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This work reports the effects of potassium bromide (KBr) on the electrodeposition of manganese on copper from a DES consisting of a stoichiometric 1:2 mix of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (Ethaline 200). The speciation of MnCl2.4H2O in Ethaline 200 has been investigated using UV–vis spectroscopy, in particular with regard to the addition of KBr to the plating bath, for which no apparent change in the Mn species was noted. This said, the physical properties of the manganese deposits themselves were found to have been considerably improved in comparison to when KBr was omitted from the bath; indeed, the actual adhesion of Mn was achieved for the first time on a copper substrate, somewhat remarkably producing a coating of some considerable thickness. Given its clear electrochemical behavior of the Mn liquid were subsequently determined via cyclic voltammetry method. A reduction in the peak current of Mn was noted on addition of KBr. The mechanism of Mn deposition has been examined via chronocoulometry and chronoamperometry. Surface analyses of Mn deposits have been conducted via SEM/EDX, AFM, and XRD, from which improvements to the Mn surface coatings in depositions performed from an electrolyte containing 0.1 M KBr were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential solid-state [2 + 2] photodimerization of two trans-cinnamic acid derivatives, trans-4-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid (4-tfmca) and trans-3-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid (3-tfmca), has been studied using potassium bromide (KBr) pellets and optical spectroscopy. As opposed to taking a powder or single crystal material as a sample, herein, we used polycrystalline samples incorporated in the KBr matrix (pellet) and were able to follow the course of the photochemical reaction via optical spectroscopy. The results show that the photodimerization of 4-tfmca within the KBr matrix yields a photodimer in roughly 100% conversion, while the changes observed for 3-tfmca within the KBr matrix suggest a subtle photochemical change which could not be observed when irradiating the neat powder. This suggests that the KBr matrix helps to couple light into the crystallites of the embedded sample and shows that the KBr matrix reveals photochemistry which might not have been found in the single crystal or powder state of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally occurring carbohydrates serve as useful building blocks, and various derivatives have been employed in natural product syntheses. For instance, some aldoses can be converted to 1,3-dienes via the Wittig reaction at the anomeric carbon, accompanied by the E2 elimination of the C3-alkoxy group. However, there are few examples of terminal 1,3-diene synthesis. We report the synthesis of (S,Z)-1,4-bis(benzyloxy)hexa-3,5-dien-2-ol, featuring a terminal 1,3-diene and chiral secondary alcohol, derived from 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-d-arabinofuranose with methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and potassium tert-butoxide in a single step. The synthesized terminal 1,3-diene demonstrated effective reactivity in a cross-metathesis reaction with cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ink-paper historical documents, which are an important part of cultural heritage, can be damaged by various materials on the outside and the inside of the paper. Cotton fiber sheets treated with iron gall ink and then treated with stabilization materials were studied. Nanosized Mg(OH)2 was used as a deacidification material and potassium bromide, tetrabutylammonium bromide, or propyl gallate as antioxidant materials were investigated as a stabilization system for iron gall ink-damaged paper. All samples were artificially aged in the air for 150 h at 65 °C in a UV/moisture chamber or 500 h at 90 °C. The pH and alkaline reserve (AR) measurements, monitoring of color change, and scanning electron microscopy analysis data confirm that the aging effect is more destructive to the iron gall inked paper. The experiment results show that using alkaline materials with antioxidants, such as nano-Mg(OH)2 and propyl gallate, positively affects color changes of ink-damaged paper. Treatment with a stabilization system such as nanosized Mg(OH)2, a binder hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel), and an antioxidant as propyl gallate is a suitable method for iron gall ink damaged paper stabilization and preservation, according to the study results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of synthesizing 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) from sucrose involves three sequential steps: hydrolyzing sucrose into fructose and glucose, dehydrating fructose into 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and subsequently converting HMF into DFF. In this study, various potassium salts and metal bromides, as well as carbohydrates and solvents, were screened for the production of DFF. It was found that KBr was the optimal catalyst for the one‐pot, one‐step conversion of sucrose to DFF. The influences of reaction time, temperature, reactant/solvent ratio, and reactant/catalyst ratio were also completely investigated for process optimization. HMF from the sucrose hydrolysis and fructose dehydration was oxidized thoroughly to DFF. The maximum DFF yield of 62.5 % was achieved after 6 h at 140 °C in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with sucrose/KBr weight ratio=5.75 and sucrose/DMSO weight ratio=0.104 as the catalyst in the absence of any additives. The large‐scale process was also tested, the main product was isolated by column chromatography and structurally characterized. By comparing the results of this study to previous ones, the process was proved to have benefits, including the utilization of accessible biomass material, available low‐cost catalyst, energy‐saving method, no oxidants or additives, short reaction time, and high DFF yield with 100 % HMF conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is one of the most common biopolymers. The application of the electrophysical properties of the polymer is one of the directions of its use. The effect of impurities potassium bromide with an ionic crystal lattice on the electrophysical properties of lignin has been shown. The study of the frequency dependences of the specific electrical conductivity and the components of the complex dielectric permittivity in the frequency range from 6 × 10−2 to 6 × 107 rad s−1 was carried out. The nonadditivity of the electrophysical properties of the lignin‐potassium bromide system has been shown. It is established that the relaxation time of the π‐electrons of the aromatic rings of lignin depends on the content of potassium bromide in the mixture and varies from 1.6 × 10−7 (100% lignin) to 7.5 × 10−4 s (1% of KBr in mixture). The orientation of the positive charge of potassium atom of the KBr dipole atom to the π‐electrons of the benzene ring of lignin leads to change of high‐frequency relaxation time. This effect can be used in frequency filter to eliminate electronic polarization in the high‐frequency region. Thus, the polarization of ionic impurities has a significant effect on the dielectric properties of lignin in the region of medium and high frequencies of alternating electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Synergistic passivation mechanism of the dual functional compound of potassium bromide for metal halide perovskite films, that is through chemical bonding and physical screening towards the various types of defects. Metal-ion additives can simultaneously passivate the defects of halide vacancies with bromine anions and dangling bond defects with metal cations. Achieve the maximum external quantum efficiency of ~21% and maximum luminance of ~60,000 cd m−2. Metal halide perovskites, particularly the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite subclass, have exhibited considerable potential for next-generation electroluminescent materials for lighting and display. Nevertheless, the presence of defects within these perovskites has a substantial influence on the emission efficiency and durability of the devices. In this study, we revealed a synergistic passivation mechanism on