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Post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (PC-ECLS) in adult patients has been used only rarely but recent data have shown a remarkable increase in its use, almost certainly due to improved technology, ease of management, growing familiarity with its capability and decreased costs. Trends in worldwide in-hospital survival, however, rather than improving, have shown a decline in some experiences, likely due to increased use in more complex, critically ill patients rather than to suboptimal management. Nevertheless, PC-ECLS is proving to be a valuable resource for temporary cardiocirculatory and respiratory support in patients who would otherwise most likely die. Because a comprehensive review of PC-ECLS might be of use for the practitioner, and possibly improve patient management in this setting, the authors have attempted to create a concise, comprehensive and relevant analysis of all aspects related to PC-ECLS, with a particular emphasis on indications, technique, management and avoidance of complications, appraisal of new approaches and ethics, education and training. (C) 2021 Jointly between The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, and the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization

Cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, acute respiratory failure, or a combination of such events, are all potential complications after cardiac surgery which lead to high mortality. Use of extracorporeal temporary cardio-circulatory and respiratory support for progressive clinical deterioration can facilitate bridging the patient to recovery or to more durable support. Over the last decade, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as the preferred temporary artificial support system in such circumstances. Many factors have contributed to widespread ECMO use, including the relative ease of implantation, effectiveness, versatility, low cost relative to alternative devices, and potential for full, not just partial circulatory support. While there have been numerous publications detailing the short and midterm outcomes of ECMO support, specific reports about post-cardiotomy ECMO (PC-ECMO), are limited, single-center experiences. Etiology of cardiorespiratory failure leading to ECMO implantation, associated ECMO complications, and overall patient outcomes may be unique to the PC-ECMO population. Despite the rise in PC-ECMO use over the past decade, short-term survival has not improved.This report, therefore, aims to present a comprehensive overview of the literature with respect to the prevalence of ECMO use, patient characteristics, ECMO management, and in-hospital and early post-discharge patient outcomes for those treated for post-cardiotomy heart, lung, or heart-lung failure. (C) 2019 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.

Cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, acute respiratory failure, or a combination of such events, are all potential complications after cardiac surgery which lead to high mortality. Use of extracorporeal temporary cardio-circulatory and respiratory support for progressive clinical deterioration can facilitate bridging the patient to recovery or to more durable support. Over the last decade, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as the preferred temporary artificial support system in such circumstances. Many factors have contributed to widespread ECMO use, including the relative ease of implantation, effectiveness, versatility, low cost relative to alternative devices, and potential for full, not just partial circulatory support. While there have been numerous publications detailing the short and midterm outcomes of ECMO support, specific reports about post-cardiotomy ECMO (PC-ECMO), are limited, single-center experiences. Etiology of cardiorespiratory failure leading to ECMO implantation, associated ECMO complications, and overall patient outcomes may be unique to the PC-ECMO population. Despite the rise in PC-ECMO use over the past decade, short-term survival has not improved. This report, therefore, aims to present a comprehensive overview of the literature with respect to the prevalence of ECMO use, patient characteristics, ECMO management, and in-hospital and early post-discharge patient outcomes for those treated for post-cardiotomy heart, lung, or heart-lung failure. (C) 2019 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is life-saving for potentially reversible heart failure and respiratory injuries not responsive to conventional therapies. Technological innovations have produced over the years significant improvements in ECMO devices (pump, cannula design and oxygenator) and have allowed a better risk/benefit profile. Alongside with recognized advantages in the treatment of very sick patients, ECMO remains an invasive procedure for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and it is associated with complications that strongly influence the prognosis. Current review was designed to provide a comprehensive outline on ECMO complications, analyzing risk factors and strategies of management, focusing on adult population undergoing veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) therapy.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is life-saving for potentially reversible heart failure and respiratory injuries not responsive to conventional therapies. Technological innovations have produced over the years significant improvements in ECMO devices (pump, cannula design and oxygenator) and have allowed a better risk/benefit profile. Alongside with recognized advantages in the treatment of very sick patients, ECMO remains an invasive procedure for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and it is associated with complications that strongly influence the prognosis. Current review was designed to provide a comprehensive outline on ECMO complications, analyzing risk factors and strategies of management, focusing on adult population undergoing veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) therapy.

Background: The evidence of the benefits of using venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is scarce. Methods: We analyzed the outcomes of patients who received VA-ECMO therapy due to cardiac or respiratory failure after isolated CABG in 12 centers between 2005 and 2016. Patients treated preoperatively with ECMO were excluded from this study. Results: VA-ECMO was employed in 148 patients after CABG for median of 5.0 days (mean, 6.4, SD 5.6 days). Inhospital mortality was 64.2%. Pooled in-hospital mortality was 65.9% without significant heterogeneity between the centers (I-2 8.6%). The proportion of VA-ECMO in each center did not affect in-hospital mortality (p = 0.861). No patients underwent heart transplantation and six patients received a left ventricular assist device. Logistic regression showed that creatinine clearance (p = 0.004, OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99), pulmonary disease (p = 0.018, OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.29-15.15) and pre-VA-ECMO blood lactate (p = 0.015, OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.18) were independent baseline predictors of in-hospital mortality. One-, 2-, and 3-year survival was 31.0%, 27.9%, and 26.1%, respectively. Conclusions: One third of patients with need for VA-ECMO after CABG survive to discharge. In view of the burden of resources associated with VA-ECMO treatment and the limited number of patients surviving to discharge, further studies are needed to identify patients who may benefit the most from this treatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.