to determine the state of urban AQ and the challenges posed to solve it and identify the most effective measures to protect human health and the environment. Learning from experience and successes in urban AQ management (AQM) from other countries can assists in the formulation and implementation of strategies to achieve better AQ in Sub Saharan Africa. This report compiles the information provided by the 25countries in a harmonized way and gives an in-depth review of AQ in SSA with AQ profile of each country, presenting the country's main current urban AQ issues, emissions standards, ongoing projects, lessons learned from good/bad practices. It was attempted to compile this information also for additional SSA countries from available publications and internet sources.

151 σ., Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο--Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία. Διεπιστημονικό-Διατμηματικό Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών (Δ.Π.Μ.Σ.) “Φυσική και Τεχνολογικές Εφαρμογές”, Τα τελευταία χρόνια, η θαλάσσια ρύπανση εξαιτίας της παρουσίας πετρελαίου (και των παραγώγων του) από την εμπορική ναυτιλία, καθώς και η αυξημένη συγκέντρωση χλωροφύλλης και διαλυμένων οργανικών ουσιών (DOM), αποτελεί μια βασική περιβαλλοντική ανησυχία για την οποία πολλές διεθνείς συνεργασίες και νόμοι έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί, ιδιαιτέρως υπό την αιγίδα του Διεθνούς Θαλάσσιου Οργανισμού (International Maritime Organisation, ΗΜΟ). Το πετρέλαιο έχει, άμεσα και έμμεσα, καταστροφικές επιπτώσεις σε ζώα και φυτά που κατοικούν στο θαλάσσιο και παράκτιο περιβάλλον. Η παρακολούθηση, η διαχείριση και ο έλεγχος της ποιότητας του υδάτινου περιβάλλοντος έχει επιχειρηθεί επιστημονικά με τη χρήση διαφόρων μεθόδων εκ των οποίων άλλες στηρίζονται στη χημική ανάλυση της σύστασης των φυσικών υδάτων, άλλες σε τεχνικές τηλεπισκόπισης και άλλες στην επεξεργασία των οπτικών ιδιοτήτων τους. Οι τεχνικές τηλεπισκόπισης βασίζονται στη λήψη και επεξεργασία δορυφορικών εικόνων για την καταγραφή πληροφοριών σχετικά με τη θερμοκρασία των υδάτων, το βαθμό αλμυρότητας, τη συγκέντρωση του φυτοπλαγκτόν και γενικότερα των παραγόντων που συμβάλλουν στη καταστροφή του υδάτινου οικοσυστήματος. Οι αναπτυγμένες, αυτές, τεχνικές αλλά και περαιτέρω προσπάθειες από τη διεθνή επιστημονική κοινότητα, καθιστούν την έρευνα στην τηλεπισκόπιση του υδάτινου περιβάλλοντος έναν τομέα με ιδιαίτερη αποτελεσματικότητα και δυναμική. Το τελευταίο διάστημα, η φασματοσκοπία του laser επαγόμενου φθορισμού (LIF) κερδίζει ολοένα και περισσότερο το ενδιαφέρον στον τομέα της τηλεανίχνευσης των διαφόρων περιβαλλοντικών ρύπων στον αέρα, το νερό και το έδαφος. Η ανίχνευση των ρυπογόνων ουσιών με την μέθοδο LIF βασίζεται στη σύγκριση των φασμάτων φθορισμού των ρυπαντών με τα αντίστοιχα φάσματα του μέσου που τους περιβάλλει. Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται οι δύο πειραματικές διατάξεις που αναπτύχθηκαν για τη λήψη φασμάτων φθορισμού ρυπογόνων ουσιών του υδάτινου περιβάλλοντος. Η μέθοδος που εφαρμόστηκε είναι η φασματοσκοπία του laser επαγόμενου φθορισμού (LIF) και ως φωτεινή πηγή διέγερσης των δειγμάτων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το Nd:YAG laser, ρυθμισμένο να εκπέμπει στα 266nm (τέταρτη αρμονική). Στόχος είναι η μελέτη και ανάπτυξη μιας διάταξης με δυνατότητα φορητότητας για την καταγραφή φασμάτων φθορισμού γνωστών ρυπαντών του νερού και η δημιουργία μιας βάσης δεδομένων που θα περιέχει τα φάσματα αυτά, τα οποία θα μπορούν στο μέλλον να συγκριθούν με αντίστοιχα φάσματα από άλλες πηγές για περισσότερο αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα., In the last few years, the marine pollution due to both the presence of oil (and its derivatives) by the commercial shipping and the increased stocking of chlorophyll and dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a basic environmental concern, for which many international collaborations and laws have been established, especially under the aegis of International Maritime Organisation. Oil has both direct and indirect devastating repercussions in animals and plants which live in the marine and coastal environment. The follow-up, the management and the control of the quality of marine environment have been scientifically attempted by using of various methods among which others are based on the chemical analysis of natural waters’ constitution, others on remote sensing techniques and othes on the treatment of their optical attributes. Remote sensing techniques are based on the reception and treatment of satellite pictures for the recording of information refering to the temperature of waters, the degree of saltiness, the concentration of phytoplankton and, in general, the factors which contribute to the destruction of marine ecosystem. These developed techniques and further efforts by the international scientific community render the research in remote sensing for coastal areas a sector of particular effectiveness and dynamics. Recently, the spectroscopy of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) has gained the interest of the scientific community in the field of remote sensing of various environmental pollutants in the air, water and soil. The detection of pollutant substances with the LIF method is based on the difference of spectra of the polluters’ fluorescence in relation with the corresponding spectra of the means which surrounds them (water, soil). In the present work two experimental provisions are presented on the reception of fluorescence spectra of pollutant substances of marine environment. The applied method is the laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) and a Nd: YAG laser that it emits in the 266nm (fourth harmonic) was used as a source of excitation of samples. The purpose is double: (1) the study and development of a provision with possibility of portability for the recording of fluorescence spectra and (2) the creation of a database which will contain these spectra that might be compared with corresponding spectra from other sources for more reliable results in the future., Φυλιά Α. Μαρία-Άννα

This Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) has been developed by the World Bank in cooperation with the Government of Jordan. It aims to integrate environment into development and poverty reduction priorities. The CEA will be a vital instrument for designing Jordans future policies, by integrating the economic policy tools in our decision making processes. As the latest economic crises and its implications have shown, an economic model that is based on consumption alone cannot be sustained; accordingly many countries identified the need to green their economics as the base for sustainable growth and development. Jordans green economic initiative will enhance social integration, economic growth an environmental sustainability within one focused, measured and stable economic plan. Jordan is a small country that is rich in human capital; the green journey will be a twenty years program to retrofit our infrastructure, to become energy, water and resource efficient. The recommendations identified in this document will be the main drivers for the environmental policies in the country. The issue of adequate incentives for better quantity management clearly remains important, but is not addressed in this report. After the national agenda was established, it appears that the reduction of water related subsidies and the creation of incentives for allocating water to higher value added uses are being recognized as necessities that public policies will address in the future.

When the G-20 leaders met on 24-25 September 2009 in Pittsburgh, USA, they agreed in their Communiqué that, building on the efforts of many countries to, reduce fossil fuel subsidies while preventing adverse impact on the poorest?, they were committed to, rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption. This draft report has been developed jointly by the International Energy Agency (IEA), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and World Bank in response to this request. It draws on the relevant expertise and work of the four tasked organizations, but also on input and comments from other organizations and experts. The report includes: a) discussion of the scope of energy subsidies; b) estimates of energy subsidies, and identification of the gaps in the existing data and issues around the measurement of energy subsidies; c) modeling-based analysis of the implications of phasing-out energy subsidies on the economy, including socio-economic and trade impacts, the environment, and the energy sector; and d) suggestions for the implementation of phase-out of inefficient subsidies leading to wasteful consumption, drawing on country case studies, including discussion of how to address social impacts.