perovskite films by using a dual-functional compound of potassium bromide. The dual functional potassium bromide on the one hand can passivate the defects of halide vacancies with bromine anions and, on the other hand, can screen the charged defects at the grain boundaries with potassium cations. This approach effectively reduces the probability of carriers quenching resulting from charged defects capture and consequently enhances the radiative recombination efficiency of perovskite thin films, leading to a significant enhancement of photoluminescence quantum yield to near-unity values (95%). Meanwhile, the potassium bromide treatment promoted the growth of homogeneous and smooth film, facilitating the charge carrier injection in the devices. Consequently, the perovskite light-emitting diodes based on this strategy achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency of ~ 21% and maximum luminance of ~ 60,000 cd m−2. This work provides a deeper insight into the passivation mechanism of ionic compound additives in perovskite with the solution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Mortimer Glover's contribution as the first to identify the anaesthetic effects of chloroform went unrecognized for over 130 years. Posterity now remembers Glover as the first to experimentally demonstrate the effects of chloroform, and yet, the scope and impact of the work for which he is remembered remains largely undiscussed. This historical article returns to Glover's dissertation, for which he won the Harveian Prize in 1842, and examines its experimental findings in their historical context. Departing from the body of literature which emphasizes the clinical orientation of early anaesthesiological research, it revisits the theoretical and methodological foundations of Glover's study, which, first and foremost, sought to examine the possibility of an analogy between chemical structure and physiological effect. In doing so, it establishes that Glover was not merely the first to realize the physiological effects of chloroform or even merely the earliest figure to recognize the effects of bromoform, potassium bromide, and "bromide of mercury," over two decades before Henry Behrend's or Protheroe Smith's classic papers. My examination concludes that Glover may have been the first to propose the existence of a unique class of anaesthetic compounds, establishing Glover as an early representative of anaesthetic pharmacology as a collective body of research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromine-82, Potassium-42 and Copper-64 have been successfully adopted as radioactive surrogates for outdoor large area contamination training. The goal of this project was to discover new materials that could supplement potassium bromide (KBr) and copper pellets in radiological dispersal device (RDD) training events to reduce the down time of the training fields and to broaden the toolbox of the RDD surrogates at Idaho National Laboratory. Of the ten different materials investigated, sodium nitrite, gallium metal, and gallium oxide presented the greatest promise due to their ability to meet or exceed selection criteria: half-lives (between 10 and 36 h), limited impurities (99.9%), and favorable National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey analyzed data obtained through a questionnaire on the clinical approaches used by veterinarians to treat dogs with epileptic seizures. We found that neurological examinations were performed by 12% of the respondents, blood tests by 85%, and computed tomography by 72%. In addition, serology for infectious disease detection was mentioned by 30% of the respondents, and 72% did not classify epileptic seizures. According to the answers, the treatment of choice was phenobarbital in 100% of cases which was combined with potassium bromide in 19%. Moreover, 51% of the respondents mentioned that they monitored the serum phenobarbital levels. The study results showed disagreements on the conduct and care recommended by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a thiol‐free, two‐step synthetic strategy to intricate thiacyclophanes from bromoaryl precursors. Our methodology involves a one‐pot substitution reaction of aryl bromides with potassium thioacetate (PTA) followed by ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). Potassium thioacetate is advantageous over other sulfur‐containing reagents like sodium sulfide, sodium hydrosulfide, and sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate (rongalite), etc. as it generates a stable and odorless thioacetate intermediate which allows access to a variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical sulfides. These sulfides undergo RCM to generate new thiacyclophanes. Applying this methodology, we have created 24 new oxa‐thiacyclophanes and aza‐oxa‐thiacyclophanes containing different aromatic and aliphatic units. The structures and stereochemistry of these cyclophanes are confirmed by NMR data and further supported by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibrational and electronic properties of several basic radiation defects in potassium bromide are computed at the quantum mechanical level using a periodic supercell approach based on hybrid functionals, an all-electron Gaussian-type basis set, and the Crystalcomputer code. The exciton energy in alkali halides is sufficient to create lattice defects, such as F–H Frenkel defect pairs, resulting in a relatively high concentration of single defects and their complexes. Here, we consider eight defects: the electronic F + - and F-centers (bromine vacancy without and with trapped electrons) and their dimers; hole H-center (neutral bromine atom forming the dumbbell ion with a regular B r − ion.); V K -center ( B r 2 − molecular ion consisting of a hole and two regular ions); and two complex B r 3 − defects, combinations of several simple defects. The local geometry and the charge- and spin-density distributions of all defects are analyzed. Every defect shows its characteristic features in Raman spectra, and their comparison with available experimental data is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a facile and proficient protocol for the synthesis of 4‐bromoisocoumarins through brominative annulation of 2‐alkynylaryloate esters with in situ generated bromoiodane using a simple hypervalent iodine reagent as mild oxidant and potassium bromide as the halogen source. Using this method, a broad range of valuable halogenated isocoumarins can be obtained in excellent yields at room temperature. Also, this reaction takes place in the absence of any metal catalyst and exhibits high functional group tolerance. Besides, the reaction can also be extended to the gram scale, and a catalytic approach was also demonstrated. Additionally, the prepared 4‐bromoisocoumarins were further transformed into important synthetic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the electrochemical behavior of hybrid supercapacitors with carbon-based electrodes of different porosity using 5M NaNO3 + 0.5M KBr electrolyte to optimize energy storage processes. Three types of carbon materials were synthesized: activated carbon from rice husk (RH) with a specific surface area of ~2300 m2/g and pore size < 1 nm, and templated carbons from magnesium citrate (MP-8) and glucose with SiO2 as a template (G7), having surface areas of 1976 and 1320 m2/g and pore sizes of 3.4 and 7 nm, respectively. The microporous structure of activated carbon (AC) obtained from RH shows limitations in the diffusion of electrolyte ions, which affects the charge-discharge kinetics. In contrast, the larger mesoporous structures of templated carbons promoted better adsorption and ion transport, significantly affecting the dynamics of redox reactions. The RH/MP-8 hybrid capacitor, combining high surface area and large pore size, demonstrated a 54% increase in specific capacitance, 128% increase in specific energy and 51% increase in energy efficiency at high current densities of 5 A/g, comparing to the symmetric RH/RH hybrid capacitor. This study highlights the critical importance of the relationship between electrode pore structure and electrolyte composition for optimizing supercapacitor performance, which provides valuable information for the development of efficient energy storage technologies.

Members of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates rely on desalination to produce water for domestic use. Desalination produces brine that may intrude into the aquifers to pollute the fresh groundwater because of the concentration gradient and groundwater pumping. Modeling the trends of saltwater intrusion needs theoretical understanding and thorough logical experimentation. The objective of this exercise was to understand the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion using an existing set of data analyzed with the convective–diffusion equation and the two-region mobile–immobile solution model. The objective was achieved by optimizing non-measurable solute transport parameters from an existing set of data generated from a series of logical miscible displacements of potassium bromide through sepiolite minerals and curve-fitting simulations. Assumptions included that solute displacements through sepiolite porous media and the related simulations represented the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion under non-equilibrium conditions of porous media mimicking the aquifers. Miscible displacements of potassium bromide were observed from a column of 2.0–2.8 mm aggregates of sepiolite over 4 ranges of concentration and at 11 displacement speeds under saturated vertical flow deionized water and vice versa. Breakthrough curves of both bromide and potassium ions were analyzed by a curve-fitting technique to optimize transport parameters assuming solute movement was governed (i) by the convective–diffusion equation and (ii) the two-region mobile–immobile solution model. Column Peclet numbers from the two analyses were identical for potassium ions but those for bromide ions were c. 60% greater from the two-region model than from the convective–diffusion equation. For the two-region model, dispersion coefficients were well defined and remained unchanged from the convective–diffusion equation for potassium ions but decreased for bromide ions. Retardation factors for bromide ions were approximately the same, but those for potassium ions, though > 1, were poorly defined. In order to design mitigation strategies for avoiding groundwater contamination, this study's findings may help model groundwater pollution caused by the activities of desalination of seawater, which produces concentrated liquid that intrudes into the coastal aquifer through miscible displacement. However, robust saltwater intrusion models may be considered in future studies to confirm the results of the approach presented in this exercise. Field data on the groundwater contamination levels may be collected to compare with simulated trends drawn from the saltwater intrusion models and the curve-fitting technique used in this work. A comparison of the output from the two types of models may help determine the right option to understand the phenomena of saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers of various characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an attempt is made to reveal the functional groups and metabolites of gametophyte and sporophyte of two pteridophytes Anemia schimperiana C. Presl subsp. wightiana (Gardner) Fraser-Jenk. and Cyathea gigantea (Wall Ex Hook.) Holtt using UV-Vis and FTIR analysis. For UV-Vis analysis, the ethanolic extracts of A. schimperiana subsp. wightiana and C. gigantea were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min and filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The ethanolic extracts were scanned and recorded using Shimadzu UV-Vis spectrophotometer at the absorbance of 200 to 1100 nm. For FTIR spectrometry about 1.0 mg of gametophyte and sporophyte ethanolic extracts of A. schimperiana subsp. wightiana and C. gigantea were separately made into very thin discs with potassium bromide and the pellets are measured in an automatic recording IR spectrophotometer in the range of 400-4000 cm-1. Based on the observed peak values, the existence of alkaloids, phenolics, tannin and carotenoid existence were confirmed. Terpenoids, flavonoid and chlorophyll existence were also validated in different peak values of the ethanolic extracts of gametophytes and sporophytes of A. schimperiana subsp. wightiana and C. gigantea. The FTIR analysis results showed various functional groups viz., aromatic compounds, alkene, fluoro compounds, anhydride, aliphatic ether, alcohol, secondary amine presence in the gametophytes and sporophytes of A. schimperiana subsp. wightiana and C. gigantea. The gametophyte and sporophyte stages expressed the existence of different functional groups and displayed the variations and similarities between the studied stages. The spectroscopic results confirmed the secondary metabolites existence in the gametophytes and sporophytes of A. schimperiana subsp. wightiana and C. gigantea ethanolic extracts. Further chromatographic and separation studies may bring out stagespecific bioactive principles from the gametophytes and sporophytes of studied ferns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the electrochemical behavior of hybrid supercapacitors with carbon-based electrodes of different porosity using 5M NaNO3 + 0.5M KBr electrolyte to optimize energy storage processes. Three types of carbon materials were synthesized: activated carbon from rice husk (RH) with a specific surface area of ~2300 m²/g and pore size < 1 nm, and templated carbons from magnesium citrate (MP-8) and glucose with SiO2 as a template (G7), having surface areas of 1976 and 1320 m²/g and pore sizes of 3.4 and 7 nm, respectively. The microporous structure of activated carbon (AC) obtained from RH shows limitations in the diffusion of electrolyte ions, which affects the charge-discharge kinetics. In contrast, the larger mesoporous structures of templated carbons promoted better adsorption and ion transport, significantly affecting the dynamics of redox reactions. The RH/MP-8 hybrid capacitor, combining high surface area and large pore size, demonstrated a 54% increase in specific capacitance, 128% increase in specific energy and 51% increase in energy efficiency at high current densities of 5 A/g, comparing to the symmetric RH/RH hybrid capacitor. This study highlights the critical importance of the relationship between electrode pore structure and electrolyte composition for optimizing supercapacitor performance, which provides valuable information for the development of efficient energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K-doped porous g-C3N4 nanosheet (PNCN-K) photocatalysts were successfully prepared using urea, dicyandiamide and potassium bromide as reactants. The effects of K-doping on the microstructure and photocatalytic performance of PNCN were investigated. The results show that K dopants are introduced into the interlayer of g-C3N4. The PNCN-K photocatalyst with a suitable K-doping amount exhibits a lower bandgap and improved transfer and separation efficiencies of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The photodegradation performance of RhB by the PNCN-K photocatalyst is greatly enhanced, which is 2.7 times higher than that of the undoped PNCN photocatalyst. Based on the radical capture experiments, it is confirmed that ·O2− is the main active species in the photodegradation of RhB by the PNCN-K photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To test the immediate and one day post-cure polymerization percentage of two bonding agents incorporated titanium oxide nanoparticles in comparison to the control (non-incorporated) bonding agents. Materials and Methods: 32 bonding samples in Potassium Bromide discs were prepared for Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), and distributed as following, i.e., GA: 8 bonding samples of non-incorporated Ambar universal (Control), GB: 8 bonding samples of 4%-incorporated Ambar universal, GC: 8 bonding samples of non-incorporated G-Premio Bond universal (Control), GIV: Eight bonding samples of 4%-incorporated G-Premio Bond universal. Equal amount (45µL) of each bonding agent was placed on potassium bromide disc, the solvents was evaporated by a gentle air steam, and then a second potassium bromide disc was mounted over the first one and pressed softly to form a thin bonding film. Finally, the potassium bromide discs containing the bonding were placed in the demountable cell holder and mounted into the sample chamber of the spectrometer. FTIR spectra was then recorded for each bonding before, immediately after, and one day after polymerization to measure the polymerization percentage. Results: The study results showed significantly higher polymerization percentage values (i.e., Immediate and one day after polymerization) for the 4%-incorporated in comparison to the control groups for both bonding agents. G-Premio bond universal (i.e., both control and incorporated) revealed significantly higher polymerization percentage than Ambar universal. Conclusions: Incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles at 4% into the universal bonding agents significantly increased their polymerization percentage in comparison to their control nonincorporated bonding agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes in hillslope soils present a particular challenge for agricultural production and soil management due to their hydropedological specifics and high soil erosion risk. Soil heterogeneities can cause preferential and/or lateral flow on the entire hillslope resulting in the off-site movement of water, fertilizers and chemicals used in crop production. A study was conducted under controlled conditions in a laboratory with undisturbed soil cores (250 cm3), which were used to estimate the soil hydraulic properties (SHP) using HYPROP and WP4C devices, while undisturbed soil columns (diameter = 16 cm, length = 25 cm) were used for the evaluation of preferential flow pathways using potassium bromide and Brilliant Blue. Samples were excavated in triplicate from the hilltop, backslope and footslope regions within the inter-rows of a vineyard from a critical zone observatory, SUPREHILL, in Croatia in Dystric Luvic Stagnosol. The aim of this study was to determine if the erosion-affected hillslope position affected the physical, chemical and hydraulic properties of soil and to identify water flow and possible preferential flow using dye and bromide tracers. The results of the sensor measurements and estimated SHPs were in agreement, showing a faster leaching of the irrigated rainwater in the footslope column. The tracer experiments showed variability even in the columns taken from the same position on the hillslope, which can be linked to plant roots and soil fauna activity. Altogether, the results showed a deeper loose layer at the footslope as a consequence of the soil erosion, which then resulted in higher hydraulic conductivity and the leached mass of the bromide due to better soil structure and pore connectivity. Thus, due to significant differences in the leached mass of bromide, this research should be later expanded in field experiments to reveal the impact of surface runoff, subsurface preferential and lateral flow on a larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microwave-assisted reaction of 2-nitroimidazole with 3-bromophenacyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base and dimethylformamide as a solvent afforded 2-(3-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]oxazole. The formation of this compound was explained via a domino mechanism comprising an initial N-alkylation reaction of the imidazole substrate, followed by the base-promoted deprotonation of the position adjacent to the carbonyl to give an enolate anion that finally cyclizes via an intramolecular SNAr reaction, with the loss of the nitro group as potassium nitrite. Then, the proposed 1-(3-bromophenacyl)-2-nitroimidazole intermediate could be isolated by reducing the reaction time and was shown to be a precursor of the imidazo[2,1-b]oxazole final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and mechanistic investigation of a nickel‐catalyzed sulfonylation of aryl bromides is disclosed. The reaction proceeds in good yields for a variety of substrates and utilizes an inexpensive, stench‐free, inorganic sulfur salt (K2S2O5) as a uniquely effective SO2 surrogate. The active oxidative addition complex was synthesized, isolated, and fully characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography analysis. The use of the isolated oxidative addition complex in both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions revealed that SO2 insertion occurs via dissolved SO2, likely released upon thermal decomposition of K2S2O5. Key to the success of the reaction is the role of K2S2O5 as a reservoir of SO2 that is slowly released, thus preventing catalyst poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Altered trace element status is associated with epilepsy in humans and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Objectives: Compare hair element concentrations in epileptic and healthy dogs. Animals: Sixty‐three dogs with IE (53 treated, 10 untreated) and 42 controls. Methods: Case‐control study using ICP‐MS to determine hair calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, chromium, lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, aluminum, and nickel concentration. Groups were compared using nonparametric tests. Results were controlled for diet, sex, age, and hair color using generalized linear mixed models. Results: Compared to healthy controls, dogs with IE had lower hair phosphorus (mean ± SD; IE: 286.19 ± 69.62 μg/g, healthy: 324.52 ± 58.69 μg/g; P =.001), higher hair copper (IE: 10.97 ± 3.51 μg/g, healthy: 8.41 ± 1.27 μg/g; P <.001), zinc (IE: 158.25 ± 19.64 μg/g, healthy: 144.76 ± 32.18 μg/g; P <.001), copper/zinc ratio (IE: 0.07 ± 0.02, healthy: 0.06 ± 0.01; P =.003), selenium (IE: 1.65 ± 0.43 μg/g, healthy: 0.94 ± 0.73 μg/g; P <.001), and arsenic (IE: 0.40 ± 0.78 μg/g, healthy: 0.05 ± 0.08 μg/g; P <.001). When comparing treated and untreated epileptic dogs with healthy dogs, the differences in phosphorus and selenium remained significant for both groups, whereas the differences in copper, zinc, and arsenic were significant only for treated dogs. Potassium bromide treatment was strongly associated with high hair arsenic (P =.000). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Altered trace element status could be involved in the pathophysiology of IE in dogs. Antiseizure drugs might affect trace element and arsenic metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procaine is one of the oldest local anesthetics used in medicine. When absorbed and entering the systemic circulation reduces the excitability of peripheral cholinoreactive systems. Has a blocking effect on the autonomic ganglia, reduces smooth muscle spasms, and reduces the excitability of the myocardium and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. It is synthesized by oxidizing 4-nitrotoluene to 4-nitrobenzoic acid, which is subsequently reacted with thionyl chloride, the resulting acid chloride is then esterified with 2-diethylaminoethanol to give nitrocaine. Finally, the nitro group is reduced by hydrogenation over a Raney nickel catalyst. The oxidation stage is characterized by the formation of toxic, difficult to dispose of wastewater, valuable mineral oxidants, or high temperatures and excess pressure, in the case of using oxygen as an oxidant. Therefore, the search for new environmentally friendly and low-temperature methods of obtaining 4-nitrobenzoic acid is an urgent task. The aim of the work is to study the products, conditions, and study kinetics of the reaction of ozone with 4-nitrotoluene in acetic acid solution to develop a new method for the synthesis of 4-nitrobenzoic acid. Materials and methods. The glacial acetic acid qualification “P. F. A.” before use was purified by distillation under vacuum in the presence of potassium permanganate. Salts of metals of qualification “P. F. A.” and potassium bromide qualification “Ch. P.” were used without prior purification. A gas-phase gradient-free catalytic duck reactor was used for kinetic studies. The mixing of gas and liquid phases in the reactor was achieved by shaking the reactor at a speed that allowed it to work in the kinetic region. The kinetics of the reaction was studied by changing the concentration of ozone in the gas phase at the outlet of the reactor by spectrophotometric method on a spectrophotometer “SF-46 LOMO”. Results. The products, conditions, and kinetics of ozone reaction with 4-nitrotoluene were studied. It was shown that at temperatures of 20–90 °C is mainly ozonolysis of the aromatic ring, and the total yield of oxidation products by methyl group does not exceed 24.2 %, among which identified in the early stages of 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, and at deeper – 4-nitrobenzoic acid. The introduction of cobalt (II) acetate into the catalyst system almost completely was prevented ozonolysis and the main reaction product is 4-nitrobenzoic acid with a yield of 86.5 %. The addition of potassium bromide to the solution reduced the concentration of the catalyst by seven times and increased the reaction rate and yield of 4-nitrobenzoic acid to 95.6 %. Conclusions. A new environmentally friendly, low-temperature method for the synthesis of 4-nitrobenzoic acid by conducting the process of ozonation of 4-nitrotoluene in a solution of glacial acetic acid in the presence of a mixed cobalt bromide catalyst was developed.

Fe2AlB2 is one of many ternary transition metal borides called MAB phases, which attracted interest owing to its magnetocaloric effect and magnetic properties. Herein, the molten salt-shielded synthesis (MS3) of Fe2AlB2 powder is studied using potassium bromide "KBr" in an open-air atmosphere. The synthesis process of the MAB phase, from Fe, Al, and B elemental powders, was studied with and without Sn additive in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C. The obtained powders were analyzed using XRD, TDA, GTA, and SEM analysis. The corresponding results revealed a successful synthesis of nearly pure Fe2AlB2 phase at 1000 °C for only one hour of holding time, beyond which FeB impurities form. These results show the efficiency of KBr (with Sn as a synthesis aid "additive") in increasing the reactivity of this MAB phase in terms of the lowest synthesis temperature and time reported to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe2AlB2 is one of many ternary transition metal borides called MAB phases, which attracted interest owing to its magnetocaloric effect and magnetic properties. Herein, the molten salt-shielded synthesis (MS3) of Fe2AlB2 powder is studied using potassium bromide "KBr" in an open-air atmosphere. The synthesis process of the MAB phase, from Fe, Al, and B elemental powders, was studied with and without Sn additive in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C. The obtained powders were analyzed using XRD, TDA, GTA, and SEM analysis. The corresponding results revealed a successful synthesis of nearly pure Fe2AlB2 phase at 1000 °C for only one hour of holding time, beyond which FeB impurities form. These results show the efficiency of KBr (with Sn as a synthesis aid "additive") in increasing the reactivity of this MAB phase in terms of the lowest synthesis temperature and time reported to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination of seed to seedling is a physiological process that triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions. The quality of irrigation water can directly affect the early growth stages of a plant. Seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) were exposed to three sodium halides, i.e., NaCl (50 & 100 ppm), NaI (50 & 100 ppm), and NaF (50 & 100 ppm) for two weeks. Seeds grown without the addition of sodium halides were taken as a control for comparison. Seedlings were harvested on the 15th day of sowing and the root and shoot length were recorded. Leaves, shoot, and root was separated, encapsulated in potassium bromide, and then loaded for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. A slight increase (16.66%↑) in shoot length was observed with 50 ppm NaCl but 100 ppm NaCl did not show any change in seedling length as compared to the control. 50ppm NaI did not show any change in root length but shoot length was slightly decreased (16.66%↓), and 100ppm NaI showed reduced root (12.5%↓) and shoot length (25%↓) as compared to control. The seeds treated with NaF 100 ppm had the lowest shoot (50%↓) and root length (37.5%↓) among all treated and untreated groups. Unique FT-IR spectral patterns in control and treated seedlings indicate some conformational changes in macromolecules with sodium halide treatment. The overall absorption peaks of treated roots and stems were slightly different from the leaves. The effect of treatment on seedlings was found in the following order; NaCl < NaI< NaF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral subsurface flow (LSF) is a phenomenon that is widely occurring including the hummocky ground moraine landscape. Due to the heterogeneous structure of the subsurface, transport times of pesticides and nutrients from agricultural areas to adjacent water bodies are difficult to assess. Here, LSF at Luvisol and Regosol plots of an experimental field were studied by applying potassium bromide along a 10 m trench below the plow pan in October 2019. The soil solution was collected in suction cups 3 m downslope of the trench and in April 2021, the soil was sampled down to 1 m depth. Almost no bromide was found in the soil solution