A pesquisa foi conduzida na Fazenda Porto, município de Alfenas-MG, e objetivou-se determinar o efeito da dosagem de dejetos líquidos de suínos, na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Utilizaram-se dejetos líquidos de suínos nas dosagens de 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 m³/ha, aplicados em uma vez, e adubação química convencional, em uma lavoura de cana-de-açúcar de 2º corte, variedade SP81-3250, em latossolo vermelho escuro distrófico (LVEd). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Para comparação de médias, utilizou-se o programa SISVAR e o teste de Scott-Knott. A colheita foi feita um ano após a implantação do experimento. Foram determinadas a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar. A dosagem de 40 m³/ha equivaleu à adubação química, sendo que as demais apresentaram produtividades agrícolas superiores de 76,5% a 96,3% maior que a testemunha, que foi de 58,10t/ha. Quanto à qualidade tecnológica dos colmos, não foi verificada diferença estatística. Os dejetos líquidos de suínos proporcionaram aumentos significativos na produtividade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar, não comprometendo a qualidade tecnológica. The present research was carried out at Fazenda Porto, Alfenas-MG, with the purpose of determining the effect of doses of swine wastewaters on sugarcane productivity. Two types of fertilization were tested on a second-cut sugarcane plantation, variety SP 81-3250, on dark red dystrophic latosol (LVEd): (1) swine wastewaters were used in the doses of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 m³/ha, and applied all at once and (2) conventional chemical fertilization. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with four replications. To compare the means, the SISVAR program and the Scott-Knott test were used. The harvest was made one year after the experiment implantation. The agricultural productivity and technological quality of sugarcane were determined. The dose of 40 m³/ha was equivalent to the chemical fertilizing, while the others showed 76.5% - 96.3% higher productivity when compared to the reference plantation (58.10t/ha). No statistical difference was found with regard to the technological quality of the stalks. The swine wastewaters provided significant increases in the sugarcane stalk productivity without jeopardizing the technological quality.

There is no longer any serious debate about whether greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are altering the earth's climate. There is also a broad consensus that efficient mitigation of emissions will require carbon pricing via market based instruments (charges or auctioned tradable permits). The remaining controversies stem mostly from economic and technological forecasting uncertainties, disputes about global and intergenerational equity, and political divisions over collective measures to combat climate change. Near term closure seems unlikely on any of these fronts, but the science is now sufficiently compelling that a global consensus supports concerted action. Developing countries must be full participants, because they will be most heavily impacted by global warming, and because the scale of their emissions is rapidly approaching parity with developed countries.

in this work it was studied the pollution of Marec river water, in Artana (Novo Berdo)from the sterile landfill, as well as from waters coming out from horizon five and horizon six of Artana mine, and their flow combined into the Marec river which interflows with Morava river.

The Cambodia environment monitor 2008 is one of a series of environmental reports prepared for East Asian countries under an initiative sponsored by the World Bank. The objective of this series is to present a snapshot of environmental trends across a range of issues. The purpose of the monitor is to engage and inform interested stakeholders about key environmental changes in an easy to understand format accessible to a wide audience. This report identifies seven strategic priorities for the Royal government of Cambodia and its conservation partners. 1)articulate a clear and shared vision and re-commitment to conservation goals and objectives; 2)formalize a meaningful enabling legal and regulatory framework for management and protection of conservation areas; 3)formulate clear strategies for recognizing and improving community benefit sharing in conservation areas; 4) strengthen mechanisms for institutional coordination across the ministries; 5) adopt new approaches and paradigms for conservation areas management; 6) with donors, develop and secure sustainable sources of funding for conservation; and 7) reinforce the human resource capacity to implement and manage conservation areas.

Governments and international development agencies have intensified efforts to promote small-scale enterprises as an engine of pro-poor growth. In Brazil, however, small scale industries may also be responsible for the bulk of air pollution emissions. Although employees of polluting small-scale industries in Brazil are not disproportionately poor, simulations suggest that stringent environmental regulation resulting in widespread closures of pollution-intensive small-scale industries would result in a non-negligible increase in poverty among employees of these firms. The results suggest that the enthusiasm for small-scale enterprises needs to be tempered by awareness of the potential environmental costs imposed by this sector.