except for the 160 cm depth of the Regosol plot after a 541 day period. After the same time, bromide was observed in the 90 cm soil depth directly underneath the application trench of the Luvisol plot. A 3D reconstruction of the subsurface horizon boundaries of the Regosol revealed subsurface heterogeneities such as sand lenses that might have been attributed to the heterogeneous subsurface flow pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reported a low-concentration active electrolyte of KBrO3 for the supercapacitor's application. The electrochemical processes were carried out in two concentrations of KBrO3 with 0.2 and 0.4 M. Additionally, we have reported a novel strategy for doping graphene during its fabrication process with a potassium bromide (KBr) solution. The chemical doping of graphene with KBr improved the electrochemical properties of graphene used as supercapacitors. HRTEM images confirmed the multi-layer graphene obtained by CO2 laser based on polyimide. The effect of KBr on the graphene lattice has been studied using Raman spectroscopy. The two electrodes of graphene and KBr-doped graphene were subjected to the electrochemical properties study as a supercapacitor by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques. The results exhibited the successful method of graphene doping and the stability of using KBrO3 as a suitable electrolyte for electrochemical processes with this lower molarity. The specific capacitance of the pristine graphene capacitor in 0.2 M of KBrO3 was 33 Fg−1, while this value increased up to 70 Fg−1 for KBr-doped graphene in 0.4 M of KBrO3. The specific capacity in mAhg−1 has also increased twofold. The results exhibited the possibility of using KBrO3 as an electrolyte. The supercapacitor performance almost showed good stability in the life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy resin adhesives are very attractive for many industries, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries because they eliminate heavy connection elements, such as bolts and screws, and reduce the total weight. This study assesses developed epoxy resin adhesives using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry. The curing reaction between Epikote 828 epoxy resin and Epikure polyamidoamine curing agent 3090, and the chemical structure of the additives (CAB‐O‐SIL TS‐720) used for rheology control and six different types of fillers (calcite with particle diameters of 700 nm, 5 μm, and 10 μm, coated calcite with a particle diameter of 900 nm, and barite and calcite with a particle diameter of 5 μm) employed in the adhesives are investigated. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry results of the epoxy resin and curing agent demonstrate that 83.5 % epoxy conversion is achieved at a temperature of 25 °C. The chemical composition of the additives with six different types of fillers and 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % additions of CAB‐O‐SIL TS‐720 prepared in both nujol mull and potassium bromide discs is characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry. The potassium bromide discs yield higher intensities owing to good packing of cubic particles of potassium bromide with nano particle size CAB‐O‐SIL TS‐720 and all filler types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow urine is a rich source of mobile nutrients such as nitrate (NO3−) and potassium (K+). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the wetting pattern distribution through soil profile of cow urine patch in an andisol. Two field experiments across two consecutive years were carried out to compare cow urine patches in relation to initial wetting pattern and volume of soil affected. Bromide (Br−) has successfully been used as an inert hydrologic tracer to indicate the movement of NO3− and K+ in soil–water systems. The distribution of Br− (used as a urine tracer) on the soil surface and down the profile was irregular in all the patches. Cow urine patches covered a surface area of 0.27 and 0.35 m2, respectively, and penetrated to a depth of 70 cm. The rapid downward movement of urine occurred through macropore flow but even so, between 27% and 40% of the applied Br− was detected in the 0–5 cm soil layer. Br− showed concentrations greater than 1500 mg kg−1 and up to 3000 mg kg−1, and as the concentration of Br− decreases, the frequency and depth of affected layers increases. Despite the differences in moisture and in the distribution of the Br− concentration in both years, the concentration frequency of 500 to 1500 mg kg−1 represented around 37% of the affected volume of soil (bulb of urine) in both years. Up to 40% of the bulb represented N equivalent rates between 187 and 975 kg N ha−1. These values can potentially be emitted in gases such as NH3, N2O, and N2. It is suggested that the presence of N in the volume of affected soil could vary due to the moisture content of the soil, and that in andisols of southern Chile under permanent grasslands there are a large number of macropores that would induce preferential flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae lipids can be used to produce biofuels and are considered a potential source of energy to supplant fossil fuel. Cultivation practices of algae grown in large ponds can be tailored to maximize lipid content. Laboratory methods of measuring lipid content are time-consuming and labor-intensive, so a real-time measuring technique is needed to efficiently control the addition of pond nutrients. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of measuring algae lipid content with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy. Six algae samples (Nannochloropsis salina) with varying lipid contents were centrifuged and then dried in an oven at 40° C for 12 hours. Dried algae were mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) powder at a mass ratio of 1:150 (algae: KBr) and pressed into pellets. A Thermo-Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer was used to collect spectral data in transmission mode. Three relevant absorption bands centered at 2920, 2855, and 1742 cm-1 were identified. A linear regression analysis showed that the band depth at 2920 cm-1 was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.92) with lipid content measured by gas chromatography (GC). The results of this research provide insight into the development of a real-time lipid-content sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the synergistic inhibition performance of three readily available compounds that 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), potassium bromide (KBr), and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), which for the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss measurements, electrochemical measurements, surface analysis methods, and molecular simulation technique. The weight loss measurement shows that the ternary corrosion inhibitor still has excellent corrosion inhibition performance at high temperature, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency can be as high as 93%. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) results suggested that the mixture belongs to the mixed-type inhibitor which mainly inhibits the anodic reaction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements demonstrated that a self-assembled barrier film can be formed on the steel surface, which increased the polarization resistance and effectively hindered the corrosion. The efficiency of the mixture corrosion inhibitor reaches 83.6%, which is significantly higher than that of a single corrosion inhibitor. Surface analysis showed that the roughness of the substrate surface decreased due to the adsorption of DMAP-SDS-KBr mixture. The combined Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the synergistic adsorption mechanism, which confirmed the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly regioselective aerobic bromination of aromatic compounds has been achieved using Fe3O4@SiO2/CuO nanocatalyst and O2 as a green oxidant. In this procedure, the reactions gave high yields and para-selectivity for the various aromatic compounds. Mechanistic studies are described, and the possible mechanisms are proposed. Recyclability of the Fe3O4@SiO2/CuO nanocatalyst has also been explored upon aerobic bromination of aromatic compounds. The nanocatalyst can be reused five times without any significant decrease in the catalytic activity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialkyl phosphites (DAPIs), traditionally prepared from hazardous and corrosive PCl3, are the fundamental reactive starting materials used in organophosphorus chemistry. Here, a KBr‐mediated synthesis of DAPIs involving P4, alcohols and water is presented. With the use of silica gel as the catalyst, oxone as the safe oxidant, industrially important (EtO)2P(O)H, (i‐PrO)2P(O)H and (MeO)2P(O)H are prepared in 70–90% yields. Furthermore, rare metal extractant bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) is obtained in 73% yield. The reaction is characterized by a complete conversion of white phosphorus. Moreover, this method can be easily adapted to large‐scale preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 3‐year‐old Thoroughbred filly presented with a several‐month history of weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria, intermittent diarrhoea and behavioural changes and intermittently uncoordinated gait. Neurological examination revealed hyperexcitability, bilaterally reduced pupillary light reflexes and quadrilateral ataxia with proprioceptive deficits more obvious in the forelimbs than in the hindlimbs. A multifocal neurological lesion was suspected. The laboratory finding of a persistent hyperchloraemia and an apparent negative anion gap prompted measurement of serum bromide concentration and subsequently confirmed bromide intoxication. Further questioning of the trainer revealed that the filly had been administered oral potassium bromide for behavioural modification over several months. Clinical signs of bromide intoxication resolved within 20 days following the last bromide administration, without specific medical intervention. This case report describes the risk of inadvertent bromide overdosing in horses and highlights the need for control of bromide use in the equine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of circulating Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] are an independent risk factor for CVD. One of the major limitations to investigating Lp(a) biology is the need for large volumes of plasma (4–10 mL) for its isolation. We developed an isolation technique requiring only 0.4 mL of plasma yielding an enriched Lp(a) fraction suitable for compositional and functional studies. We collected plasma from patients (n = 9) in EDTA presenting to our Center for Preventive Cardiology for CVD risk management and with circulating Lp(a) > 66 mg/dL. 0.4 mL of plasma was added to 90 µL of potassium bromide (1.33 g/mL) and subjected to our two-step density-gradient ultracentrifugation method. The first step separates VLDL and LDL from the Lp(a) and HDL fractions and the second step further separates VLDL from LDL and Lp(a) from HDL. Lp(a) is then dialyzed for up to 24 h in potassium phosphate buffer. We performed cholesterol gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting and LC-MS/MS proteomics on isolated lipoprotein fractions to confirm fraction enrichment. Functional studies including Lp(a)-dependent induction of macrophage gene expression and cholesterol efflux inhibition were performed on isolated Lp(a) to confirm its preserved bioactivity. Lp(a) yields (264 ± 82.3 µg/mL on average) correlated with Lp(a) plasma concentrations (r2 = 0.75; p < 0.01) and represented the relative distribution of circulating apo(a) isoforms. Proteomic analyses confirm lipoprotein fraction separation. Functional integrity was confirmed by the findings that isolated Lp(a) inhibited plasminogen-dependent cholesterol efflux in HEK293T cells expressing ABCA1 and increased expressions of Il1b, Nos2 and Ccl2. We developed a small-volume isolation technique for Lp(a) suited for a range of applications used in biomedical research. The use of this technique circumvents volume-dependent limitations and expands our ability to investigate the mysteries of this deleterious lipoprotein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many doping methods can affect graphene's electronic properties, but several of them disrupt the underlying structure and lower the electrical mobility of graphene. As a result, improved strategies for tuning the electrical characteristics of graphene by developing its unique qualities are required. We present results from studies that utilized chemical doping with Potassium Bromide (KBr) solution to discover a variety of physical features of single-layer graphene. We used metal mask patterning to create CVD-grown graphene field-effect transistors, which were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and transport measurements utilizing a low-noise standard lock-in amplifier approach. We investigated the influence of KBr doping on the electrical properties of graphene as the charge neutrality point (CNP) shifted towards negative gate voltage and validated the n-type doping in graphene. After doping, mobility was enhanced twice and the highest value attained about 3546 cm2/V s, which is a promising result. The shifting of the G and 2D peak positions in Raman spectroscopy towards the lower wavenumbers with increasing treatment time indicates the n-type doping effect on the graphene-based devices. Our findings reveal that chemical treatment with KBr is an effective technique to improve the electrical properties of monolayer graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase equilibria of the reciprocal quaternary system LiBr-Li2SO4-KBr-K2SO4-H2O and its ternary sub-systems LiBr-Li2SO4-H2O and KBr-K2SO4-H2O at 308.15 K were studied using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. Then, the solubility data of the equilibrium solutions were collected, and the phase diagrams were plotted. The phase diagrams of the ternary sub-systems at 308.15 K were compared with those at other temperatures. This study found that the phase diagram of the LiBr-Li2SO4-H2O system at 308.15 K consisted of an invariant point, two solid-phase crystallization regions of Li2SO4·H2O and LiBr·2H2O, and their corresponding solubility curves. The system generated two hydrated salts, which belonged to the hydrate type I phase diagram. The phase diagram of the KBr-K2SO4-H2O system at 308.15 K consisted of an invariant point, two univariant solubility curves, and two solid-phase crystallization regions of KBr and K2SO4, and no solid solution and double salts were formed. Thus, it belonged to a simple co-saturation type phase diagram. In the LiBr-Li2SO4-KBr-K2SO4-H2O system, K2SO4·Li2SO4 double salt formed at 308.15 K, and the phase diagram consisted of three invariant points, five crystallization regions, and seven univariant solubility curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Bromide is a halide ion of the element bromine usually administered in the form of potassium salt as monotherapy or add-on treatment in epileptic dogs. It is excreted unchanged in the urine and undergoes tubular reabsorption in competition with chloride. Thus, dietary chloride content affects serum bromide concentrations. This is the first published clinical report of bromide toxicosis secondary to a dietary modification of chloride content in an epileptic dog treated with potassium bromide. Case presentation A 3-year-old 55-kg neutered male Tibetan Mastiff was evaluated because of a 1-month history of progressive signs including ataxia, lethargy and behaviour changes. The dog was successfully treated for idiopathic epilepsy since the age of 1-year-old with phenobarbital and potassium bromide. Two months prior to presentation, the owners decided to change the dog’s diet without veterinary advice. Physical examination was unremarkable. A 12-kg weight gain was recorded since last follow-up (8 months). Neurological examination revealed severe symmetric 4-limbs ataxia with altered vigilance and intermittent episodes of hyperactivity and aggressive behaviour without significant abnormality of cranial nerves. Serum bromide concentration was high and increased by 103 % since last follow-up. Nutritional evaluation revealed a 53 % decrease of chloride content in the diet before and after dietary transition. Bromide toxicosis was suspected, due to bromide reduced clearance secondary to the decreased dietary chloride content. Potassium bromide treatment was lowered by 15 % without further dietary changes. Neurologic signs progressively improved over the next month, without any seizure. After two months, the serum bromide concentration lowered to the same level measured before dietary modification. After four months, neurological examination was unremarkable. Conclusions Dietary chloride content can directly influence serum bromide concentrations, therefore affecting seizure control or contributing to unexpected adverse effects. In the present case, a reduction in chloride intake markedly increased serum bromide concentrations causing bromism. Dietary changes should be avoided in dogs treated with potassium bromide to maintain stable serum bromide levels.

Potassium bromide is a frequently used antiseizure medication with a half-life time of over 25 days. Oral intake of sodium chloride as well as renal function influence this half-life time and may have an influence on the needed dose to get proper serum levels. The hypothesis is that dogs living close to coastal areas require a greater potassium bromide dose than dogs living more inland. The main study objective was to determine the relationship between bromide dose, serum bromide concentration, treatment duration, type of food, concurrent therapies and the proximity of the dog's residency to a coastal area. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 658 bromide serum measurements were retrieved from the veterinary faculty's laboratory archive, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Information on the bromide dose, renal function, treatment period, type of food, concurrent therapies and residence was obtained retrospectively from owners of all dogs using a postal survey. A dataset of 220 unique study units was created. The dogs were grouped based on their residence (proximity to the coast > or

This work aims to achieve contactless absolute-temperature measurements of infrared-semi-transparent solids using an infrared thermal and spectroscopic imaging technique. The multispectral thermotransmittance coefficient fields in the 3-5 lm wavelength range for Sapphire, KBr, and Silicon are determined to be 6x10-4 K-1, 4x10-4 K-1, and -3x10-3 K-1, respectively. The most interesting result is the high temperature-dependent transmittance coefficient in the middle wave infrared region. With these coefficients, the absolute temperature fields in a range from room temperature to 140°C are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halogenated Bromide (Br −) was subsequently dosed to aqueous electrolyte solution to enforce the capacitance features of activated carbon (AC) electrodes in electric double-layer supercapacitor devices for electrical energy storage. Physicochemical properties for AC with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and KBr redox additive were assessed by different characterization tools such as XRD, SEM, EDS, surface roughness, and BET techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the stability after 1000 cycles have been used to monitor the electrochemical behaviors of the prepared electrodes. The presence of halogen atom exhibited large faradaic resembling battery like-type in charge–discharge curves. In the aqueous solution, the investigated electrode showed a high specific capacitance of 957.8 F g−1 at a specific current of 0.46 A g−1 using a certain concentration of KBr added to Na2SO4. The single AC electrode showed specific energy of 133 Wh kg−1 and specific power of 859.6 W kg−1. Besides, the AC electrode displayed excellent long-term stability in Na2SO4@KBr electrolyte, preserving retention capacitance of 174%. AC/AC symmetric supercapacitor cell demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance, including specific energy of 57.15 Wh kg−1, specific capacitance of 127 F g−1, specific power of 5262 W kg−1 at a specific current of 3.8 A g−1, and 82.8% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles.

Abstract Seizure threshold‐2 (SZT2) gene variants have been associated with a decrease in seizure threshold resulting in variable phenotypic expressions ranging from mild‐moderate intellectual disabilities without seizures, to an early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy with severe cognitive impairment. In addition, hypotonia and distinctive facial dysmorphism, including a high forehead and to a lesser extent ptosis and down‐slanting palpebral fissures, were present in the majority. We herein report a novel SZT2 variant in one of two siblings both diagnosed with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS). This report is the fourth to document a possible familial case in EIMFS, a condition that was not previously associated with SZT2 variant. This report expands the phenotypic expression of SZT2, corroborates the importance of genetic counseling in some cases of EIMFS, and highlights the efficacy of potassium bromide in controlling the seizures associated with this condition.