A contaminação de áreas com poluentes químicos pode ocasionar estresse na maioria das plantas. Assim, a finalidade desta pesquisa foi analisar e descrever o efeito de poluentes na germinação e no vigor de sementes de arroz. Foi utilizada uma amostra de sementes de arroz cv. BR-IRGA 410, safra 2000/2001. As sementes foram embebidas por uma hora nos seguintes poluentes químicos: fenol (C6H6O), ácido bórico (H3BO3), cloreto de amônio (NH4Cl) e potássio fosfato monobásico (KH2PO4), nas concentrações de zero (controle); cinco; 10 e 15mg l-1. Logo após a embebição as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação; primeira contagem da germinação; índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas; emergência das plântulas em casa de vegetação; condutividade elétrica; comprimento da parte aérea e das raízes das plântulas e massa da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e raízes das plântulas. Dentre os poluentes químicos, nas concentrações testadas, o NH4Cl e o KH2PO4, foram os que mais afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de arroz, acarretando diminuição no vigor. The contamination of areas with chemical polluters may cause stress on the majority of plants. In such case, the purpose of this research was to evaluate and to describe the effect of the polluters on germination and vigor of the rice seeds submitted to chemical polluters from human activity. Rice seeds of cultivar BR IRGA 410, crop year 2000/2001 were used. The seeds were soaked up by one hour in the following chemical polluters: phenol (C6H6O), boric acid (H3BO3), chlorate ammonium (NH4Cl) and potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4), on zero (control), 5, 10 and 15mg l-1 quantities. Thereupon the soaking, the seeds were evaluated through the germination test, the first count in the germination test, the emergency rate index of the seedlings, the emergency of the seedlings in greenhouse conditions, the electric conductivity, the length of shoot and roots of the seedlings and the dry weight of the root and shoot of the seedlings. Among the chemical polluters the NH4Cl and KH2PO4, were those which affected most the physiological quality of rice seeds causing decrease on the vigor.

Little empirical research has been done on monitoring and enforcement issues in environmental economics, especially to analyze the impact of monitoring and enforcement on polluters' environmental performance. No studies have been done in developing economies. The authors explore the impact of inspections, and the potential impact of pollution charges and citizens' complaints, on the environmental performance of polluters in China. Their analysis of plant-level data from the city of Zhenjiang shows that: 1) Inspections have a statistically significant impact on firms environmental performance. 2) Pollution charges do not have a statistically significant effect on firms performance - although the lack of variation in pollution charges in Zhenjiang precludes effectively capturing their impact. 3) Complaints have a significant impact on inspections and therefore on pollution control. Currently available data do not allow analysis of whether the cost of additional inspections is justified, but it is reasonable to speculate that additional inspections would improve social welfare in Zhenjiang, and that information and education campaigns are probably a good way to encourage citizen complaints.

An increasing number of regulators have adopted public disclosure programs to create incentives for pollution control. Previous empirical analyses of monitoring and enforcement issues have focused strictly on the impact of such traditional practices as monitoring (inspections) and enforcement (fines and penalties) on polluters' environmental performance. Other analyses have separately focused on the impact of public disclosure programs. But can these programs create incentives in addition to the normal incentives of fines and penalties? The authors study the impact of both traditional enforcement and information strategies in the context of a single program, to gain insights into the relative impact of traditional (fines and penalties) and emerging (public disclosure) enforcement strategies. Their results suggest that the public disclosure strategy adopted by the province of British Columbia, Canada, has a greater impact on both emission levels and compliance status than do orders, fines, and penalties traditionally imposed by the courts and the Ministry of the Environment. But their results also demonstrate that adopting stricter standards and higher penalties also significantly affected emission levels. Policymakers, take note: 1) The presence of strong, clear standards together with a significant, credible penalty system sends appropriate signals to the regulated community, which responds by lowering pollution emissions. 2) The public disclosure of environmental performance creates strong additional incentives to control pollution.